2019年电大传感器与测试技术电大复习指导试题及答案参考.doc

传感器与测试技术是机械制造及其自动化专业学生必修的一门技术基础课。本课程的教学内容主要包括：测试系统的基本概念，传感器的一般特性与分析方法，传感器的工作原理，特性及应用，传感器在机电系统中的应用等四部分。通过本课程的学习，使学生掌握测试系统的设计和分析方法，能够根据工程需要选用合适的传感器，并能够对测试系统的性能进行分析、对测得的数据进行处理。一、课程的基本教学基本要求1了解测试系统的基本概念和系统组成、传感器的定义和分类。2掌握传感器的静特性、动特性的性能指标概念、定义和分析处理方法，了解提高传感器性能的方法。3了解常用传感器的工作原理，掌握常用传感器的性能特点和应用。4掌握机电系统中选用传感器的原则，能根据需要选用合适的传感器。课程各章的基本内容和学习要求、重点内容在课程的教学大纲及教材各章节前的“学习重点与教学要求”中都已经明确指出，本复习提要在此基础上进一步说明如下：第一章绪论了解测试的基本概念、系统的结构及组成，掌握传感器的定义、理解传感器的分类方法和要求，了解测试的应用及发展。第二章传感器的一般特性掌握传感器静特性各性能指标的定义，传感器的无失真检测条件，理解传感器静态模型和动态模型的建立与分析方法，了解提高传感器性能的方法和非线性校正方法。第三章电阻式传感器理解电阻应变式、压阻式传感器和电位计的工作原理，掌握它们的性能特点，了解其常用结构形式及应用。第四章电容式传感器理解各种形式电容传感器的工作原理，掌握其性能特点，了解其应用。第五章电感式传感器理解自感式、差动变压器式、涡流传感器的工作原理，掌握其性能特点，了解其应用。了解压磁式传感器和感应同步器。第六章磁电式传感器理解磁电感应式传感器、霍尔元件的工作原理，转换电路，掌握其性能性点，了解其应用，了解磁栅式传感器。第七章压电式传感器了解压电式传感器的工作原理，掌握常用压材料及其性能特点，理解其转换电路。第八章光电式了解光电器件的原理、应用及光纤传感器、CCD、PSD、光栅、激光传感器的原理、特点及应用，掌握光码盘的工作原理及应用、光电器件典型应用。第九章超声波传感器理解超声波传感器的工作原理，了解其性能特点及应用。第十章传感器与测试技术在机电系统中的典型应用实例了解传感器与测试技术在机电系统中的典型应用，掌握机电系统中传感器的选用原则。二、课程的考核方式说明本课程总成绩由形成性考核成绩和期末考试成绩两部分组成。其中形成性考核成绩占20%，期末考试成绩占80%。形成性考核成绩由学习内容（平时作业、课程实验）和学习情况两部分成绩组成。平时作业共布置4次记分作业，每次作业满分2.5分，共10分。本课程安排有6学时的实验，要求从5个实验中选做3个实验, 每个实验1分，共3分。未完成实验不能参加期末考试。学习情况考核内容包括辅导课到课情况、观看IP课的记录情况、学习笔记等，共7分。按照开放教育试点有关规定，作业完成少于2次或实验未做，则形成性考核成绩无效，并且不能参加期末考试。期末考试采用闭卷考试方法。根据2006年中央电大关于考试时间改革的要求，本课程的考试时间为1小时30分钟。并对考试的题型、分值及题量作了相应的调整。考核要求分为“了解、理解、掌握”三个层次，在试题中各部分的比例大致为：掌握层次占70%左右，了解层次占20%左右，理解层次占10%左右。三、试题的类型举例说明试题的类型为：简答题、选择题、问答题及综合题等四种类型。下面结合具体例题说明。第一类题型为简答题，每小题5分，约占20分。例传感器：（答案：传感器是一种以一定的精确度把被测量转换为与之有确定对应关系的、便于精确处理和应用的另一种量的测量装置或系统。）第二类题型为选择题，每项选择3分，约占12分左右。例1当光敏元件加一定电压时，光电流I与光敏元件上光照度E之间的关系，称为。a.温度特性 b.光照特性 c.光谱特性 d.伏安特性（答案：b）例2在检测技术中，主要采用的是压电型换能器，发射超声波利用压电材料的，而接收信号则用。a.多普勒效应 b.多普勒频移 c.逆压电效应 d.正压电效应（答案：c；d）第三类题型为问答题，约有4道左右小题，每小题6分左右，共约24分例.测定频响函数的方法有哪几种?（答：确定频响函数的方法是以标准信号输入，测出其输出信号，从而求得需要的特性。输入的标准信号有正弦信号、脉冲信号和阶跃信号。）第四类题型为综合题，约有三道左右题，每题根据难度不同，分值有差别，约12至16分，共约45分左右。例请画出两种霍尔元件的驱动电路，简述其优缺点。（答：对霍尔元件可采用恒流驱动或恒压驱动，恒压驱动电路简单，但性能较差，随着磁感应强度增加，线性变坏，仅用于精度要求不太高的场合；恒流驱动线性度高，精度高，受温度影响小。两种驱动方式各有优缺点，应根据工作要求确定驱动方式。）为方便大家复习，根据学员们的要求，在后半学期，本课程平台上将会刊登一套往届考题及答案。需要说明的是，这套题仅供大家在复习过程参考，实际考试时试卷的题型、题目、分值及各种题型所占比例都会有一定差别，尽请注意！不管什么样的考试题型和题目，都是围绕课程主要教学内容的，所以学懂学通课程各章的重点和主要的教学内容才是根本。希望大家在复习过程中把重点放在课程的教学内容的理解和掌握上。最后，预祝大家圆满完成课程学习，并且通过期末阶段的总复习，进一步巩固所学知识，顺利通过课程期末考试！中央电大工学院“传感器与测试技术”课程组传感器与测试技术往届试题选登说明：为方便学员们进行复习，根据大家的要求，在此刊登一套往届期末考试的试题及参考答案。需要说明的是，这套样题仅供学员们在复习过程参考，实际考试时试卷的题目、题型、分值及各种题型所占比例都会有一定差别，尽请注意！（考试时间：1.5小时）一、简答题（每小题5分，共20分）1传感器：2静特性：3超声波的波型有几种？是根据什么来分类的？4.简述电容式传感器的工作原理。二、选择题（每空3分，共27分）1码盘式传感器是建立在编码器的基础上的，它能够将角度转换为数字编码，是一种数字式的传感器。码盘按结构可以分为接触式、_和_三种。a.光电式b.磁电式c.电磁式d.感应同步器2当超声波在一种介质中传播到界面或遇到另一种介质，其方向不垂直于界面时，将产生声波的反射、折射及_现象。a.表面波b.兰姆波c.驻波d.波型转换3. 改变电感传感器的引线电缆后，_。a.不必对整个仪器重新标定b. 必须对整个仪器重新调零c. 必须对整个仪器重新标定d. 不必对整个仪器重新调零4应变片的选择包括类型的选择、材料的选用、_、_等。a.测量范围的选择b.电源的选择c. 阻值的选择d. 尺寸的选择e.精度的选择f.结构的选择5应变片绝缘电阻是指已粘贴的_应变片的之间的电阻值。a.覆盖片与被测试件b.引线与被测试件c.基片与被测试件d.敏感栅与被测试件6在光的作用下，电子吸收光子能量从键合状态过渡到自由状态，引起物体电阻率的变化，这种现象称为_。a.磁电效应b.声光效应c.光生伏特效应d.光电导效应7. 如图所示的结构由线圈、铁芯、衔铁三部分组成的。线圈套在铁芯上的，在铁芯与衔铁之间有一个空气隙，空气隙厚度为。传感器的运动部分与衔铁相连。当外部作用力作用在传感器的运动部分时，衔铁将会运动而产生位移，使空气隙发生变化。这种结构可作为传感器用于_。a. 静态测量b. 动态测量c. 静态测量和动态测量d. 既不能用于静态测量，也不能用于动态测量三、激光干涉传感器的作用是测量长度，其基本原理就是光的干涉原理，测量精度高、分辨力高。