2018年高考英语一轮复习每日一题第20周完形填空夹说明文含解析.docx

完形填空夹说明文高考频度： 难易程度：（2016上海卷）In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, _53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot.A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: _60_ the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.Another trend is off-site or 64 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 65 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.51. A. desireB. seekC. loseD. dislike 52. A. contraryB. expectationC. degreeD. extreme 53. A. vice versaB. for exampleC. howeverD. otherwise54. A. outsideB. insideC. belowD. above 55. A. replacingB. assessingC. managingD. encouraging 56. A. referB. contributeC. objectD. apply57. A. agreementB. practiceC. electionD. impression58. A. bossyB. experiencedC. westernD. male 59. A. askingB. trainingC. warningD. firing 60. A. doublingB. maintainingC. reducingD. estimating 61. A. honored B. leftC. crowdedD. compared62. A. economicallyB. traditionallyC. inadequatelyD. occasionally 63. A. denyB. admitC. assumeD. ensure64. A. virtualB. ineffectiveC. day-to-dayD. on-the-scene65. A. opinionB. riskC. performanceD. attractiveness【文章大意】本文是说明文，介绍了现代社会中一种新型管理理论授权管理及其作用。55. C 【解析】根据前段可知本文讨论的是管理学的理论，此处是说，不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。故C项正确。56. B 【解析】refer to提到，谈到；contribute to做贡献，导致；object to反对；apply to适用于。此处是说，亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程作出自己的贡献。故B项正确。57. A 【解析】agreement同意；practice练习，做法；election选举；impression印象。此处是说，亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在共同协商的基础上的，西方人也想模仿这样的管理方法。故A项正确。58. D 【解析】根据前半句.women will become more effective managers than men.可知有些专家认为女性比男性管理更高效，因为女性更有亲和力，比男性管理人更容易与别人达成一致的目标。故D项正确。59. A 【解析】根据前句. encourage employees to use their own initiative. （鼓励员工使用自己的首创精神），也就是说在作出决定的时候不用先请示上级经理。故A项正确。60. C 【解析】根据the trend towards downsizing（缩小规模的趋势）可知，也就是要减少管理层的数量，可以直接作出决定而不需要请示上级，故动词reduce减少符合语境。63. D 【解析】deny否认；admit承认；assume假定，设想；ensure保证，确保。授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理环节，保证了整个商业计划被采用。根据句意可知D正确。64. A 【解析】virtual虚拟的；ineffective无效果的，低效率的；day-to-day日常的；on-the-scene现场的。根据后句where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses可知在这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和网络联系，说明这是一种新型通过虚拟网络进行管理的方法。故A项正确。65. C 【解析】opinion观点；risk冒险；performance表现；attractiveness魅力。根据后半句in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them可知我们评价员工的表现是根据他们的产品，而不是他们的工作时间。故C项正确。【巧学妙记】说明文一般采用简练的语言，按一定的方法介绍事物的类别、性质、特点、构造、成因、关系或事物的运动变化、发展的过程及其规律。常见的说明文有自我介绍、人物介绍(传记)、地方介绍、习俗介绍、节日介绍、方法(步骤)介绍，产品说明、实验报告、科普小品、读书报告、新闻报道等。说明文类完形填空通常有以下命题特点：1. 开头点题在说明文类完形填空题中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象，这是掌握说明细节的前提。2. 结构清晰说明文一般按一定的顺序展开。理清文章的说明顺序，对于正确把握文意和上下文的逻辑关系以及选择正确答案具有重要意义。3. 文体特点说明文往往采用比较正式的文体，表述准确严谨，生词术语较多，句子较长，结构较为复杂。4. 条理清楚说明文十分讲究条理性，一般采取时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认知顺序等来说明事物或事理。解答这类题目要遵循下列原则：1. 明白说明对象文章的首句一般就明确了说明对象。对文章要进行粗读或略读，对文章的大意要先有一个大体的了解。2. 弄清楚说明的顺序，利用好标志语把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加强对整篇文章的理解。语篇与语篇之间往往有表明其内在联系的词语，这些词语被称为语篇标志语。如表示结构层次的语篇标志语firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally等；表示因果关系的thus, therefore, so等；表示改变话题的by the way等；表示递进关系的besides, whats more等；表示时间关系的before, so far, yet, meanwhile, later等；表示转折关系的but, while, on the other hand等。