电大网考英语--语法复习资料.doc

公共英语基础接轨资料语法项目一、名词 概念：(n.)表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange, Beijing, Tom等。英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。名词单数可用a、an来修饰可数名词单数，在元音发音开头的单词前用an，而不是a，表示“一个”。 1.复数的构成方法：(1)一般在复数名词后加s，如：dog-dogs。(2)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加es，如：watch-watches。(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加es，如：country-countries。请区别：如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词，则只须加s。如：monkey-monkeys。 (4)以o结尾的名词，只有potato(土豆)，tomato(西红柿)加es构成复数。(5)以f、fe结尾的名词，变f、fe为v再加es，如：knife-knives。 2.单复数形式相同的词：sheep-sheep，fishfish，Chinese-Chinese，Japanese-Japanese 3.特殊变化的单词有：(1) tooth-teeth，foot-feet(2) man-men，woman-women，policeman-policemen, Frenchman-Frenchmen 请区别：German(德国人) Germans (3) child children 4.可用how many，many，a few，few，a lot of，lots of，some，any等来修饰可数名词复数。英语不可数名词：5.常见的不可数名词有：water，rice，fish，meat等。应特别记medicine, news, work, homework, housework, money, chalk, weather, cotton, wood. 6.不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数。如：Some bread _ over there. (be) 7.常用how much, much, a little, little, a lot of, some, any等来修饰不可数名词。 名词所有格的构成方法：在名词后加“ s”。如：Tom Toms译为“的”，若遇上以s结尾的复数名词，则在s后加“ ”即可。如：Teachers Day , two weeks holiday，而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，仍按惯例加s 。如：Childrens Day。 二、冠词1.冠词指不定冠词a, an和定冠词the。 2.不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前，如：an hour, an English car. 请区别：a useful machine。 3.指上文提到过的人或物，用定冠词the 4.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the.如：the sun, the moon, the earth 5.定冠词the用于序数词前，表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。如：the first, the best ,in the south 6.在复数姓氏前加the，表示一家人，常看成复数。如：The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer. 7.在介词短语中常用定冠词the，如：in the box ,behind the chair 8.特别注意不能用定冠词the的几个方面：(1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如：in summer, in August 请区别：in the spring of 1945. (这里表示特指，故加the)(2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。如：have breakfast, play footballTheres _800-metre-long road behind _hospital. A. an, an B. a, a C. an, the D. a, the 三、介词 1与形容词搭配的词组有：be afraid of（怕），be angry with（生某人的气），be away from（不在某地），be different from（与不同），be good at（善于），be good/ bad for (对有益/有害)，be interested in（对感兴趣），be late for（迟到），be/get ready for（为作好准备） be sure of (对有把握) ，be worried about（为感到担忧） 2介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词-ing形式 1) You must take good care of her. 2) Thank you for teaching us so well. 3几组易混淆的介词 A “在.之后” in + 一段时间（用于一般将来时） after + 一段时间（用于一般过去时） after + 一点时间（常用于一般将来时） 如：The baby stopped crying after half an hour. The baby will stop crying in half an hour. They will visit their teacher after Friday. B since +过去的一点时间（用于完成时态），如：I have been in Foshan for six months since July. 这两者均用于现在完成时，具体在时态部分，我会继续向同学们讲解。 C be made of 用制成 , be made in “由某地制造”，be made by somebody “由某人制成” D in, on, at表时间：in “在某月(季节、年)等” eg: in 1996, in January, in summer 固定词组：in the morning, in a week, in a minute, in time, in the end on 用于指具体的某一天或专指某一天上午、下午或晚上等 eg: on Christmas Day, on the night of February 16 at “用于具体时刻前和某些固定词组中” 固定词组：at seven, at the moment, at night, at last, at first, at noon, at times, at once, at this time of the year, at the beginning of, at the end of this month, at the same time 注意：在表示时间里，下列情况下一般不用介词。词组里有：next, last, this, that, tomorrow, yesterday, one, every, all 以及the day before yesterday和the day after tomorrow 前不用介词 。 