2016年职称英语理工A 王霞版小抄 字典小抄.doc

t,t 王霞第七版 英语多功能词典版押题及小抄 理工a 第一篇务必重点记忆primer on smell【词源解析】in addition to bringing out the flavor of food, what does the sense of smell do for us? 【相关短语】smell gives us information about place, about where we are, says randall reed, a johns hopkins university professor whose specialty is the sense of smell. and smell tells us about people. whether we realize it or not, we collect a lot of information about who is around us based on smell, says reed. 【近义词】even at a distance, odors can warn us of trouble - spoiled food, leaking gas, or fire. its a great alert, offers donald leopold, a doctor at johns hopkins. for example, if something in the oven is burning, everyone in the house knows it. 【反义词】with just a simple scent, smell can also evoke very intense emotion. lets say, for example, that the smell is purple petunias. these flowers have a rich spiciness that no other petunia has。 now lets imagine that your mother died when you were three, and she used to have a flower garden. you wouldnt need to identify the smell or to have conscious memories of your mother or her garden. you would feel sad as soon as you smelled that spicy odor. 【派生词】compared with animals, how well do people detect smelts? that depends on what you mean by “how well”. we are low on receptor cells: current estimates say that humans have roughly five million smell-receptor cells, about as many as a mouse. a rat has some 10 million, a rabbit 20 million, and a bloodhound 100 million. 【词源解析】reed says that, across species, there is a relatively good correlation between the number of receptor cells and how strong the sense of smell is. you can hardly find the olfactory bulb in a human brain - its a pea-sized object. in a mouse, its a little bigger. its bean-sized in a rat. about the size of your little finger in a rabbit, and the size of your thumb in a bloodhound. 【派生词does that mean that our sense of smell is not very acute? 【反义词】not exactly. while we may not have the olfactory range of other creatures, the receptors we do have are as sensitive as those of any animal. we can also think, and we make conscious (and successful) efforts to tell the difference between one smell and another. a trained nose , such as that of a professional in the perfume business, can name and distinguish about 10,000 odors. reed says that a perfume expert can sniff a modern scent that has a hundred different odorants in it, go into the lab, and list the ingredients. “in a modest amount of time, he comes back with what to you or me would smell like a perfect imitation of that perfume. its amazing. 【近义词】what happens to our sense of smell as we age? many people continue to have good olfactory function as they get older. thats not the rule, however. leopold says that smell is generally highest in childhood, stays the same from the teens through the 50s, and drops starting at about 60 for women and 65 for men. the average 80-year-old is only able to smell things half as well as the average 20-year-old, says leopold.【词源解析嗅觉入门【近义词】嗅觉除了能让我们感受到食物的气味外，还能做什么？【派生词】美国约翰霍普金斯大学研究嗅觉的专家randall reed教授指出，气味能提供给我们关于位置，关于我们在哪儿，以及有关人的信息。“无论我们是否意识到，我们能根据气味收集到许多关于谁在我们身边的信息，”reed讲道。【反义词即使还隔着一段距离，气味就能提醒我们注意很多麻烦：变质的食物，煤气泄漏，或是火灾。“它是一个很好的警告，”约翰霍普金斯大学的医生donald leopold说道。比方说，烤箱中有东西烧焦了，屋内的每个人都会知道。【词源解析】仅仅是简单的气味，嗅觉就会引起强烈的情感。比如说那种气味就是紫喇叭花。它的气味中有一种其他喇叭花没有的香味。现在我们想象一下，你的母亲在你3岁时就去世了，她曾经拥有一座花园。你不必去辨认那种气味或者有意识地回忆起你的母亲或者她的花园，只要是你闻到那种紫喇叭花的香味，你就会感到伤感。【近义词】与动物相比，人类感知气味的能力有多强？那要取决于你所谓的“多强”是什么意思。我们人类的受体细胞很少：目前估计人类有大概500万个嗅觉受体细胞，差不多和一只小鼠的一样多。