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Benefits It can help you: 1、Rapidly grasp the latest medical news worldwide; 快速掌握国际最新医学动态; 2、Precisely comprehend medical literatures in English; 精确理解医学英语专业文献; 3、Greatly promote medical exchanges with foreigners; 极大促进与国外人士的医学交流。 4、Efficiently publish medical works and papers in English. 有效出版英文医学著作与论文。 Targets ribosome;erythrocyte -i- : centimeter; multiple Singular and Plural Forms of Medical Terms 单数 复数例词单数例词复数中文意思 -a-aescapulascapulae肩胛骨 -ix-icesappendixappendice s 阑尾 -ex-icescortexcortices皮质 -is-esdiagnosis diagnoses诊断 -ma-matafibromafiberomata纤维瘤 -on-aganglionganglia神经节 -um-aatriumatria心房 -us-ibronchusbronchi支气管 Smaller Forms of Medical Terms 小词 成分 原词意思小词意思 -ulavalve瓣膜valvula小瓣 -ulenode结节nodule小结节 vein静脉venule小静脉 -cletuber结节tubercle小结节 -iolebronch us 支气管bronchiole细支气管 artery动脉arteriole小动脉 One Word in Three Forms 大多数关于人体解剖具有统一词义的医学术语由 于词源不同,既可用普通英语词汇表达,也可用 拉丁或希腊词源构成的词汇表达而构成“一词三式 ”的现象。 如: 体 body; soma; corpus 肾炎-kidney inflammation;renitis;nephritis 肺病-lung disease;pulmonary disease; pneumopathy One Word in Three Forms 一词三式在词根中的体现: 骨:bone(英文);osse(o)-(拉丁语);oste(o)-(希腊语) 肾: kidney; ren(o)-;nephr(o)- 血:blood; hema-;hemato-;-emia(后缀) 胸:chest;thoraco-;pecto- 重音规则 p首先,要学会分音节(syllable),一般一个元音为一个 音节,如: e/so/pha/go/je/ju/no/ga/stro/sto/mo/sis (食管空肠胃吻合术)含有12个音节。 1、单音节词本身就是重读音节,如:lung,heart 2、双音节词重音落在第一音节上,如:stomach, gastric,kidney,renal 3、大多数多音节词的重音落在倒数第二音节或倒数第三音 节上,如:gastritis,gastromyotomy(幽门切开术 )。但是,也有例外的情况,如:gastroscope(胃镜 )。 Suggested References p白永权 医学专业英语 人民卫生出版社 2005年11月 p杨明山医学英语新教程世界图书出版社 2006年3月 p何筑丽 医学英语写作与翻译 高等教育出版社 2002年10月 p杨一华 医学英语词汇高级教程 人民军医出版社 2009年5月 p万学红 中英对照内科查房化学工业出版社 2007年2月 pLinda 实用医学英语会话 中国水利水电出版社 2007年9月 p陈社胜 医学英语视听说教程1-3册 复旦大学出版社 2006年9月 p李朝品 医学论文英文摘要写作 人民卫生出版社 2009年7月 p洪班信 英语医学论文及摘要写作 北京大学医学出版社 2008年4月 p王亚娜 高级医学英语写作教程 世界图书出版公司 2012年2月 pWilfred 风暴式医学教程Mosbys Crash Course科学出版社 p孙海晨 汉译英使用技能训练 外文出版社 1998年1月 p李长栓 非文学翻译理论与实践中国对外翻译出版公司 2004年12月 Tools p查英文文献:pubmed (注意勾上free limit) p医学英文专著:freemedicalbooks; p freebooks4doctors p翻译、ppt及文档等:google(港版)+高级搜索 p词典:有道等在线词典 p中医英语: p中医教材、典籍等:中医E百,王氏中医世家 Human Body pStudies of human body: 解剖学,生理学,生 物学,细胞学,胚胎学,组织学,内分泌学,血 液学,免疫学,心理学等。 pBody systems:骨骼系统,肌肉系统,循环系统 ,呼吸系统,神经系统,内分泌系统,泌尿系统 ,生殖系统,消化系统及皮肤 Skeletal System pThis system is made of: pBones pJoints pCartilage pFunctions: pProvide support and protection pProvide points of attachment Bone Shapes Muscular System pFunctions: pMove the body pProduce heat to maintain constant body temperature Muscular System pThis system is made of: pStriated muscles (skeletal and cardiac muscles) pNon-striated muscles (smooth muscles) pOr pVoluntary muscles (skeletal muscles) pInvoluntary muscles (cardiac muscles and smooth muscles) Circulatory System Circulatory System pFunctions: pDistribute needed materials (nutrients, trace elements, oxygen, etc.) pRemove unneeded materials (waste products, excessive elements, etc.) pServe as a part of the bodys defense system (antibodies and WBC in