跨文化交际期末复习.doc

跨文化交际期末复习Unit1Term interpretationEconomic globalization 经济全球化The integration of national economics of national economics into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of the technology.Barter System 物物交换Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of moneyGlobal Village地球村All the different parts of the world from one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.Melting pot大熔炉To assimilate the cultures of different backgroundsCultural Diversity文化多样性Countries have been mixed instead of assimilateBrief Answer1.What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village?1)convenient transportation systems2)Innovative communication systems3)Economic globalization4)widespread migration2.What are the three aspects where the cultural differences exist?(选择)1)verbal difference; language, thought patterns2)Non-verbal communication; body-language, time concept, spacious language, paralanguage3)values; world views, beliefs, attitudesUnit 1 后半Term interpretationCultureCulture can be seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given cultureEnculturation 文化习得The process of learning ones own cultureAcculturation 文化适应Adapt the cultures learning by the other cultures Ps：文化习得，文化适应需要对比Ethnocentrism 文化中心主义Think your culture is superior to the othersBrief AnswerWhat are the three ingreduents of culture?Products, behaviors, and ideas.How to understand cultural iceberg?Culture like an iceberg can be divided into two parts: culture above the waterline and culture below the waterline. Culture above the waterline is explicit, visible, tangible, easy to change with time, a tip of the iceberg. Culture below the waterline is implicit, invisible, intangible, hard to change with time, the majorityWhat are the characteristic of culture?Culture is dynamic, shared, learned, ethnocentric(文化中心主义)Unit 2 Term interpretationSource发出信息的人Person who send out informationEncoding 编码The process of putting your thoughts into symbolsMessage Encoded thoughtsChannel渠道The way the message is deliveredDecoding解码Assign a meaning to the wordsReceiverPerson who attends to the informationContext内容The physical environment that surround usBrief AnswerWhat are the three characteristics of communication?（简答/选择）Communication is transactional（互换性）, dynamic, irreversible, symbolic, systematic and contextual.What are the three basic aspects to communication? And on which aspect does the success of interpretation communication greatly depend on?Our individual personality, the culture we operate in, the physical environment that surrounds us.Depend on the culture we operate in.Unit2后半Term interpretationVerbal Intercultural Communication非言语行为People from different cultural backgrounds communicate with other people through languagePragmatics语言学The study of the effect that language has on human perceptions（感知） and behaviorShort answer question1. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?In Chinese, the surname is put before the given name.In American, vice versa, the name order.In recent years, many English-speaking people tend to address others by their given names, even when meeting for the first time. But in Chinese, we tend to address each other with the full name.Another common Chinese form of address is the use of a persons title office, or professionTherefore, one can conclude that the Chinese customs of addressing members with the kinship terms(亲戚关系) even not related by blood or marriage2. Who should be introduced first in the west?The senior, the female, the guest3. How is Chinese hospitality different from American hospitality?A: In China, a guest usually observes the principle of avoiding bringing trouble to the host.In American, in contrast, it is the host who tries to avoid interfering in guests freedom of action by leaving room for the guests to make choices.B: The Chinese host usually goes to trouble to make sure there is something left after the meal; the “wastefulness” of this practice has been criticized in American, and some advocate ordering more sensible quantities.PS: 1.appropriate topics i .e Jim SmithUncle Jim2. response to complaint3. make apologyUnit3Term interpretationA cultural assumption 文化定式A cultural assumption Is when we assume that a person has particular values and attitudes based on their cultural backgrounds.Brief AnswerHow would Americans misunderstand the Chinese responses to the compliments?1.In the first case, the implication was that the praisor had poor judgement2.The praisor was not sincere3.The Chinese would be suspected of “fishing for compliments”Why are the Chinese reluctant to pay a compliment?1.The same compliment was given by a Chinese man to a Chinese woman, the compliment can be.taken as a kind of flirtation（调戏）2.People are cautious about drawing a line between compliment and flattery.3.A positive subtle form of request.（重要）How is the Chinese different from Americans in expressing gratitude?1.Chinese people dont usually say thank you to those who are very close and who are in a lower position. Thank you is very common in American, so they tend to thank people all day long regardless of relationship2.Traditional Chinese customs dont require people to express thanks for the small favors The Americans would thank you all the way for very small and most ordinary things.Unit4Term interpretationSemantics 语意学The study of the meaning of wordsDenotation 本义The literal(字面意义) meaning or definition of a word-the explict, particular, defined meaningConnotation 延伸义Extended meaning of associated meanings, the suggestive （隐含）meaning.Taboo 禁忌语Some words, objects or actions that you should avoid in a certain culture.Euphemism 委婉语The act of substituting a mild, indirect or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensiveBrief AnswerWhat are the 4 major