一只大鼠大约有1 000万个，一只兔子有2 000万个，一只寻血犬有1亿个。reed谈到，在不同的物种中，受体细胞的数量和嗅觉的强弱大体是正相关的。“人的大脑中是几乎找不到嗅球的，它像豌豆般大小。小鼠的脑中，嗅球大一点。大鼠的脑中，嗅球有蚕豆那么大，兔子脑中的有你的小手指那么大，而寻血犬脑中的有拇指那么大。”这是不是就意味着我们的嗅觉不够敏锐呢？【词源解析】不完全是。尽管我们的嗅觉范围可能没有其他生物的那么广，但是我们已有的受体细胞和其他动物的一样敏感。我们也可以认为，我们在有意（并且成功地努力区别不同的气味。受过培训的鼻子，比如研究香水的专家的鼻子就能够区分1万种气味并说出其名字。reed说，一个香水专家可以在闻完一种含有100种不同香料的现代香水后，走进实验室，列出这些成分。“一段时间过后，他调制出来的气味对于你我来说都是那种香水气味的完美复制，太不可思议了。”随着年龄的增长，我们的嗅觉会发生什么变化？【近义词】许多人年龄增大时还会有很好的嗅觉能力。但并不都是这样。指出，一个人的嗅觉在儿童时最强，在青少年时期一直到50多岁都保持不变，女人通常从60岁、男人从65岁开始下降。“通常来说，80岁的人能闻到的东西是20岁的人能闻到的一半，”leopold说道。bill gates: unleashing yourcreativity【词源解析】ive always been an optimist and i suppose it isrooted in1 my belief that the power of creativity and intelligencecan make the world a better place.for as long as i can remember, ive loved learningnew things and solving problems. so when i sat down at a computer for the firsttime in seventh grade, i was hooked. it was a clunky old teletype machine andit could barely do anything compared to the computers we have today.2but it changed my life.【反义词】when my friend paul allen and i started microsoft30 years ago，we had avision of “a computer on every desk and in every home”, which probably soundeda little too optimistic at a time when most computers were the size ofrefrigerators. but we believed that personal computers would change the world.and they have.and after 30 years, im still as inspired bycomputers as i was back in seventh grade.i believe that computers are the most incredibletool we can use to feed our curiosity and inventiveness to help us solve problemsthat even the smartest people couldnt solve on their own.【反义词】computers have transformed how we learn，giving kids everywhere a windowinto all of the worlds knowledge. theyre helping us build communities aroundthe things we care about and to stay close to the people who are important tous, no matter where they are.3like my friend warren buffett, i feel particularlylucky to do something every day that i love to do. he calls it “tap-dancing towork”4. my job at microsoft is as challenging as ever, but whatmakes me “tap-dancing to work” is when we show people something new, like acomputer that can recognize your handwriting or your speech, or one that canstore a lifetimes worth of photos, and they say, “i didnt know you could dothat with a pc5! ”but for all the cool things that a person can dowith a pc，there arelots of other ways we can put our creativity and intelligence to work toimprove our world6. there are still far too many people in the worldwhose most basic needs go unmet7. every year, for example, millionsof people die from diseases that are easy to prevent or treat in the developedworld.i believe that my own good fortune brings with ita responsibility to give back to the world. my 【近义词wife, melinda, and i havecommitted to8 improving health and education in a way that can helpas many people as possible.as a father, i believe that the death of a childin africa is no less poignant or tragic than9 the death of a childanywhere else, and that it doesnt take much to make an immense difference inthese childrens lives10.im still very much an optimist, and i believethat progress on even the worlds toughest problems is possible and itshappening every day. were seeing new drugs for deadly diseases, new diagnostictools，and newattention paid to the health problems in the developing world.【词源解析】im excited by the possibilities i see formedicine, for education and, of course, for technology. and i believe thatthrough our natural inventiveness, creativity and willingness to solve toughproblems, were going to make some amazing achievements in all these areas inmy lifetime.