the blood) Circulatory System pThis system is made of: pHeart (nearly two identical halves) pblood vessels (artery, vein, capillary) pblood Respiratory System Respiratory System pFunctions: pTake in oxygen pExpel carbon dioxide and water vapor pThis system is made of: pnose/ mouth pthroat (pharynx and larynx) ptrachea pbronchus (pl. bronchi) pair sacs Digestive System pFunctions: pTake in food pBreak down food into small molecules pAbsorb nutrients and water pExpel dry food residues Digestive System pThis system is made of: pmouth (saliva) pesophagus pstomach (gastric acid, enzymes) psmall intestine (duodenum,jejunum,ileum) plarge intestine (cecum, colon, rectum) pAccessory digestive organs: pliver and gallbladder (bile) ppancreas (pancreatic enzymes) Urinary System Urinary System pFunctions: pmaintain normal levels of water and certain small molecules, such as sodium and potassium. pThis system is made of: pkidney pureter pbladder purethra Endocrine System Endocrine System pFunctions: pcontrol body activities by hormones produced by a variety of endocrine glands. pThis system is made of: ppituitary pthyroid (parathyroid) padrenal gland ppancreas ptestis / ovary Nervous System Nervous System pFunctions: pcontrol body activities by nerves. pThis system is made of: pbrain pspinal cord (protected by spinal column) pnerves (peripheral and central nerves) Reproductive System oviduct Reproductive System pFunctions: pproduce, transport and maintain viable sperm; pproduce male sex hormone (testosterone). pOr pproduce and transport ovum (pl. ova); peliminate or nourish an ovum; pproduce female sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone). The Skin (Integumentary Systems) Skin pFunctions: pkeep out foreign substances; pprevent excessive water evaporation; pprovide tactile information; pkeep constant body temperature. Translation Exercise pCase Report p Patient Li Hua, male, 69 years old, a retired teacher, was admitted on June 6, 1989, because of palpitation for one year and becoming worse in recent 5 months. p The patient was quite well until one year before May, 1988. He felt slight palpitation and dyspnea during hard work, fast walk, or climbing stairs. There was swelling of legs in the evening, but he felt better after having a rest. In recent 5 months, palpitation and dyspnea became so serious that he could neither walk nor lie down. He had to sit up during the whole night. Sometimes he coughed with small amounts of sputum, but without blood. He had no chill, fever, chest pain or sore joints. The urinating was normal. Terminology Study (1) p1. cell: 表示细胞的前缀为-cyto,如cytology (细胞学), cytoskeleton (细胞骨架),cytochrome (细胞色素),cytoplasm (细胞质)。表示细胞的后缀是-cyte,如monocyte (单核细胞), leukocyte (白细胞),thrombocyte (血小板,凝血细胞), lymphocyte (淋巴细胞)。 p2. tissue: 表示组织的前缀为histo-,如histology (组织学), histone (组蛋白),histopathology (组织病理学),histamine (组 胺)。 p3. anatomy: -tomy为表示切开的后缀,如laparotomy (剖腹术), thoracotomy (胸廓切开术),tracheotomy (气管切开术)。 