verbal differences between Chinese and English ?1.A term in one language doesnt necessarily have a counterpart(对等的人事物) in the other language.2.Words or terms in both languages appear to refer to the same object or concept only on the surface, but actually refer to quite different things3.Things or concepts are represented by one or perhaps two terms in one language, but by many more terms in the other language, for example, finer distinctions in the other language4.Terms have more or less the same primary meaning, but have secondary or additional meanings that may differ considerably from each other.PS：make some examples for the differencesThe thought patterns of people around the worldThe United States were more linear and direct The Semitic individuals solved problems using a combination of tangential and semi-direct approaches,Romance is circuitous(迂回) approachRussians employed a combination of indirect and circuitous approachesUnit5(选择为主)Term interpretationChroxemics 时间学Mono chronic time = M-time 单时性文化Emphasis on schedules, segmentation and promptness(efficiency)and punctuality. It features one event at a time.Polychronic time = P-time 多时性文化practiced by most other peoples is less rigid and clock-bound. People from P-time cultures schedule several activities at the same time ,and time for them is more flexible and more human-centered Proxemics 空间学the perception and use of spaceKinesics 身势学more than just hand or arm gestures ;it refers to any little movement of any part of the body Paralanguage 副语言language lies between verbal and nonverbal communication. It involves sounds but not words ,it means the set of nonphonemic properties of speech ,such as speaking tempo(节奏) ,vocal pitch（音高） and intonational contours （语音语调）Brief AnswerWhere are the different features of M-time and P-time ？M-time :means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time. Emphasis on schedules, segmentation and promptness(efficiency)and punctuality. It features one event at a time.P-time: practiced by most other peoples is less rigid and clock-bound. People from P-time cultures schedule several activities at the same time ,and time for them is more flexible and more human-centeredPS: 1.touch/nontouch culture& long/short body distance i.e Arabtouch/short USAnontouch/medium2.seatChina: facing the door is distinguished USA: acrossing the cornerUnit6Brief AnswerWhat is the difference between sex and gender?书P120表6.1Sex(生理性别)：biological(生理的),permanent and with an individual propertyGender(社会性别)：socially-constructed, varied over time and across cultures and with a social and relational qualityIn all, gender and sex are not synonymous.What are the two primary influences on the socialization?1.family communication, particularly between mother and children2.recreational interaction among childrenUnit7(以案例分析为主)Brief AnswerIdentify the contrast between high-context and low-context culture and then use it to interpret the difference between American and Japanese or Chinese negotiating style?1.Negotiation atmosphere:American: efficient, professionalism（职业精神）and compromise(妥协，让步)Japanese: socializing, trust Chinese: socialization2.DetailAmerican: the facts, written agreements or contrastJapanese: fewer specific issues and less detail oriented, brief written agreementsChinese: general written agreements3.Communication styleAmerican: more interested in logical arguments than in the people they are dealing with dislike silenceJapanese: encourage covert, fragmentedChinese: avoid openly confront conflict4. Cultural variations in selecting negotiators:American: technical expertise :younger negotiators are common; women are included; having full authority to make decisionsJapanese:(Chinese): Status, knowledge, age, seniority5. Problem-solving ProcessAmerican: universal problem solvers; rational thinking and concrete data, utilize a factual inductive style of persuasionJapanese: consensus-building Chinese: high level authorities6. Organizational StructureAmerican: task-related stage is the most important; negotiating outcomes depend on events at the negotiation tableJapanese: pre-negotiation is slowly and cautiously; mediator is usedChinese: concession only comes at the endUnit9Brief AnswerWhat contrasting world views can be drawn from Buddhism and Christianity?1.Chiristans sees each one was born with sins and therefore we should salvage ourselves(自我拯救). The salvation of the individual is achieved through hard work and piety. Christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property.2.Buddhists believes that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that the universes runs based on a dynamic balance.They dont attach themselves to the impermanent objects and the pursuit of material well-being. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise.(重要)What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluekhohn and Strodthbeck?1.Human nature(人生) is evil but perfectible (American) Good but corruptible (Chinese)2.Relation to the natureHuman beings can/should master/conquer with nature (American) Live harmoniously with nature (Chinese)3.Sense of timeAmericans are future oriented.Chinese are past oriented.4.Attitudes toward work and human activityAs to Americans, doing leads to external/achievementsChinese, being-and-becoming is a kind of spiritual good of inner harmony and peace.5.Social relationshipAmerican: Self is more important than group (individualism)Chinese: In cultures with group values, people make decisions by consemsus(重要)Identify the features of each of four Hofstedes cultural dimensions and apply it in the case study辨别+分析+结合案例1.individualism VS collectivism (个人/集体主义)2.low power distance VS high power distance(远/近权力距离)3.masculinity VS femulinity (男性/女性文化)4.low uncertainty avoidance VS high uncertainty