2018年高考英语考试大纲解读专题03语言知识.docx

语言知识解读 2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲（英语）中有关语言知识的要求： 要求考生掌握并能运用英语语音、词汇、语法基础知识以及所学功能意念和话题，要求词汇量为 3500 左右。【解读】 高考试卷对语言知识的考查主要体现于完形填空和语法填空。核心语法，构建网络，不纠缠“偏难怪”词法、句法、章法是语法的灵魂，对于这三个要素要形成体系，不要支离破碎地学习，尽量掌握核心内容，不要把重心放在“偏难怪”且有争议的语法现象上。可以制作一个语法知识本，以梳理核心语法知识，形成自己的知识网络，进而提升借助语法进行阅读和写作的能力。如牢记常见的不可数名词，如advice, equipment, evidence, fun, furniture, information, luck, news, luggage/baggage, progress等牢记核心的词形变化，如warmwarmth, argueargument, strongstrength, justjustice, unjustinjustice, explainexplanation等。题型1 完形填空全国卷对完形填空的考查，近几年来一直以记叙文和夹叙夹议文为主，以说明文和议论文为辅，2017年全国卷和全国卷的完形填空就选用了记叙文，全国卷采用了夹叙夹议文。从选材到试题的设置都呈现出“稳中有变”的特点：1. 题材相对稳定：文章的选材都是中学生熟悉的话题，能够传递正能量，弘扬社会主义核心价值观，读后 能给考生带来心灵的启迪。且文章大多原汁原味，语言地道，注重思想性和教育性，具有积极的教育意 义，体现出了课程标准中对培养学生的情感、态度和价值观的要求。2. 文章短小精悍：完形填空的文章长度一般为250词左右，结构完整，脉络清晰，难度适中，全文设置20 个空格，要求考生根据文章的整体内容，从层次结构和上下文的逻辑关系方面选择符合文章情节的选项， 很少涉及纯语法知识试题。3. 稳定中有变化：近几年高考完形填空在选项的设置上，打破了传统的四个选项类别一致的命题规律。如 2015年全国卷的第44题的四个选项中，有两个以-ly结尾的副词，另外两个副词为outside和by；2016 年全国卷的第52题的四个选项中设置了三个形容词和一个副词，第47题和第54题的四个选项均由两 个动词及两个动词词组构成，第59题把两个动词及两个介词短语设置为一组选项。此外，2016年增加了 对代词的考查，考生备考时需要注意。预计2018年高考完形填空选项的设置仍然会保持这一命题特征，考生在做题时要灵活变通。总之，备考时考生应把握考查方向，加强语篇意识，从宏观和微观两个层面解读文本，理清文章脉络。平时考生还应注重对常考体裁、题材的训练。【样题】（2017新课标全国卷）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。While high school does not generally encourage students to explore new aspects of life, college sets the stage for that exploration. I myself went through this 41 process and found something that has changed my 42 at college for the better: I discovered ASL American Sign Language(美式手语).I never felt an urge to 43 any sign language before. My entire family is hearing, and so are all my friends. The 44 languages were enough in all my interactions(交往). Little did I know that I would discover my 45 for ASL.The 46 began during my first week at college. I watched as the ASL Club 47 their translation of a song. Both the hand movements and the very 48 of communicating without speaking 49 me. What I saw was completely unlike anything I had experienced in the 50 . This newness just left me _51_ more.After that, feeling the need to 52 further, I decided to drop in on one of ASL clubs meetings. I only learned how to 53 the alphabet that day. Yet instead of being discouraged by my 54 progress, I was excited. I then made it a point to 55 those meetings and learn all I could.The following term, I 56 an ASL class. The professor was deaf and any talking was 57 . I soon realized that the silence was not unpleasant. 58 , if there had been any talking, it would have 59 us to learn less. Now, I appreciate the silence and the 60 way of communication it opens.41. A. searching B. planning C. natural D. formal42. A. progressB. experienceC. majorD. opinion43. A. chooseB. readC. learnD. create44. A. officialB. foreignC. bodyD. spoken45. A. loveB. concernC. goalD. request46. A. meetingB. tripC. storyD. task47. A. recordedB. performedC. recitedD. discussed48. A. ideaB. amountC. dreamD. reason49. A. disturbedB. supportedC. embarrassedD. attracted50. A. endB. pastC. courseD. distance51. A. showingB. actingC. sayingD. wanting52. A. exerciseB. exploreC. expressD. explain53. A. printB. write C. signD. count54. A. slowB. steadyC. normalD. obvious55. A. chairB. sponsorC. attendD. organize56. A. missedB. passedC. gave up D. registered for57. A. prohibitedB. welcomedC. ignoredD. repeated58. A. Lastly B. ThusC. InsteadD. However59. A. requiredB. causedC. allowedD. expected60. A. easyB. popularC. quickD. new【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文，文章讲述了作者在大学期间学习手语的经历。