p4. microscope: -scope为表示镜或检查仪器的后缀,如endoscope (内窥镜),funduscope (眼底镜),stethoscope (听诊器)。 Terminology Study (1) p5. -some: 表示体,如chromosome (染色体), lysosome (溶酶体),ribosome (核糖体), centrosome (中心体)。 p6. -plasm: 表示浆,如cytoplasm (细胞浆,细胞质), plasma (血浆),endoplasmic reticulum (内质网,简 称ER) 。 p7. mito-: 表示线,有丝分裂,如mitochondria (线粒体) ,mitogenic (促有丝分裂的),mitosis (有丝分裂)。 p8. chromato-/chromo-: 表示染色质,颜色,如 chromatin (染色质),chromatography (色谱分析) , chromasome (染色体)。 Terminology Study (2) p1. collagen胶原: collagenic 为其形容词形式;collagen+-ase = collagenase (胶原酶) 。 p2. embryotic: 表示胚胎的前缀为embryo-,如embryology (胚胎 学),embryogenesis (胚胎发生)。 p3. pelvic: pelvi-为表示盆,肾盂的前缀,如pelvis (骨盆,肾盂), pelvimetry (骨盆测量),pelvilithotomy (肾盂切开取石术), pelviureteroradiography (肾盂输尿管造影)。 p4. hemopoiesis: -poiesis为表示产生或制造的后缀,如 erythropoiesis (红细胞生成),lymphocytopoiesis (淋巴细胞生成 )。 Terminology Study (2) p5. macrophage巨噬细胞: -phage,-phagia,phago- 均为吞噬的 含义,如bacteriophage (噬菌体),dysphagia (吞咽困难) , phagocyte (吞噬细胞)。 p6. osteoporosis骨质疏松: osteo-表示骨,如osteomalacia骨软化 ,osteomyelitis (骨髓炎)。Porosis是空洞形成,骨痂形成的意思。 The Skeletal System pMain bones of the human body: p头骨,面骨,上颌骨(maxilla),下颌骨( mandible),椎骨,锁骨(clavicle),胸骨( sternum),肋骨,肩胛骨(scapula),肱骨 (humerus),桡骨(radius),尺骨(ulna) ,腕骨(carpal bone),掌骨(metacarpal) ,指骨(phalanges),盆骨(pelvic bone) ,股骨(femur),胫骨(tibia),腓骨( fibula),踝骨(tarsal bone),跖骨( metatarsal bone),趾骨(phalanges of toes) Terminology Study (3) p1. diaphysis骨干: dia-表示通过,横过,如diameter (直径), dialysis (透析),diarrhea (腹泻) 。physis表示生长之物。 p2. epiphysis骨骺: epi-表示在之上,在之外,如epicardium (心 外膜),epidermis (上皮)。 p3. sesamoid籽骨: -oid表示样的,类的,如rheumatoid (类风 湿的),sigmoid (乙状的),steroid (类固醇),lipoid (类脂) 。 p4. endochondral软骨内的: endo-表示内,如endocrine (内分泌) ,endoscope (内窥镜),endotoxin (内毒素)。chondro-表示软骨 ,如chondrocyte (软骨细胞),chondroma (软骨瘤)。 Terminology Study (3) p5. osteoclast破骨细胞/ osteoblast成骨细胞: -clast 表示破坏,如 chromosome clastgen (染色体阻断剂);-blast 表示胚胞,芽,如 myeloblast (成髓细胞,原始粒细胞)。 p6. calcitonin降钙素: calci-表示石灰,钙,如calcification (钙化), calcium (钙);ton-表示紧张,张力,如muscle tone (肌张力), ophthalmotonometer (眼压计);-in有物质的意思,如insulin (胰 岛素),vitamin (维生素),penicillin (青霉素), erythromycin ( 红霉素)。 p7. parathormone 甲状旁腺激素:para-有表示旁,副的意思,如 parathyroid (甲状旁腺),parasympathetic (副交感的)。 p8. phosphate磷酸盐:phospho-表示磷,如phospholipid (磷脂) ;-ate有酸盐意思,如nitrate (硝酸盐)。 Terminology Study (4) p1. orthopedics矫形外科,骨科: ortho-表示直的,正常的,如 orthotopic (常位的,正位的),orthopnea (端坐呼吸) 。 p2. phosphatase磷酸酶: -ase表示酶,如amylase (淀粉酶), proteinase (蛋白酶), lipase (脂肪酶)。 p3. osteomyelitis骨髓炎: -myelo表示髓,如myelitis (脊髓炎), myelography (脊髓造影),myeloma (骨髓瘤) 。 p4. osteomalacia骨软化: -malacia表示软化,如 encephalomalacia (脑软化)。 Terminology Study (4) p5. neoplasm新生物,瘤: neo- 表示新,如neocortex (新皮质); neonatal (新生儿)。 p6. osteosarcoma骨肉瘤: sarco-表示肉,如sarcoid(肉样的,类肉 瘤) ;-oma表示瘤,如fibroma (纤维瘤),lipoma (脂肪瘤) 。 p7. corticosteroid 皮质类固醇:cortico-表示皮质,如cortisol (皮质 醇),corticospinal (皮质脊髓的) 。 p8. ankylosis 关节僵硬:-osis表示病态,如acidosis (酸中毒), alkalosis (碱中毒),thrombosis (血栓形成),cervical spondylosis (颈椎病)。 