科技说明文,议论文的篇章结构.ppt

专项讲座之科技说明文，议论 文的篇章结构 It is widely known that any English conversation begins with The Weather. Such a fixation with the weather finds expression in Dr. Johnsons famous comment that “When two English meet, their first talk is of weather.” Though Johnsons observation is as accurate now as it was over two hundred years ago, most commentators fail to come up with a convincing explanation for this English weather-speak. Bill Bryson, for example, concludes that, as the English weather is not at all exciting, the obsession with it can hardly be understood. He argues that “To an outsider, the most striking thing about the English weather is that there is not very much of it.” Simply, the reason is that the unusual and unpredictable weather is almost unknown in the British Isles. Jeremy Paxman, however, disagrees with Bryson, arguing that the English weather is by nature attractive. Bryson is wrong, he says, because the English preference for the weather has nothing to do with the natural phenomena. “The interest is less in the phenomena themselves, but in uncertainty.” According to him, the weather in England is very changeable and uncertain and it attracts the English as well as the outsider. Bryson and Paxman stand for common misconceptions about the weather-speak among the English. Both commentators, somehow, are missing the point. The English weather conversation is not really about the weather at all. English weather-speak is a system of signs, which is developed to help the speakers overcome the natural reserve and actually talk to each other. Everyone knows conversations starting with weather-speak are not requests for weather data. Rather, they are routine greetings, conversation starters or the blank “fillers”. In other words, English weather-speak is a means of social bonding. 2013年高考英语重庆卷E 72. The author mentions Dr. Johnsons comment to show that _. A. most commentators agree with Dr. Johnson B. Dr. Johnson is famous for his weather observation C. the comment was accurate two hundred years ago D. English conversations usually start with the weather 73. What does the underlined word “obsession” most probably refer to? A. A social trend. B. An emotional state. C. A historical concept. D. An unknown phenomenon. 74. According to the passage, Jeremy Paxman believes that _. A. Bill Bryson has little knowledge of the weather B. there is nothing special about the English weather C. the English weather attracts people to the British Isles D. English people talk about the weather for its uncertainty 75. What is the authors main purpose of writing the passage? A. To explain what English weather-speak is about. B. To analyse misconceptions about the English weather. C. To find fault with both Bill Bryson and Jeremy Paxman. D. To convince people that the English weather is changeable. 高2014级中期考试reading E Most people look forward to retirement as a time when they can finally take up activities that they never had the time or energy to pursue before. But some recent studies on people in their golden years are disturbing: they suggest that retirees are more likely to suffer from depression and possibly higher rates of other diseases such as heart disease and high blood pressure. Thats why a new study of French workers is welcome news. Led by Hugo Westerlund, a professor of psychology at Stockholm University, the study of more than 14,000 workers found lower rates of depression and fatigue (疲劳) in people after they got retired than while they were still employed. The scientists followed the employees of the French national gas and electric company for 14 years. They found in the year immediately after retirement, the volunteers reported 40% fewer depressive symptoms than they had in the year before their retirement. The researchers also found an 81% drop in reports of both mental and physical fatigue over the same time period. Clearly, said Westerlund, much of these decrease in physical and mental fatigue can be traced back to relief from the stresses of work. The decline in depressive symptoms suggests that retirement may be having a positive mental effect, too, which may have a lot to do with the generous pensions (养老金) that French workers enjoy. Most retirees in that country still benefit from about 80% of their yearly salaries. “The economic or financial situation in retirement is very important,” Westerlund says. “We dont know if the decrease in fatigue and depressive symptoms is because of the removal of something bad while in work or the addition of something good while in retirement. But no matter what reason there is, if life in retirement is not comfortable, then we wont see the improvements we did.” However, in European nations like France, governments are considering changes to pension plans, which may affect retirees health after they leave their jobswith less of a financial safety net, workers may no longer seem so mentally and physically happy to be out of work. 72According to some recent studies, retired people may _. Atake up activities they had wished to pursue before Bhave depression and higher rates of other diseases Csuffer from lower rates of depression and fatigue Dlead a happier life with their plenty of pensions 73Wastelands group found that in the year just after the retirement most retired French workers _. Aseemed to be less happy mentally and physically Bwere badly thirsty to go back to work again Cfelt much less tired both mentally and physically Dappeared very anxious about being out of work 74What does the word “improvements” in paragraph 5 refer to? AThe decrease in fatigue and depressive symptoms. BThe removal of something bad while in work. CThe economic or financial situation in retirement. DThe comfortable life in retirement. 