文：第十一篇比尔盖茨：发挥你的创造力 我一直是个乐观主义者，我想这是因为我深信创造力和智慧能使世界变得更美好。在我的记忆中，我喜欢学习新东西、解决难题。所以当我七年级时第一次坐在电脑前时，我立刻被吸引住类。那是一台笨重的旧式电传打字机，跟我们今天的电脑相比几乎什么事都不能做。但是它却改变我的一生。【词源解析】30年前我和朋友保罗艾伦创办微软的时候，我们预见到一个“每个办公桌和每个家庭都会有一台电脑”的时代。在那个计算机像冰箱一样大的时代，这听起来也许太乐观了一点。但是我们相信个人计算机会改变世界。而它们真的做到了。【反义词】 30年后的今天，计算机仍然会激发我的热情，好像我又回到了七年级的年代。我认为计算机是能满足我们的好奇心，激发我们创造精神的最神奇的工具，它能帮助我们解决最聪明的人都不能独自解决的问题。 计算机改变了我们的学习方式，为世界各地的孩子们提供了一个学习各种知识的窗口。它帮助我们就我们所关心的事情建立一个交流的场所，并且与那些我们认为对我们有重要意义的人密切相处，不管他们身在何处。【词源解析】和我的朋友沃伦巴菲特一样，我每天都在做着自己喜欢做的事，对此我感到非常幸运。他说这就像是“跳着踢踏舞工作”。我在微软的工作一直非常具有挑战性，而当我们向人们展示我们的新成果( 比如计算机能识别手写体或语言，或者能储存一生的珍贵照片) 人们说没想到你们能用个人计算机做出这样的成就时，那感觉的确像是“跳着踢踏舞工作”。除了我们能用计算机做的所有神奇的事情，还有很多其他方式发挥我们的创造力和智慧，从而使世界更加美好。这个世界上还有很多的人基本需求都得不到满足。例如，每年都有成千上万的人死于疾病，而这些疾病在发达国家是能轻而易举得到控制或治疗的。我认为拥有财富的同时我有责任回报世界。所以，我和妻子梅林达承诺推进健康与教育事业，以帮助尽可能多的人。作为一位父亲，我相信一个非洲儿【近义词童的夭折和其他地方孩子的夭折一样令人心酸和悲痛。而要改善这些孩子们的命运，其实不难。如今，我仍然是一个乐观主义者，我仍然相信即使是世界上最棘手的问题，也一样能得到改善的确，世界每天都在进步。我们看到治疗致命疾病的新药物和新诊断工具出现，看到人们更多关注发展中国家的健康问题。 医疗、教育和科技发展的美好前景使我激动万分。我坚信，以我们与生俱来的发明精神、创造力和乐于解决棘手问题的精神动力，我们一定能在这些领域做出惊人的成绩。我希望我能亲眼见到这些成绩。【词源解析】第十二，study helps predict big mediterranean quakescientists have found evidence that an overlooked fault in the eastern mediterranean1 is likely to produce an earthquake and tsunami every 800 years as powerful as the one that destroyed alexandria2 in ad3 365.using radiocarbon dating techniques, simulations and computer models, the researchers recreated the ancient disaster in order to identify the responsible fault. we are saying there is probably a repeat time of 800 years for this kind of earthquake, said ms beth shaw, an earthquake scientist at the university of cambridge, who led the study. scientists study past earthquakes in order to determine the future possibility of similar large shocks.【反义词】identifying the fault for the ad 365 earthquake and tsunami is important for the tens of millions of people in the region, ms. shaw said. the fault close to the southwest coast of crete4 last produced a big enough quake to generate a tsunami about 1300, which means the next powerful one could come in the next 100 years, she added in a telephone interview.ms. shaw and her colleagues calculate the likely intervals by measuring the motion of either side 【近义词of the fault to find how often such large earthquakes would have to occur to account for that level of motion, she said. their computer model suggested an 8 magnitude quake on the fault would produce a tsunami that floods the coastal regions of alexandria and north africa, the southern coast of greece5 and sicily6 all the way up the adriati7 to dubrovnik8. this would be similar to the ancient quake in ad 365 that caused widespread destruction in much of greece and unleashed a tsunami that flooded alexandria and the nile delta9, likely killing tens of thousands of people, she said.第十二篇 科学家研究预测地中海地区大地震 公元365年，东部地中海地区发生特大地震和海啸，摧毁了亚历山大市，科学家们已经找到了证据证明：那里存在的一直被人忽视的断层，每隔 800年就有可能就引发一次强地震和海啸。 通过运用放射性碳素技术和计算机仿真模型，研究者们重建了古代那场灾难，以便证实是断层引发了地震。“我们认为每 800年就会出现一次这种类型的地震。”负责此项研究的剑桥大学地震学家贝丝肖恩女士说道。科学家们研究以往的地震，为的是确定未来出现同种大地震的可能性。 【反义词】 肖恩女士说：对于地中海地区上千万的居民来说，确定是断层引发了公元 365年地震和海啸非常重要。她在一次电话访问中进而补充说：克里特岛西南海岸附近的断层昀后一次引发足以引起海啸的大地震是在公元 1300年左右，这就意味着下一次强地震将在未来的 100年中出现。 肖恩女士说，她和她的同事测量了断层两侧的震动强度，并确定大规模地震多久发生一次才会引起这样的震动强度，从而推算出地震产生的大致间隔时间。根据其计算机仿真模型显示，如果断层产生 8级的震动，那么它引发的海啸就会淹没亚历山大市和北非的沿海地区、希腊和西西里岛的南部海岸、以及从要费里亚海到杜布罗夫尼克的广大地区。这个近似于公元 365年摧毁大部分希腊地区的地震，当时地震引发的海啸吞噬了亚历山大市和尼罗河三角洲，造成工上千万人死亡。