浅析四级篇章阅读理解中的词义、句意题和观点态度题.doc

浅析四级篇章阅读理解中的词义、句意题和观点态度题 发表日期：2010年4月26日 年度：09-10 期刊：36 【编辑录入：ell】 大学英语四级篇章阅读理解中的词义、句意题考查考生通过上下文猜测词句意思的能力，这类题型不仅考查考生词汇量的多少，而且考查考生把握篇章逻辑衔接的能力；而观点态度题属于推论类型的一个分支，重点考查考生能否正确理解作者的写作意图、所持观点及阐述文章主题时的语气或对所论述内容的态度。 一、词义题1. 题型简介词义题可以细分为三大类：考查常见词汇的生僻含义；考查超纲词汇的含义；考查某词的替代含义。其问题的常见形式如下：In Line ., the word “. ” could best be replaced by which of the following?According to the author, the word “.” means _.The word “.” in Line . refers to _.Which is the best substitute for the word “.” in Line .?2. 答题方法假如所考单词是常见词汇，那么其字面意思一定不是正确答案，要根据上下文得出其在特定场合更为深刻的含义，该含义也许和其字面意思没有任何关系。对于超纲词汇的考查，要学会猜测词义，常用的方法有：（1）构词法：根据词根、词缀判断词义；（2）词性加搭配：先判断生词在文章中的词性，再看它与哪些词语可以搭配，最后根据自己的常识推测；（3）根据上下文的各种已知信息。现就第三种方法加以详细说明： 定义常以mean, refer to, be defined as, be termed as等词或短语为线索; 标点符号利用括号、冒号、破折号等为一些生词直接提供定义或解释； 同义词、近义词有时作者为了使自己的意思表达得更清楚明白,通常用一个同义词或近义词来解释另一个比较难的词； 反义词和对比关系有时作者会使用反义词或用对比的手法来表现事物之间的差异。 举例为了阐明某一重要观点或者讲清某一抽象概念,作者往往采取举例的方式对这一观点或概念进行具体说明和解释,从而使读者理解得更具体些，而文中的例子自然也就成了读者理解文章生词的线索。常用的表示列举关系的信号词/短语有: like, for example, for instance, such as, especially, include等。3. 真题示例The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea. (CET-4, 1990.1.)Q: “Defied” in the 5th paragraph probably means “_”.A) doubted B) gave proof toC) challenged D) agreed to答案为C)。defied是defy的过去式，判断该词含义须理解其前后句的内容。前一部分说“从海底捞出的电缆上覆盖着各种各样的生物”, 后一部分说“当时的科学观点认为海洋深处是没有生命的”。由此可见, 前一部分的“事实”(., a fact which .)是“批驳”后一部分的“观点”，故选C)。二、句意题1. 题型简介句意题，顾名思义，考查考生对句子含义的把握。该题型常涉及对谚语、俗语以及对难句的正确理解。常见问题形式有：By “.”, the writer means _.What does the sentence “.” imply?The phrase（sentence） “.” （in Line .） most probably means _.2. 答题方法（1）以重述为线索猜测词义。有时作者在讲述某个概念或某一事情时,为了讲得更清楚,可能采取另一种方式重述一下前面的内容。重述往往使用比前面一种表达更为简单易懂的词句，也就为较难的句子提供了猜测的线索。表重述的常用短语有：in other words, to put it another way, that is to say, that is, i.e., to be precise等。（2）以前后文提供的解释或说明为线索。有时作者在阐述某人、某物或某一现象的特点时,先是一般地或概括性地说一下,然后再具体说明或解释；或者反过来，先具体阐述，然后再进行归纳、总结。如果能抓住作者的思路，就能从那些具体说明、解释或归纳中找出猜测的线索来。3. 真题示例 In fact, its likely some of these things have already happened to you. Who would watch you without your permission? It might be a spouse, a girlfriend, a marketing company, a boss, a cop or a criminal. Whoever it is, they will see you in a way you never intended to be seen the 21st century equivalent of being caught naked. （CET-4, 2008.6.）Q: What does the author mean by saying “the 21st century equivalent of being caught naked”?A) Peoples personal information is easily accessed without their knowledge.B) In the 21st century people try every means to look into others secrets.C) People tend to be more frank with each other in the information age.D) Criminals are easily caught on the spot with advanced technology.答案为A)。划线句子之前的破折号可以作为理解该句的重点信息，破折号前后实际是在说同一件事。“无论是谁，都会以你并不情愿的某种方式窥探你”，换句话说就是“个人信息在未经同意的前提下也可能被轻易获取”。三、观点态度题1. 题型简介观点态度题是四级篇章阅读理解中的一种重要题型，主要考查考生对文章中作者态度的辨别。作者态度大致分为三种：（1）支持或赞同；（2）中立或客观；（3）怀疑、批评或反对。其常见提问方式为：What is the authors opinion of .?What seems to be the authors attitude toward .?Which of the following can best describe the attitude of the author towards .?2. 答题方法 做此类题应寻找作者直接评价的语句或者表达感情色彩的形容词、动词及副词；此外要熟悉下列常用词汇表述：positive（肯定的） negative(否定的) neutral（中立的）；subjective（主观的） objective（客观的）；favorable （支持的，赞同的） opposite （相反的） indifferent （漠不关心的）；partial / biased（偏颇的，偏见的） impartial / fair（公正的） matter- of-fact（实事求是的）；suspecting / suspicious / doubtful（怀疑的） 做此类题的注意事项：（1）不要加入自己的态度，要注意区分考查的是作者的态度还是作者引用别人的态度；（2）当作者的态度没有明确提出时，要学会根据作者在文章中所运用的具有褒贬含义的词语去判断作者的态度，如：wonderfully, successfully, unfortunately, doubtfully 等。3. 真题示例 New technology links the world as never before. Our planet has shrunk. Its now a “global village” where countries are only seconds away by fax or phone or satellite link. And, of course, our ability to benefit from this high-tech communications equipment is greatly enhanced by foreign language skills. （CET-4, 2003.1.）Q: What is the authors attitude toward high-tech communications equipment?A) Critical.B) Prejudiced. C) Indifferent.D) Positive.答案为D)。通过原文出现的短语to benefit from（受益于）可以迅速判断出作者的态度应当是“赞成、肯定的”。小试牛刀 The existence of the so-called “halo effect” has long been recognized. It is the phenomenon whereby we assume that because people are good at doing A they will be good at doing B, C and D (or vice versa because they are bad at doing A they will be bad at doing B, C and D). The phrase was first coined by Edward Thorndike, a psychologist who used it in a study published in 1920 to describe the way that commanding officers rated their soldiers. Later work on the halo effect suggested that it was highly influenced by the first impression. If we see a person first in a good light, it is difficult subsequently to darken that light. This is used by advertisers who pay heroic actors and beautiful actresses to promote products in which they have absolutely no expertise. Q1: The phrase “vice versa” in Para.1 can be replaced by “_”.A) the reverseB) the equalC) differentlyD) similarlyQ2: What seems to be the authors attitude toward the “halo effect” used by advertisers?A) Approval.B) Disapproval.C) Neutral.D) Indifferent.答案