如:不能说 in tomorrow ,只能说 tomorrow 在明天 E. except +宾格/doing something 除之外” （不包括本身） Everyone is at school today except Lin Tao. (同义句转换) =Only Lin Tao isnt at school today. F “用” 通过交通工具 by plane 用语言 in English，通过媒介 on /over the telephone, on /over the radio, on TV 用工具手段 with a pen, with ones hands G between “在和（两者）之间” between.and., between the two. among 在.之间(三者或三者以上) eg. Sue spent over two hours _ her homework yesterday evening. A.on B.with C.at D.over 四、形容词 & 副词形容词的位置1作定语时放在名词的前面。如：a black cat (一只黑猫)2作表语时放在连系动词之后。如：The price is very high. (这个价格很高。)3修饰复合不定代词something, somebody, anything时放在代词之后。如：Something serious has happened to him.(他发生了严重的事故。)副词：用来说明事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等含义或说明其它形容词或副词程度的词叫做副词。4副词的分类时间副词频度副词地点/方位副词程度副词方式副词疑问/连接副词其他副词today, tomorrow,once,here, there,very, too,well,how, where,also, yesterday, now,twice,everywhere,enough,hard,when, why,nor, neitherthen, early, late,always,anywhere, rather, quite,alone,whether, whatas, on, offsoon, just,usually,above, outside,so, much, just,fast,however, either,tonight, often,in, inside, out, a little, a bittogether,yes, no, not,already, yet, before,sometimes,back, up, down,nearly, only,suddenly,maybe,ago, later, sincenever,away, off, far,almost, hardly,-ly结尾的副词certainly,firstseldom,as long as 时间副词：一般放在句首或句尾, 如：We will visit the Great Wall tomorrow.(我们明天去参观长城。) 频度副词：一般放在be动词之后或者助动词与主要动词之间,但sometimes、often等还可以放在句首或句尾,usually可放在句首,once可放在句尾,twice、three times等一般放在句尾。如：The workers usually have lunch at the factory.(工人们通常在厂里吃午饭。) 地点副词：一般放在句尾,但here、there还可放在句首。He walked out quietly and turned back soon.(他悄悄地走了出去,很快又返回。) 程度副词：修饰动词、形容词或副词时,放在动词、形容词或副词之前。但注意,enough总是放在被修饰的形容词或动词的后面；only位置比较灵活,总是放在被修饰的词的前面。如：It was so strange that I could hardly believe my ears.(它那么奇怪一直我都不能相信我的耳朵。)方式副词：一般放在行为动之后,suddenly可以放在句首、句尾或动词之前。如：Suddenly he saw a light in the dark cave(突然,在黑暗的山洞里,他看见了一丝亮光。)大多数的形容词、副词都有三个等级：原级；比较级：最高级。1.构成：规则情况变化：单音节词和少数双音节词: 一般情况 加er, est，如：clever-cleverer-cleverest； 以字母e结尾 加r, st，如：nice-nicer-nicest； 重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母时双写，加er, est，如：big-bigger-biggest；以辅音字母加y结尾变y为i加er, est，如：early-earlier-earliest； 部分双音节和多音节词，在词前加more, most，如：slowly-more slowly-most slowly； 2.不规则变化须熟记：good/well-better-best， many/much-more-most，far-farther-farthest，bad / badly / ill-worse-worst，little-less-least； 3.常见的使用情况：as as 和.一样（中间用原级），not as (so) as 和.不一样（中间用原级）， than . .比.（用比较级） 4.有in, of, among范围修饰的用最高级，如：(1) Winter is the coldest season of the year. (2) This is the best film that I have ever seen. 5.比较级+and+比较级 意为“越来越.eg: wetter and wetter more and more beautiful 6. The+比较级，the+比较级 越.就越.,如: The more, the better. 越多越好 注意点：1.形容词最高级前一定要用the,副词最高级前可省略。 2.可用much, a little, even, still等修饰比较级。 3.在比较级中为了避免重复，在than后常用one, that, those等词来替代前面提到过的名词。eg: The weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai. 练习： 1. There isnt _ in todays newspaper. A. important something B. important anything C. anything important D. nothing important 2. The Changjiang River is the third _ river in the world. A. long B. longer C. longest D. the longest 3. An elephant is _ than a horse. A. more strong B. much stronger C. the most strong D. much more strong 4. Which do you like _, tea, orange or water? A. good B. well C. better D. best 五、代词 1.