【反义词】第十三the northem lightsthe sun is stormy(狂暴的) and has its own kind of weather. it is so hot and active that even the suns gravity cannot hold its atmosphere in check(控制，支配)! energy flows away from the sun toward the earth in a stream of electrified particles(电粒子) that move at speeds around a million miles per hour. these particles are called 【词源解析】plasma(等离子体), and the stream of plasma coming from the sun is called the solar wind. the more active the sun, the stronger the solar wind.the solar wind constantly streams toward the earth, but dont worry because a protective magnetic field(磁场) surrounds our planet.the same magnetic field that makes your compass point north also steer(引向) the particles from the sun to the north and south poles. the charged particles become trapped in magnetic belts around the earth. when a large blast of solar wind crashes into the earths magnetic field, the magnetic field first gets squeezed and then the magnetic field lines break and reconnect(断开又闭合).【反义词】the breaking and reconnecting of the magnetic field lines can cause atomic particles(原子粒子) called electrons(电子) trapped in the 【词源解析】belts to fall into the earths atmosphere at the poles. as the electrons fall to the earth, they collide with gas molecules(分子)in the atmosphere, creating flashes of light in the sky. each atmospheric gas glows a different color. oxygen and nitrogen glows red and green and nitrogen glows violet-purple. as these various colors glow and dance in the night sky, they create the northern lights and the southern lights.watching auroras is fun and exciting, but normally you can only see them in places far north like alaska and canada. the movement of the aurora across the sky is usually slow enough to easily follow with your eyes but they can also pulsate(跳动), flicker, or even move like waves. during solar maximum, auroras are seen as far south as florida, even mexico!auroras often seem to be very close to the ground, but the lowest aurora is still about 100 kilometers above the ground, a distance much higher than clouds are formed or airplanes can fly. a typical aurora band can be thousands of kilometers long, a few hundred kilometers high, but only a few hundred meters thick.we hope you are able to travel to far-north places like the arctic circle and see the northern lights at least once during your lifetime. we know you will never forget it!北极光 太阳是狂暴的，有它自己独特的气候。太阳太热，其活动又太剧烈，以至于无法控制它自己的大气层。热量以电粒子流的形式逃离太阳，流向地球，时速高达100万英里。这些粒子叫等离子体，来自太阳的等离子流叫太阳风。太阳活动越剧烈，太阳风越强烈。【反义词】 太阳风不断地流向地球，但是不必担心，因为有一个保护性的磁场包围右战们的地球。使指南针指向北方的相同的磁场也把来自太阳的粒子导向地球的南北两极。这些受控的粒子被吸附在地球周围的磁场。当强大的太阳风侵入地球磁场时，首先磁场受到挤压，接着磁场磁力线断开又闭合。 磁场磁力线的断开和闭合产生叫作电子的原子粒子，被截留在磁场，落入地球两极的大气层。 等离子流的电子进入地球，与大气层的气体分子发生碰撞，在天空中产生光芒。每一种大气层的气体产生不同颜色的光。氧和氮发红绿光，氯气发蓝紫光。当这些不同的颜色在夜空中闪烁跳跃时，就形成了北极光和南极光。 看极光是很有意思也很令人振奋的。然而通常只有在极北面，像阿拉斯加州和加拿大等地方才能看到。横过天空的极光移动速度通常很慢，用肉眼就能很轻易地观测到。而它们还能跳动、闪烁甚至像波一样流动。在太阳风暴达到最高峰的期间，明亮的北极光甚至在位于极南面的佛罗里达州乃至墨西哥都能看到。 极光似乎很接近地面，但是最靠近地面的极光离地面也有100公里，比云层都高，飞机也无法到达。一条典型的极光带有数千公里长，几百公里高，但是只有几百米厚。 希望你在有生之年至少去极北面像北极圈等地区旅游一次，看看北极光。此次经历必将使你终生难忘。第十四 stage frightfall down as you come onstage. thats an 【词源解析】odd trick. not recommended. but it saved the pianist vladimir feltsman when he was a teenager back in moscow. the veteran cellist mstislavrostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic, mr. feltsman said, allmy fright was gone. i already fell. what else could happen?today, music schools are addressing the problem of anxiety in classes that deal withperformance techniques and career preparation. there are a variety of strategies that 【词源解析】musicians can learn to fight stage fright and its symptoms: icy fingers, shaky limbs ,racing heart,blank mind.