Translation Exercise pCase Report p Patient Li Hua, male, 69 years old, a retired teacher, was admitted on June 6, 1989, because of palpitation for one year and becoming worse in recent 5 months. p The patient was quite well until one year before May, 1988. He felt slight palpitation and dyspnea during hard work, fast walk, or climbing stairs. There was swelling of legs in the evening, but he felt better after having a rest. In recent 5 months, palpitation and dyspnea became so serious that he could neither walk nor lie down. He had to sit up during the whole night. Sometimes he coughed with small amounts of sputum, but without blood. He had no chill, fever, chest pain or sore joints. The urinating was normal. (to be continued) Translation Exercise pThere was nothing else abnormal in the case history review except a cured lobar pneumonia in 1949. He had no history of drug allergy. pPersonal history: The patient was born in Xian in 1923. He had been to the south of China but did not contact contaminated water. He smoked about 10 cigarettes daily. He got married in 1945. His wife was healthy. They had a daughter who was also healthy. His father died of stomach cancer. His mother was well. pPhysical Examination: T. 36.8, P. 96/min, R. 28/min, BP. 23.5/ 13.3 kPa. The patient, an old fatty man who developed well and moderately nourished, was lying in bed with a semireclining position. He looked pale and suffered from general edema. He was mentally normal and cooperative in the examination. There was no eruption, no jaundice, no purpura on the skin, and the lymph nodes were not palpable. (to be continued) Terminology Study (3) p1. diaphysis骨干: dia-表示通过,横过,如diameter (直径), dialysis (透析),diarrhea (腹泻) 。physis表示生长之物。 p2. epiphysis骨骺: epi-表示在之上,在之外,如epicardium (心 外膜),epidermis (上皮)。 p3. sesamoid籽骨: -oid表示样的,类的,如rheumatoid (类风 湿的),sigmoid (乙状的),steroid (类固醇),lipoid (类脂) 。 p4. endochondral软骨内的: endo-表示内,如endocrine (内分泌) ,endoscope (内窥镜),endotoxin (内毒素)。chondro-表示软骨 ,如chondrocyte (软骨细胞),chondroma (软骨瘤)。 Terminology Study (3) p5. osteoclast破骨细胞/ osteoblast成骨细胞: -clast 表示破坏,如 chromosome clastgen (染色体阻断剂);-blast 表示胚胞,芽,如 myeloblast (成髓细胞,原始粒细胞)。 p6. calcitonin降钙素: calci-表示石灰,钙,如calcification (钙化), calcium (钙);ton-表示紧张,张力,如muscle tone (肌张力), ophthalmotonometer (眼压计);-in有物质的意思,如insulin (胰 岛素),vitamin (维生素),penicillin (青霉素), erythromycin ( 红霉素)。 p7. parathormone 甲状旁腺激素:para-有表示旁,副的意思,如 parathyroid (甲状旁腺),parasympathetic (副交感的)。 p8. phosphate磷酸盐:phospho-表示磷,如phospholipid (磷脂) ;-ate有酸盐意思,如nitrate (硝酸盐)。 Bones p1. 骨的形状和结构 p2. 骨的重塑 p3. 骨生长的影响因素 Bones pStructure of a long bone: p长大于宽,由一个骨干和若干骨骺组成。 p其弯曲结构可在不同点吸收重力,并使受力均匀 。 pExamples of the long bone: p肱骨,股骨,桡骨,尺骨,掌骨,胫骨,指骨等 Bones pStructure of a long bone: Bone Cell Production Bones pStructure of a short bone: p长约等于宽,由薄层骨密质和骨松质组成。 pExamples of the short bone: p腕骨,踝骨等 Bones pStructure of a flat bone: p较薄,由大致平行的密质骨板含一层骨松质组成 。 p提供大范围的保护和附着点。 pExamples of the flat bone: p头骨,胸骨,肋骨,肩胛骨 Bones pStructure of an irregular bone: p形状复杂,不属于以上3类。 