人称代词：人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复数第二人称复数第三人称复数阳性阴性中性主格I(我)you (你)he(他)she(她)it(它)we(我们)you(你们)they (他们,她们,它们)宾格me(我)you (你)him(他)her(她)it(她)us(我们)you(你们)them (他们,她们,它们)主格用来作句子的主语、表语。如： I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去购物)宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语。如：Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语？) / Help me! (救救我！)2. 物主代词：说明事物所属关系的代词,分为形容词性和名词性两种。第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复 数第二人称复数第三人称复数阳性阴性中性形容词性my(我的)your(你的)his(他的)her(她的)its(它的)our(我们的)your(你们的)their (他们的,她们的,它们的)名词性mine(我的)Yours(你的)his(他的)hers(她的)its(她的)ours(我们的)yours(你们的)theirs(他们的,她们的,它们的)形容词性物主代词只能作句子中名词的修饰语,后面要跟名词。如：Is that your umbrella? (那是你的伞吗？) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays. (我经常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他们的书)名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不可以跟名词。如：。This is your cup, but where is mine?(这是你的杯子,可我的在哪儿？) / Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你们的教室很大,我们的相当小)练习:A、根据所给单词的适当形式填空，使句意通顺，语法完整1Can you come with ? (we)2These skirts are . Yours are over there. (she)3Please take care of , boys and girls. (you)4I dont think this is my book, though it looks like . (I) 5Look at books. Are they yours? (that) B、同义句转换6、A: The children played happily in the zoo yesterday.B: The children in the zoo yesterday. 7、A: He doesnt like mutton, and she doesnt, either.B: he she likes mutton.8、A: All the American people dont like sandwiches.B: the American people like sandwiches. 9、A: They dont often hear the twins sing the song in the school.B: of the twins often heard sing the song in the school. C、单项选择10、-Can you speak Chinese, Peter?-Yes, but only .A. little B. few C. a little D. a few 11、-Do you like Janes new skirt?-Yes, very much. Ill ask mum to buy for me.A. one B. it C. the other D. a 12、The color of her skirt is different from of mine.A. one B. that C. it D. this 13、Students are usually interested in sports. Some like running, some like swimming. like ball games.A. the others B. others C. the other D. other 14、-Ill give the boys to eat.-Oh, I know, fish and chips.A. something English B. English something C. anything English D. English anything 15、-Shall I help you with the heavy box?-No, thanks, I can do it .A. me B. my C. mine D. myself16、-What time shall we meet this afternoon,3:00 or 4:00?-I dont mind. time is OK.A. Neither B. Each C. Any D. Either 17、-My bag is full, what about ?- is full, too.A. you, Yours B. his, He C. yours, Mine D. hers, She 18、-Ive had enough bread, Would you like ?-No, thanks.A. a few more B. one more C. another more D. some more 19、There are many trees on sides of the river.A. both B. either C. neither D. each20、Without the sun, could grow in the world.A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything21、 of them is going to play basketball with you this afternoon.A. All B. Neither C. Some D. Both22、-Can you tell me what a panda looks like?-Look! This is a picture of .A. it B. one C. two D. some23、There are not many pears here, but you can take if you want to.A. few B. a few C. a little D. little六、动词1.分类类别意义例句实义动词含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句子中能独立作谓语。She has some bananas. 她吃些香蕉。They eat a lot of potatoes. 他们常吃土豆。Im reading an English book now.我现在正看一本英文书。连系动词本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语。His father is a teacher.他父亲是教师。Twins usually look the same.双胞胎通常看起来一样。The teacher became very angry. 