75Retirement may make people happier with _. Amore activities to join in Bchanges to pension plans Cmore of a financial safety net Da more harmonious family life 2012年高考英语重庆卷 In his 1930 essay “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren “, John Keynes, economist, rewrote that human needs fall into two classes: absolute needs ,which are indeed what other have , and relative needs ,which make us feel superior to our fellows. He thought although relative needs may indeed be insatiable (无止境的) this is not true of absolute Keynes was surely correct that only a small part of total spending id decided by the super- iority He was greatly mistaken, however, in seeing this derive as the only source of demands Decisions to spend are also driven by ideas of quality which can influence the den almost all goods, including even basic goods like food. When a couple goes out for an dinner, for example, the thought of feeling superior to others probably never comes to them. The goal is to share a special meal that stands out from other meals. There are no obvious limits to the escalation of demand for quality. For example, Porsche famous car producer, has a model which was considered perhaps the best sport car on the mark Priced at over $120,000,it handles perfectly well and has great speed acceleration. But in 200 the producer introduced some changes which made the model slightly better in handling acceleration. People who really care about cars find these small improvements exciting. To them, however, they must pay almost four times the price. By placing the desire to be superior to other at the heart of his description of negation demands, Keynes actually reduced such demands. However, the desire for higher quality has natural limits. 72. According to the passage, John Keynes Believed that_. A. desire is the root of both absolute and relative needs B. absolute needs come from our sense of superiority C. relative needs alone lead to insatiable demands D. absolute needs are stronger than relative needs 73. What do we know about the couple in Paragraph 3? A. They want to show their superiority B. They find specialty important to meals C. Their demands for food are not easily satisfied. D. Their choice of dinner is related to ideas of quality. 74.What does the underlined word “escalation” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Understanding. B. Increase C. Difference D. Study 75. The author of the passage argues that _. A. absolute needs have no limits B. demands for quality are not insatiable C. human desires influence ideas of quality D. relative needs decide most of our spending 议论文是以议论为主要表达方式，通过摆 事实，讲道理，直接表达作者的观点和主 张的常用文体。它不同于记叙文以形象生 动的记叙来间接地表达作者的思想感情， 也不同于说明文侧重介绍或解释事物的形 状、性质、成因、功能等。总之，议论文 是以理服人的文章，记叙文和说明文则是 以事感人，以知授人的文章。 同学们的困惑： 1.焦躁心态 2. 放弃心理 3.缺乏词汇 4.静不下心来读完一篇议论文 5.不原意花时间来理解文章的主题 6 阅读速度慢 7. 试图一句一句的理解文章 议论文的要素： 论点: 主题是什么 论证：为什么 论据：怎么做 语言特点： 准确、严密。 概括性和简洁性。 使用修辞，体现其用词鲜明、生动和感情 色彩。 出题特点： 侧重考察考生的猜测词义和句意、推理判断 、理解文章语篇结构、理解作者态度意图和 归纳主旨的能力，都涉及到对文章的深层次 理解，是考生必须掌握的较高级的能力。在 议论文的4道试题中，作者态度意图题和推 理判断题是必考题型。 理解文章的篇章结构是答 好议论文试题的关键！ 阅读方法： 1顺序法 2逆向法 3. 查读法 Reading : Please read the following passage. While reading, please try to summarize the main idea of each paragraph. Then before finishing the exercise, get the structure of this passage. 找主题句的方法： 1.从总起句去找。 文章开头的总起句，一般都揭示了全文内容，所以就是主旨句。 2. 从结尾上去找。 有些文章的结尾，往往总结全文，点明中心。 3. 从反复句上去找。 有的文章为了突出某种意思，并给读者留下深刻的印象，往往反复出 现同一个句子，它就是主旨句。 4. 从议论句上去找。 文中议论处往往透露出文章的中心，因此，议论句中的关键句就是主 旨句。 5. 从哲理性句上去找。 有的句子很有哲理性，这个句子就是主旨句。 6. 从含义深长的句子上去找。 2012年高考英语江西卷： For those who make journeys across the world, the speed of travel today has turned the countries into a series of villagesDistances between them appear no greater to a modern traveler than those which once faced men as they walked from village to village. Jet plane fly people from one end of the earth to the other, allowing them a freedom of movement undreamt of a hundred years ago. Yet some people wonder if the revolution in travel has gone too far. A price has been paid, they say, for the conquest (征服) of time and distance. Travel is something to be enjoyed, not endured (忍受). The boat offers leisure and time enough to appreciate the ever-changing sights and sounds of a journey. A journey by train also has a special charm about it. Lakes and forests and wild, open plains sweeping past your carriage window create a grand view in which time and distance mean nothing. On board a plane, however, there is just the blank blue of the sky filling the narrow window of the airplane. The soft lighting, in-flight films and gentle music make up the only world you know, and the hours progress slowly. Then there is the time spent being “processed” at a modern airport. People are conveyed like robots along walkways; baggage is weighed, tickets produced, examined and produced yet again before the passenger move again to another waiting area. Journeys by rail and sea take longer, yes, but the hours devoted to being “processed” at departure and arrival in airports are luckily absent. No wonder, then, that the modern high-speed trains are winning back passengers from the airlines. Man, however, is now a world traveler and can not turn his back on the airplane. The working lives of too many people depend upon it; whole new industries have been built around its design and operation. The holiday maker, too, with limited time to spend, patiently endures the busy airports and limited space of the flight to gain those extra hours and even days, relaxing in the sun. speed controls peoples lives; time saved, in