如图所示是迈克尔逊双光束干涉系统，图中S是光源，B是分光镜，M1是固定反射镜，M2是可动反射镜，P是观察屏处，试介绍其工作原理。（14分）四画出测试系统的组成框图，并说明各组成部分的作用。（12分）五粘贴到试件上的电阻应变片，环境温度变化会引起电阻的相对变化，产生虚假应变，这种现象称为温度效应，简述产生这种现象的原因。（12分）六如图所示是电容式差压传感器结构示意图及其转换电路，图中1为玻璃盘，2为镀金层，3为金属膜片，介绍其工作原理。（15分）传感器与测试技术参考答案一、简答题（每小题5分，共20分）1传感器：传感器是一种以一定的精确度把被测量转换为与之有确定对应关系的、便于精确处理和应用的另一种量的测量装置或系统。2静特性：指传感器在输入量的各个值处于稳定状态时的输出与输入关系，即当输入量是常量或变化极慢时，输出与输入的关系。3超声波的波型有几种？是根据什么来分类的？超声波的波型有纵波、横波、表面波（亦称瑞利波）、兰姆波。依据超声场中质点的振动与声能量传播方向之间的关系来分。4.简述电容式传感器的工作原理。两平行极板组成的电容器，如果不考虑边缘效应，其电容量为式中:极板间介质的介电常数，极板的遮盖面积；极板间的距离。当被测量的变化使式中的、或任一参数发生变化时，电容量C也就随之变化。二、选择题（每空3分，共27分）1a；c2d3. c4c；d 5b6d7. c三、激光干涉传感器的作用是测量长度，其基本原理就是光的干涉原理，测量精度高、分辨力高。如图所示是迈克尔逊双光束干涉系统，图中S是光源，B是分光镜，M1是固定反射镜，M2是可动反射镜，P是观察屏处，试介绍其工作原理。（14分）答案要点：来自光源S的光经半反半透分光镜B后分成两路，一路由固定反射镜M1反射，另一路经可动反射镜M2和B反射，在观察屏P处相遇产生干涉。当M2每移动半个光波波长时，干涉条纹亮暗变化一次，因此被测长度为式中，x被测长度；N干涉条纹亮暗变化次数；真空中光波波长；n空气折射率。四画出测试系统的组成框图，并说明各组成部分的作用。（12分）答案要点：传感器作为测试系统的第一环节，将被测量转化为人们所熟悉的各种信号，通常传感器将被测量转换成电信号；信号变换部分是对传感器所送出的信号进行加工，如信号的放大、滤波、补偿、校正、模数转换、数模转换等，经过处理使传感器输出的信号便于传输、显示或记录；显示与记录部分将所测信号变为便于人们理解的形式，以供人们观测和分析。五粘贴到试件上的电阻应变片，环境温度变化会引起电阻的相对变化，产生虚假应变，这种现象称为温度效应，简述产生这种现象的原因。（12分）答案要点：环境温度变化时，由于敏感栅材料的电阻温度系数的存在，引起应变片电阻相对变化；环境温度变化时，敏感栅材料和试件材料的膨胀系数不同，应变片产生附加的拉长(或压缩)，引起电阻的相对变化。六如图所示是电容式差压传感器结构示意图及其转换电路，图中1为玻璃盘，2为镀金层，3为金属膜片，介绍其工作原理。（15分）答案要点：电容式差压传感器由两个玻璃圆盘和一个金属膜片组成。两玻璃圆盘上的凹面上各镀以金作为电容传感器的两个固定电极，夹在两凹圆盘中的膜片则为传感器的可动电极。当两边压力相等时，膜片处在中间位置与左、右固定电极间距相等，转换电路输出U00；当P1P2(或P2P1)时，膜片弯向右侧(或左侧)，CdbCab(或CabCdb)，U0输出与P1-P2成比例的信号。中央电大工学院“传感器与测试技术”课程组 请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Many people have the same mixed feelings when planning a trip during Golden Week. With heaps of time, the seven-day Chinese请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！National Day holiday could be the best occasion to enjoy a destination. However, it can also be the easiest way to ruin how you feel about a place and you may become more fatigued after the holiday, due to battling the large crowds. During peak season, a dream about a place can turn to nightmare without careful planning, especially if you travel with children and older people. As most Chinese people will take the holiday to visit domestic tourist destinations, crowds and busy traffic are inevitable at most places. Also to be expected are increasing transport and accommodation prices, with the possibility that there will be no rooms available. It is also common that youllwait in the line for one hour to get a ticket, and another two hours at the site, to only see a tiny bit of the place due to the crowds. Last year, 428 million tourists traveled in China over the week-long holiday in October. Traveling during this period is a matter that needs thorough preparation. If you are short on time to plan the upcoming Golden Week it may not be a bad idea to avoid some of the most crowded places for now. There is always a place so fascinating that everyone yearns for. Arxan is a place like this. The beauty of Arxan is everlasting regardless of the changing of four seasons. Bestowed by nature, its spectacular seasonal landscape and mountains are just beyond word. Arxan is a crucial destination for the recommended travelling route, China Inner Mongolia Arxan