p骨密质和松质含量不一。 pExamples of the flat bone: p椎骨,面骨等。 pAdditional bone:缝间骨,籽骨(髌骨)。 Bones p骨的重塑:骨髓腔近端骨骼的破坏和骨骺远端骨 的生成。 p各部位速率不一。 p该功能有2个作用,即新组织可代替磨损或受伤的 骨骼,和储存钙质。 Bone remodeling at the cell level p骨的重塑:由去除钙质的破骨细胞和沉积钙质的 成骨细胞作用而成。若钙质沉积过多,则成骨刺 ,骨结块;若流失过多,则形成骨质疏松;若重 塑过快,则成变形性骨炎。 Bone remodeling at the cell level p骨吸收的过程:破骨细胞释放分泌蛋白质溶解酶 消化胶原蛋白质和其它有机质,释放酸类使骨盐 溶解。 p镁元素缺乏可抑制该进程。 Bone remodeling at the cell level pFactors of bone growth and replacement: pA.钙、磷、锰元素 pB.维生素D pC.垂体分泌的生长激素,甲状腺分泌的降钙素, 甲状旁腺分泌的甲状旁腺激素,性激素(双刃剑 :促进新骨生长 sense organs pcell division and reproduction; collagen pstriated muscles; clavicle/collar bone pendocrinology; attachment of muscles pconduct electrical impulse; hemotology pfertilized egg/ovum; lysosome pcapillary; pituitary pinorganic matrix; fibrous connective tissue platelet/thrombocyte; mechanical and chemical process; paccessory organs; exhale carbon dioxide Terminology Study (5) p1. cardiac心脏的,贲门的: cardio-/cardium表示心脏,贲门,如 cardiovascular (心血管的),endocardium (心内膜), epicardium (心外膜),pericardium (心包),cardiospasm (贲门 痉挛),cardiac sphincter (贲门括约肌) 。 p2. biceps二头肌: bi-表示二,如bicycle (自行车),bicuspid valve (二尖瓣) 。 p3. triceps三头肌: tri-表示三,如tricuspid (三尖瓣),trigeminus (三叉神经) 。 p4. sinoatrial窦房的: sino-表示窦,鼻窦(sinus),如sinusitis (鼻窦 炎)。 Terminology Study (5) p5. hypertrophy肥大: hyper- 表示过多,如hypertension (高血压) ;hyperplasia (增生),hyperthyroidism (甲亢);-trophy表示营 养,如dystrophy (营养不良),neurotrophy (神经营养)。 p6. atrophy萎缩: a-表示不,无,缺少,如amenorrhea(闭经) , asymptomatic (无症状的),aphasia (失语症) 。 p7. fibrous 纤维的:fibro-表示纤维,如fibroblast (成纤维细胞,纤 维母细胞),fibroma (纤维瘤) ,fibrocartilage (纤维软骨)。 Fleshy Belly Insertion and Origin of Muscles Fascia Muscle Hypertrophy/Atrophy Terminology Study (6) p1. myasthenia肌无力: my(o)-表示肌,如myocarditis (心肌炎), myoatrophy (肌萎缩),myositis (肌炎);asthen(o)表示衰弱,无 力,如asthenia (无力),asthenopia (视力疲劳,视衰) ;-ia表示病 况,如arrhythmia(心律不齐),dysphagia(吞咽困难)。 p2. myositis肌炎: -itis表示炎症,如rhinitis (鼻炎),sinusitis (鼻 窦炎),hepatitis (肝炎) ,nephritis (肾炎)。 p3. polymyositis/ dermatomyositis多发性肌炎/ 皮肌炎: poly-表 示多,如polyuria (多尿),polymorphonuclear (多形核的) ; derm(ato)-表示皮肤,如dermatology (皮肤病学), dermatitis ( 皮炎), dermatome (皮区,皮片,皮刀)。 p4. myopathy肌病: -pathy表示病,如myocardiopathy (心肌病), dermopathy (皮肤病)。 Terminology Study (6) p5. sclerosis硬化症: sclero- 表示硬化,巩膜,如arteriosclerosis ( 动脉硬化),atherosclerosis (动脉粥样硬化),scleritis (巩膜炎)。 p6. panhypopituitarism全垂体机能减退: pan-表示全部,泛,如 panangitis (全血管炎) ,panarthritis (全身关节炎), pancarditis (全心炎) ;hypo-表示下,低,少,如hypotension ( 低血压),hypothyroidism (甲状腺功能低下),hypocalcemia (低 血钙)。 p7. dystrophy营养不良:dys-表示不良,异常,障碍,如dysentery ( 痢疾),dysphagia (吞咽困难) ,dyspnea (呼吸困难), dysmenorrhea (月经困难,痛经)。 p8. neuromuscular神经肌肉的:neuro-表示神经,如 neurasthenia (神经衰弱),neuritis (神经炎),neurosis (神经官 能症),neurotransmitter (神经递质)。 Terminology Study (6) p9. thymectomy胸腺切除术: thymus 是胸腺的意, -ectomy 表示切 除术,如splenectomy (脾切除术),thyroidectomy (甲状腺切除术 )。 p10. plasmapheresis血浆提取法:其中plasma表示血浆,pheresis 是提取法的意思,如lymphapheresis (淋巴细胞除去法),platelets pheresis (血小板分离术)。 