做题时如果能充分利用这些语篇标志语，就可以迅速理清文章的脉络，弄清上下文的关系。3. 把握文章的组织结构，理清事实细节把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明性的文章一般都是一篇完整的、意思表达清楚的、逻辑比较严密的短文。在阅读这类文章时，我们一定要仔细研读文章的开头和结尾，从主题句着手，找出支持句，然后寻找文章的结论。这时，不要被表面的一些细节所迷惑，我们在理解细节的基础上，还要斟酌文字的内涵意义，从而对文章进行深层次的理解。4. 注重上下文语境应逐句精读短文，逐题分析选项，对特定的语境做深入的理解，克服思维定势，根据全文大意和词不离句、句不离文的原则逐项填空。 US scientists say they have bred a genetically modified (GM) mosquito that can resist malaria(疟疾) infection. If the lab technique1in the field, it could offer a new way of stopping the biting insects from2malaria to humans, they say. The scientists put a new resistance3into the mosquitos own DNA, using a gene editing method called Crispr.And when the GM mosquitoes mated their later generation inherited the4resistance, PNAS journal reports. In5, if these mosquitoes bite people, they should not be able to6on the parasite(寄生虫) that causes malaria.About 3.2bn people almost half of the worlds population are at7of malaria. Bed nets can help8the insects biting and drugs can be given to anyone who9the infection, but the disease10kills around 580 000 people a year.Scientists have been searching for new ways to11malaria. The University of California team believe their GM mosquitoes could play a key role 12resistant offspring to replace malaria-carrying mosquitoes. They took a type of mosquito found in India on which to13.Dr. Anthony James and his team showed that they could give the14new DNA code to make it a15host for the malaria parasite. The DNA was inherited by almost 100% of the mosquito offspring and across three16.Mosquito larvae(幼虫) can be genetically modified to carry17new genes, such as resistance to the Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria. The researchers say the findings offer18that the same method could also work in other mosquito19.20it would not be a sole solution to the malaria problem, it would be a useful additional weapon, they say.1.A.countsB. mattersC. appliesD. works2.A.spreadingB. sendingC. makingD. turning3.A.medicineB. methodC. geneD. equipment4.A.greatB. sameC. powerfulD. healthy5.A.practiceB. particularC. generalD. theory6.A.carryB. takeC. passD. depend7.A.topB. riskC. mercyD. rate8.A.stopB. improveC. denyD. get9.A.matchesB. catchesC. resistsD. misses10.A.fairlyB. quiteC. stillD. just11.A.getB. findC. shelterD. fight12.A.breedingB. feedingC. educatingD. assisting13.A.baseB. countC. experimentD. blame14.A.personB. fellowC. plantD. insect15.A.strongB. poorC. friendlyD. good16.A.methodsB. countriesC. varietiesD. generations17.A.usefulB. doubtfulC. thoughtfulD. wonderful18.A.beliefB. opinionC. hopeD. fact19.A.speciesB. membersC. drugsD. surroundings20.A.BecauseB. OnceC. BeforeD. Although 【文章大意】本文为说明文。美国科学家声称他们已经培育出一种能抵抗感染的转基因蚊子，如果这项实验室技术起作用的话，它可以提供新的方法阻止蚊子把疟疾传染给人类。5.D 【解析】考查语境选词。由上文中的If the lab technique 1(works) in the field， it could offer a new way of stopping the biting insects from 2(spreading) malaria to humans可知，这只是理论上的设想，故选D，in theory在理论上。in practice实际上； in particular特别，尤其；in general 总的说来。6.C 【解析】考查动词短语辨析。由第一段第二句中的it could offer a new way of stopping the biting insects from 2(spreading)malaria to humans可知，科学家的主要目的是阻止蚊子传播导致疟疾的寄生虫。故选C，pass on传给。7.B 【解析】考查语境选词。由下文中的kills around 580 000 people a year可知，此处表示大约32亿人，约世界人口的一半有患疟疾的危险。故选B，at risk of有的危险。8.A 【解析】考查生活常识。根据常识可知蚊帐的用途是帮助阻止蚊子咬人。故选A。improve改善，deny拒绝，get得到，获得，均不符合题意。9.B 【解析