【反义词】teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice;from basics like learning pieces inside out, to mental discipline, such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. dont deny that youre jittery, they urge; some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing. and play in public often, simply for the experience.psychotherapist diane nichols suggests some strategies for the moments before performance. take two deep abdominal breaths, open up your shoulders, then smile, she says. and not one of these please dont kill me smiles. then choose three friendly faces in the audience, people you would communicate with and make music to,and make eye contact with them. she doesnt want performers to think of the audience as a judge.extreme demands by mentors or parents are often at the root of stage fright, says dorothy delay, a well-known violin teacher. she tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve.【反义词】when lynn harrell was 20, he became the principal cellist of the cleverland orchestra, and he suffered extreme stage fright. there were times when i got so nervous. i was sure the audience could see my chest responding to the throbbing. it was just total panic. i came to a point where i thought, if i have to go through this to play music, i think im going to look for another job. recovery, he said, involved developing humility - recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible, and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster6.it is not only young artists who suffer, of course. the legendary pianist vladimir horowitzsnerves were famous. the great tenor franco 【词源解析】corelli is another example. they had to push him on stage, soprano renata scotto recalled.actually, success can make things worse. in the beginning of your career, when youre scared to death, nobody knows who you are, and they dont have any expectations, soprano june anderson said. theres less to lose. later on, when youre known, people are coming to see you, and they have certain expectations. you have a lot to lose. anderson added, i never stop being nervous until ive sung my last note. 【反义词】如何避免怯场上台就跌倒。这是个奇特的办法！但不推荐。可它确实拯救了钢琴家弗拉基米尔菲兹曼，那个时候他才十几岁，正在莫斯科表演。资深大提琴手米提斯拉夫罗斯特罗波维奇故意在他上台前将他绊倒，帮助他摆脱上台前的恐慌。菲兹曼先生说：“所有的害怕都烟消云散类。我已经摔倒了，还有比这更糟糕的吗？”如今，音乐学校都在课堂中强调焦虑问题，因为这是讲授表演技巧和打好表演基础的课程。怯场有很多表现，比如手指冰冷、四肢发抖、心跳加速、大脑一片空白，音乐家们可以学着用许多多应变策略应对这些问题。教师和心理学家给出了许多建议，从基础的做法，比如将演奏曲目烂熟于心，到精神训练，比如想象演出场景，有步骤地进行放松等。他们强调，不要掩饰你的紧张感，适度的兴奋对于精彩演出是正当甚至是必要的。为了积累经验，要常在公众场合演出。黛安尼克尔斯是一名心理治疗师，她给出了一些上台前的建议：“做两次深度的腹式呼吸，扩胸，然后微笑，注意不是那种仿佛央求对方不要杀你的微笑，而是友好的微笑。从观众中选出三名比较友善的人，这些是你愿意与之交流并为之演奏的人，并与他们做眼神接触。” 她不想让演奏者将观众当成是法官。多萝西德雷是一名著名小提琴教师，她认【词源解析】为来自导师和父母的苛刻要求常常是怯场的根源。她告诉其他教师，对学生的要求要以学生本身所能达到的水平为基础。林哈雷尔20岁的时候成为克利夫兰管弦乐队的首席大提琴手，但是他怯场非常严重。他说：“有时候我非常紧张，我甚至能肯定，观众一定能看到我的胸口随着心跳而搏动，简直变成了慌乱。”后来我竟然到了这个地步，我想“如【相关短语】果演出要经历这种慌乱，我宁可另找一份工作。”他说要克服怯场要谦虚，要认识到，不论自己有多大的才能，都可能犯错误，一场音乐会即使有不完美的地方，也不是灾难。当然，并不只有年轻人才会怯场。具有传奇色彩的钢琴家弗拉基米尔霍洛维茨的敏感神经同样尽人皆知。另一个例子是著名男高音弗朗科科莱里，女高音蕾娜塔思科多这样形容他：“必须得有人推着他才肯上台。”实际上，成名之后情况可能会变得更糟。“刚开始的时候，即使你怕得要死，也没有人知道你是谁，因为对你不抱有多大期望。”女高音琼安德森说道，“你不会有任何损失。但你成名以后，人们专程来看你的表演，那时他们一定是满怀期待而来，这样，你损失的东西就多了。”安德森还说：“直到唱完最后一个音符之前，【反义词】我一直都会紧张。”第十五 image martian dust particlesnasas phoenix mars lander has taken its first-ever picture of a single particle of rusty martian dust with one of its microscopes. the dust particles of dust was shown at a higher magnification than anything