work or play, is the important thing or so we are told. Perhaps those first horsemen, riding free across the wild, open plains, were enjoying a better world than the one we know today. They could travel at will, and the clock was not their master. Paragraph one For those who make journeys across the world, the speed of travel today has turned the countries into a series of villages. Distances between them appear no greater to a modern traveler than those which once faced men as they walked from village to village. Jet plane fly people from one end of the earth to the other, allowing them a freedom of movement undreamt of a hundred years ago. For those who make journeys across the world, the speed of travel today has turned the countries into a series of villages Paragraph two Yet some people wonder if the revolution in travel has gone too far. A price has been paid, they say, for the conquest (征服) of time and distance. Travel is something to be enjoyed, not endured (忍受). The boat offers leisure and time enough to appreciate the ever-changing sights and sounds of a journey. A journey by train also has a special charm about it. Lakes and forests and wild, open plains sweeping past your carriage window create a grand view in which time and distance mean nothing. On board a plane, however, there is just the blank blue of the sky filling the narrow window of the airplane. The soft lighting, in-flight films and gentle music make up the only world you know, and the hours progress slowly. Yet some people wonder if the revolution in travel has gone too far Yet however Paragraph three Then there is the time spent being “processed” at a modern airport. People are conveyed like robots along walkways; baggage is weighed, tickets produced, examined and produced yet again before the passenger move again to another waiting area. Journeys by rail and sea take longer, yes, but the hours devoted to being “processed” at departure and arrival in airports are luckily absent. No wonder, then, that the modern high-speed trains are winning back passengers from the airlines. Then there is the time spent being “processed” at a modern airport. Then Paragraph four Man, however, is now a world traveler and can not turn his back on the airplane. The working lives of too many people depend upon it; whole new industries have been built around its design and operation. The holiday maker, too, with limited time to spend, patiently endures the busy airports and limited space of the flight to gain those extra hours and even days, relaxing in the sun. speed controls peoples lives; time saved, in work or play, is the important thingor so we are told. Perhaps those first horsemen, riding free across the wild, open plains, were enjoying a better world than the one we know today. They could travel at will, and the clock was not their master. Man, however, is now a world traveler and can not turn his back on the airplane however 论点 论据 论证 the disadvantage of traveling by plane showing the disadvantages of traveling by plane. Meanwhile, displaying the advantages of other ways of traveling. compare different ways of traveling The structure of this passage 1 2 3 4 71What does the writer try to express in Paragraph1? ATravel by plane has speeded up the growth of villages BThe speed of modern travel has made distances relatively short CThe freedom of movement has helped people realize their dreams DMan has been fond of traveling rather than staying in one place 72How does the writer support the underlined statement in Paragraph2? ABy giving instructions BBy analyzing cause and effect CBy following the order of time DBy giving examples 73According to Paragraph 3, passengers are turning back to modern high-speed trains because_ Athey pay less for the tickets Bthey feel safer during the travel Cthey can enjoy higher speed of travel Dthey dont have to waste time being “processed” 74What does the last sentence of the passage mean? AThey could enjoy free and relaxing travel BThey needed the clock to tell the time CThey preferred travelling on horseback DThey could travel with their master 75What is the main idea of the passage? AAir travel benefits people and industries BTrain Travel has some advantages over air travel CGreat changes have taken place in modern travel. DThe high speed of air travel is gained at a cost. 2013年高考英语江苏卷 Weve considered several ways of paying to cut in line: hiring line standers, buying tickets from scalpers (票贩子), or purchasing line-cutting privileges directly from, say, an airline or an amusement park. Each of these deals replaces the morals of the queue (waiting your turn) with the morals of the market (paying a price for faster service). Markets and queuespaying and waitingare two different ways of allocating things, and each is appropriate to different activities. The morals of the queue, “First come, first served, have an egalitarian (平等主义的) appeal. They tell us to ignore privilege, power, and deep pockets. The principle seems right on playgrounds and at bus stops. But the morals of the queue do not govern all occasions. If I put my house up for sale, I have no duty to accept the first offer that comes along, simply because its the first. Selling my house and waiting for a bus are different activities, properly governed by different standards. Sometimes standards change, and it is unclear which principle should apply. Think of the recorded message you hear, played over and over, as you wait on hold when calling your bank: “Your call will be answered in the order in which it was received.” This is essential for the morals of the queue. Its as if the company is trying to ease our im