Hailar Manzhouli. It is also the joint of the four prairies across the Sino-Mongolian border, where people gravitate towards the exotic atmosphere mixed with Chinese, Russian, and Mongolia elements. As a historic site for the Yitian Battle, Arxan still embodies the spirit of Genghis Khan. Walking into Arxan, you will be amazed by a kaleidoscope of gorgeous colors all the year round - the Spring azaleas blooming red in the snow, the Summer sea wavering blue in the breeze, the Autumn leaves painted in yellow covering volcanic traces, and the Winter woods shining white on the vast alpine snowscape. Hinggan League Arxan city is situated in the far eastern area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Its full name Haren Arxan means hot holy water in the Mongolian language. Arxan is a tourism city in the northern frontier with a blend of large forest, grand prairies, vast snowfield, heaven lake cluster, thermium, as well as volcanic cluster. It is a rare and unique ecotourism base filled with healthy sunshine, clean air and unspoiled green. Nestled close to the countrys largest virgin forest, and known for its spring and ecological environment, Arxan is marveled at by many tourists as the purest land on earth. You cannot miss out the Autumn of Arxan. It is definitely the best with brightly-colored scenery full of emotions. Autumn in the northern part of the country comes earlier than the South. A September rain followed by the footprints of Autumn brings more colors to the once emerald green mountain and blooming grassland. Shutterbugs flock to see for themselves the marvel of splendid colors around the mountains and waters, many of whom have travel a long distance and even camp here only to capture a moment of the nature wonder. The silver birch turns golden, while the larch is still proudly green. You will find yourself drowned in the intoxicating red of the wild fruits as well as the glamour of flowers in full blown. And your heart will be lingering on the woods as its time for the wild fruits to ripe. The picturesque Arxan in Autumn is indeed a fairyland only exists in a dream that satisfies all your fantasies. If itrains heavily on Saturday night, some elderly Chinese will say it is because Zhinu, or the Weaving Maid, is crying on the day she met her husband Niulang, or the Cowherd, on the Milky Way. Most Chinese remember being told this romantic tragedy when they were children on Qixi, or the Seventh Night Festival, which falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, which is usually in early August. This year it falls on Saturday, August 2. Folklore Story As the story goes, once there was a cowherd, Niulang, who lived with his elder brother and sister-in-law. But she disliked and abused him, and the boy was forced to leave home with only an old cow for company. The cow, however, was a former god who had violated imperial rules and was sent to earth in bovine form. One day the cow led Niulang to a lake where fairies took a bath on earth. Among them was Zhinu, the most beautiful fairy and a skilled seamstress. The two fell in love at first sight and were soon married. They had