p11. acetylcholine乙酰胆碱: aceto-表示乙酰,acetyl是乙酰基的意 思,而chole-/chol(o)-表示胆,胆汁,choline是胆汁素,胆碱的意思 。 Terminology Study (7) p1. gastrointestinal胃肠的: gastr(o)-表示胃,如 gastrectomy (胃切除术),gastritis (胃炎), gastroscopy (胃镜检查)。 p2. pericarditis心包炎: peri-表示周围,如pericardium (心包),periosteum (骨膜),peridontitis (牙周炎) 。 p3. pleuritis胸膜炎: pleur(o)-表示胸膜,如pleurisy (胸 膜炎),pleurocentesis (胸腔穿刺术) ,pleurorrhea ( 胸膜腔渗液)。 p4. pulmonary肺的: pulmo-表示肺,如pulmogram (肺 X片),pulmometer (肺量计)。 Terminology Study (7) p5. nocturnal夜间的: noct-表示夜,如nocturia (夜尿症),noctambulism (梦游症)。 p6. dyspnea呼吸困难: -pnea表示呼吸,如 orthopnea (端坐呼吸),tachypnea (呼吸急促) ,bradypnea (呼吸过慢) 。 p7. stethoscope听诊器: stetho-表示胸,如 stethoparalysis (胸肌麻痹),stethoscopy ( 听诊器检查) ,stethometer (胸围计)。 Congenital Myasthenia p1.congenital A.先天的 p2.stump B.使为难;障碍 p3.nuromuscular C.神经肌肉的 p4.olive D.橄榄 p5.negative E.消极的;阴性的 p6.pediatric F.儿科的 p7.neurologist G.神经专家 p8.conventional test H.传统的测试 p9.electrodiagnostic I.电诊法的 p10. referral J.转诊病人 p11.genetics K.遗传学 p12.down for the count L.完败 p13.canine companion M.犬类同伴 p14.be attuned to N.与协调,合拍 Congenital Myasthenia True or False p1. Not many doctors know well congenital myasthenic syndrome. p2. At first glance, you would guess that something isnt quite right with Aryela and Brianna Fawcett. p3. Years of diagnostic tests didnt reveal what was wrong with Aryela and Brianna Fawcett. p4. Dr. Constance Bowe didnt know what to do with Aryela and Brianna Fawcett when their exam was completely normal. p5. It was electrodiagnostic tests that suggested the diagnosis of congenital myasthenic syndrome. p6. Conventional tests dont show any obvious abnormalities in the case of congenital myasthenic syndrome. Congenital Myasthenia True or False p7. Congenital myasthenic syndrome is a problem of muscle damage. p8. Aryela and Brianna Fawcett are unable to walk all the time. p9. The treatment for Aryela and Brianna is medication. p10. A canine is trained to comfort the girls. p11. The two doctors aim to unlock the mysteries of myasthenia and to ensure that other doctors can more easily treat it. p12. More than 70 patients have now been suspected of having congenital myasthenic syndrome. Terminology Study (7) p1. gastrointestinal胃肠的: gastr(o)-表示胃,如 gastrectomy (胃切除术),gastritis (胃炎), gastroscopy (胃镜检查)。 p2. pericarditis心包炎: peri-表示周围,如pericardium (心包),periosteum (骨膜),peridontitis (牙周炎) 。 p3. pleuritis胸膜炎: pleur(o)-表示胸膜,如pleurisy (胸 膜炎),pleurocentesis (胸腔穿刺术) ,pleurorrhea ( 胸膜腔渗液)。 p4. pulmonary肺的: pulmo-表示肺,如pulmogram (肺 X片),pulmometer (肺量计)。 Terminology Study (7) p5. nocturnal夜间的: noct-表示夜,如nocturia (夜尿症),noctambulism (梦游症)。 p6. dyspnea呼吸困难: -pnea表示呼吸,如 orthopnea (端坐呼吸),tachypnea (呼吸急促) ,bradypnea (呼吸过慢) 。 p7. stethoscope听诊器: stetho-表示胸,如 stethoparalysis (胸肌麻痹),stethoscopy ( 听诊器检查) ,stethometer (胸围计)。 Blood Flow in the Heart Heartbeat The Heart Pulmonary Circuit Aorta Circuits Venule Myocardium Coronary Artery Pericarditis Aneurysm Aneurysm Pulmonary edema Common Hear

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