刚开始作者认为自己没有必要学习手语，直到有一次看到手语俱乐部的表演，作者深深地为之吸引，从而产生了学习手语的渴望。42.B 【解析】考查名词辨析。progress进步；experience经历；major主修科目；opinion观点。句意：我发现有些东西改变了我的大学生活经历。故选B。43.C 【解析】考查动词辨析。choose选择；read看，读；learn学习；create创造。句意：我以前从没有过学习手语的冲动。故选C。44.D 【解析】考查形容词辨析。official官方的；foreign外国的；body肢体的；spoken口语的。根据前文My entire family is hearing, and so are all my friends.可知作者的家人及朋友都可以听得到，因此作者认为在平时的交流中，口语就足够了。spoken language口语。故选D。45.A 【解析】考查名词辨析。love热爱；concern关心，顾虑；goal目标；request请求。句意：我没想过我会发现自己对美式手语的热爱。前文中I never felt an urge to 43 any sign language before表明作者以前从未想过学习手语，而根据后文内容可知作者非常喜欢手语。故选A。46.C 【解析】考查名词辨析。meeting会议；trip旅行；story故事；task任务。句意：故事发生在我上大学的第一周。 分析语境可知在这里作者开始讲述在大学学习手语的事情，故选C。47.B 【解析】考查动词辨析。record记录；perform表现，表演；recite背诵；discuss讨论。句意：我观看他们在ASL俱乐部表演一首歌的翻译。分析语境可知ASL 俱乐部是手语俱乐部，因此他们应该是在用手语表演一首歌。故选B。48.A 【解析】考查名词辨析。idea想法；amount数量；dream梦想；reason原因。句意：手的动作和不用语言进行交流的想法吸引了我。分析语境可知作者当时在看手语表演，而手语就是为了帮助人们交流而设计的手势。故选A。49.D 【解析】考查动词辨析。disturb打扰；support支持；embarrass使难堪；attract吸引。分析语境可知ASL俱乐部的表演吸引了作者，否则作者也不会主动去学习手语。故选D。50.B 【解析】考查名词辨析。end结束，末尾；past过去；course课程；distance距离。句意：我所看到的和我在过去经历的事情完全不同。in the past在过去。故选B。52.B 【解析】考查动词辨析。exercise锻炼；explore探索；express表达；explain解释。句意：在那之后，我感觉到想要探索更多(关于手语的东西)，于是我决定参加ASL 俱乐部的一次会议。故选B。53.C 【解析】考查动词辨析。print打印；write写；sign签名，打手语；count数。句意：那天我只学会了打字母表的手语。分析语境可知作者第一次参加手语俱乐部的会议，学会的应该是最基本的打字母表的手语。故选C。54.A 【解析】考查形容词辨析。slow缓慢的；steady平稳的；normal正常的；obvious明显的。句意：我并没有因为自己进步缓慢而沮丧，相反我很兴奋。因为作者只学会了打字母表的手语，所以进步是很慢的。故选A。55.C 【解析】考查动词辨析。chair主持，使入座；sponsor赞助；attend参加；organize组织。句意：之后我下定决心参加俱乐部所有的会议，学习我能学习的一切。attend a meeting参加会议。故选C。56.D 【解析】考查动词辨析。miss错过，想念；pass通过；give up放弃；register for报名，注册。句意：接下来的一个学期，我报名上了一个手语班。故选D。57.A 【解析】考查动词辨析。prohibit禁止；welcome欢迎；ignore忽视；repeat重复。句意：教授的耳朵听不见，任何口语交流都是禁止的。根据后文if there had been any talking可知在课堂上禁止用口语交流。故选A。58.C 【解析】考查副词辨析。lastly最后，终于；thus因此，如此；instead反而，相反地；however然而。句意：反而，如果当时有口语交流，那只会造成我们学的手语更少。根据前文I soon realized that the silence was not unpleasant.可知作者很快意识到安静并不是令人不愉快的，反而有口语交流会影响他们学习手语。故选C。60.D 【解析】考查形容词辨析。easy简单的；popular受欢迎的；quick快速的；new新的。句意：现在我很感激当时的安静，并且享受它带来的一种新的交流方式。分析语境可知手语对于作者来说是一种新的交流方式，故选D。题型2 语法填空20152017年高考新课标全国卷语法填空考点统计年份有提示词类试题无提示词类试题特殊句式及固定搭配谓语动词非谓语动词派生词比较等级其他冠词名词介词代词情态动词形容副词并列连词状语从句名词从句定语从句特殊句式固定搭配2017年全国卷I221111112017全国卷II12211112016年全国卷I120001211010001002016年全国卷II2121132015年全国卷I221020010010001002015年全国卷II13302101000001011【考情分析】从统计表可以看出，语法填空题主要考查考生对语法、词汇和语用知识的掌握情况。根据具体语境，借助词法、句法、特殊句式以及固定搭配进行考査，体现了考查实词为主，考查虚词为辅的命题原则。1.有提示词类试题比重大。表中统计表明，高考试题中语法填空题有提示词类试题均占考查总量的70%。2.动词为重中之重。谓语动词和非谓语动词用法为必考点。3.派生词用法为必考点。以上四套试题中语法填空题均考查了派生词的用法。4.考查特殊句式及固定搭配的用法。【高考预测】纵观近几年全国高考试题，预测2018年全国高考试题还会：1. 文体以记叙文、说明文为主；2. 上下文语境提示34个，单词基本形式提示67个；3. 侧重对词汇变形的考查。【样题】(2016全国新课标) 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界） 61 a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart disease the very thing the medical community was trying to fight. Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required 63 (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. When fat and salt 64 (remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something. As 65 result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even 66 (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up. Fast food _67_ (be) full of fat and salt; by 68 (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food. However, be 69 (care) not to go to extremes. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明