a son and daughter and their happy life was held up as an example for hundreds of years in China. Yet in the eyes of the Jade Emperor, the Supreme Deity in Taoism, marriage between a mortal and fairy was strictly forbidden. He ordered the heaven troop to catch Zhinu back. Niulang grew desperate when he discovered Zhinu had been taken back to heaven. Driven by Niulangs misery, the cow told him to turn its hide into a pair of shoes after it died. The magic shoes whisked Niulang, who carried his two children in baskets strung from a shoulder pole, off on a chase after the empress. The pursuit enraged the empress, who took her hairpin and slashed it across the sky creating the Milky Way which separated husband from wife. But all was not lost as magpies, moved by their love and devotion, formed a bridge across the Milky Way to reunite the family. Even the Jade Emperor was touched, and allowed Niulang and Zhinu to meet once a year on the seventh night of the seventh month. This is how Qixi came to be. The festival can be traced back to the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Traditionally, people would look up at the sky and find a bright star in the constellation Aquila as well as the star Vega, which are identified as Niulang and Zhinu. The two stars shine on opposite sides of the Milky Way. Customs In bygone days, Qixi was not only a special day for lovers, but also for girls. It is also known as the Begging for Skills Festival or Daughters Festival. In this day, girls will throw a sewing needle into a bowl full of water on the night of Qixi as a test of embroidery skills. If the needle floats on top of the water instead of sinking, it proves the girl is a skilled embroiders. Single women also pray for finding a good husband in the future. And the newly married women pray to become pregnant quickly. Tradition transformed The love story of Niulang and Zhinu, and the Qixi Festival have been handed down for generations. Yet these ancient traditions and customs are slowly dying out. Many modern Chinese, particularly youngsters, seem to know more about St Valentines Day on February 14, characterized by bouquets of roses, chocolates and romantic candlelight dinners, than they do about their home-grown day for lovers. Even Qixi is nowadays referred to as the Chinese Valentines Day. More and more young Chinese people begin to celebrate this day in a very similar way as that in western countries. Fewer people than ever will gaze at the heavens on Saturday to pick out the two stars shining bright on either side of the Milky Way, that is, if people even know on which day Qixi falls. There are ready reminders dotted about, in the form of big ads saying Sales on Chinese Valentines Day! in shops, hotels and restaurants. But few young women will mark the festival with their boyfriends, or take part in traditional activities to pray for cleverness. A large-scale of exhibition on the Silk Road opened to the public in the National Museum on Thursday. The exhibition displays more than 400 treasures from Shaanxi province, Gansu province and 14 other regions. It is largest scale exhibition that shows the history of the Silk Road in recent years. AsAPECis going on in Beijing, the exhibit aims to show the world this brilliant section of history. The Silk Road is a series of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent. It connected the West and East by linking traders, merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea during various periods of time. I met my dear hubby in 2009 the second year I was in my school and it was the first year when he came here. We became colleagues. And there was nothing special happening during that year. He was just a kind and humble brother graduated from the same college as me. But we did not know each other till he became my colleague and his office desk was just in front of me. There was only a glass between us. So actually we could see each other when we both look up. But it is not the main reason that really draws us close. How we become close to each other was something seems quite natural. We went out to play badminton with other colleagues and we sometimes chatted for a while. He is a man of few words but somehow sometimes will say something really humorous. Then one day, to my great surprise, I found a pot of beautiful flower on my desk. It was just the flower I had talked about with my colleague the other day, and I thought it was her who put the flower there. But the truth is not. It was the humble guy sitting in front of me. He just simply said ,”well, I caught sight of this flower and thought that its beautiful and you may like it”. I wonder why I was moved because of these simple words and present. Maybe it is the sincerity and the true self that impress me. I thanked him and some colleagues walked past my desk would appreciate the beautiful flower and they noticed that something romance happened there. Then later on, there were some little surprises once in a while. Once, there was something wrong with my drawer and I had complained about it unconsciously. And he fixed it for me. Then the other day, he placed several pink diamond roses beside the flower with a piece of paper saying” I love you more than I can say! Diamond stands for marriage, rose stand for love. I hope you are mine, become my wife. You are the only girl who I really want to spend the rest of my life to stand by.” Although there were some grammar errors but I got what he meant. He meant so clear and so direct. And actually, I accepted him some days earlier. I was just waiting for him to break the ice. So finally, the common interests and the common understanding brought us together. Some people say the relationship and the feeling will change after getting hitched. You will find that love is no longer strong and there is always lack of passion and whats worse you may find out many bad habits of your partner, which never appear when you are first in love before the marriage. It seems that many faults turn up after you truly living together and see each others face the moment you open your eyes in the early morning. But after almost 4 years from now, I do not feel any negative change in our relationship. During all these years, we know each other better and we become