老师变得很生气。助动词本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其它语法形式,助动词有人称、单复数和时态的变化。He doesnt speak English. 他不说英语。We are playing basketball. 我们在打篮球。Do you have a brother? 你有兄弟吗？情态动词本身有一定的意义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和单复数的变化,有些情态动词有过去式。You can keep the books for two weeks.这些书你可以借两个星期。May I smoke here? 我可以在这儿抽烟吗？We must go now. 我们现在得走了。 常见的连系动词有：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。 常见的助动词有：用于进行时和被动语态的be (am, is, are ,was, were, been, being ) ;用于完成时的have(has, had, having) ;用于将来时的shall (should) ; will (would)和用于一般时的do(does, did) . 常见的情态动词有：can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will (would), dare (dared) , need等,另外,have to、had better也当作情态动词使用。情态动词后面必须加动词的原形。 2. 规则动词变化表规 则变 化原形动词结尾情况现在时单三人称现在分词过去式和过去分词一般情况+s+ing+eds, x, ch, sh, o结尾+es+ing+ed辅音字母+y结尾yi, +es+ingyi, +ed重读闭音节：以一元音一辅音结尾+s双写辅音字母, +ing双写辅音字母, +ed不发音的e结尾+s去掉e, +ing+die结尾+siey, +ing+d不规则变化have has；be is(无) (见不规则动词变化表)3. 不规则动词变化表：( 原形 过去式 过去分词)be (am, is) 是wasbeenlose丢失lostlostbe (are) 是werebeenmake制作mademadebeat 打beatbeatenmay可能mightbecome成为 becamebecomemean意思是meantmeantbegin 开始beganbegunmeet遇见metmetblow吹blewblownmistake搞错mistookmistakenbreak打破brokebrokenmust必须mustbring带来broughtbroughtpay付钱paidpaidbuild 建造builtbuiltput放putputbuy买boughtboughtread阅读readReadcan能couldride骑roderiddencatch抓住caughtcaughtring铃响rangrungchoose选择chosechosenrise升起roserisencome 来camecomerun跑ranruncost花费costcostsay说saidsaidcut切割cutcutsee看见sawseendig挖dugdugsell卖soldsolddo做diddonesend送sentsentdraw画drewdrawnset设置setsetdrink喝drankdrunkshall应该shoulddrive开车drovedrivenshine照耀shoneshoneeat吃ateeatenshow展示showedshownfall掉下fellfallenshut关shutshutfeel感觉feltfeltsing唱歌sangsungfind找到foundfoundsink下沉sank/sunksunk/sunkenfly飞翔flewflownsit坐setsetforget忘记forgotforgot/forgottensleep睡觉sleptsleptfreeze冷冻frozefrozensmell闻smeltsmeltget得到gotgotspeak说话spokespokengive给gavegivenspend花费spentspentgo走wentgonespell拼读speltspeltgrow成长grewgrownspoil宠坏spoiltspoilthang挂；上吊hung/hangedhung/hangedstand站stoodstoodhave(has)有hadhadsweep打扫sweptswepthear听到heardheardswim游泳swamswumhide藏hidhiddentake拿走tooktakenhit打，撞hithitteach教taughttaughthold拿heldheldtell告诉toldtoldhurt伤害hurthurtthink想thoughtthoughtkeep保持keptkeptthrow扔threwthrownknow知道knewknownunderstand理解understoodunderstoodlay摆放laidlaidwake睡醒woke/wakedwoken/wakedlearn学习learnt/learnedlearnt/learnedwear穿worewornleave离开leftleftwill会，将要wouldlend借出lentlentwin赢wonwonlet让letletwrite写wrotewrittenlie躺laylain4. be(“是/存在”)动词的各种时态变化：一 般现在时一般将来时现在完成时I am.You are.He/She/It is.We/You/They are.(I等各人称) will be.I am He/She/It is going to be We/You/They are I have been.You have been.She/he/It has been.We/You/They have been.一般过去时过去将来时过去完成时I was.You were.He/She/It was.We/You/They were.(I等各人称) would be.I was He/She/It was going to be We/You/They were I had been.You had been.She/he/It had been.We/You/They had been.注意：句型变化时,否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以缩写为nt (am后面not不可以缩写)；疑问句将am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。5. 其它谓语动词的时态变化一览表：现在 时态一般现在时现在进行时一般将来时现在完成时谓语动词构成动词用原形(单三加s / es)(问句和否定句借用助词do / does)amis +动词-ingarewill + 动词原形amis +going to+动词原形arehave +过去分词has过去 时态一般过去时过去进行时过去将来时过去完成时谓语动词构成动词用过去式(问句和否定句借用助词did)was +动词-ingwerewould + 动词原形was+going to+动词原形werehad +过去分词6. 六种时态的具体用法：(1) 一般现在时 表示现阶段经常或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态,或说明主语的特征。一般现在时句子中常有的时间状语：often, usually, sometimes, always, every (day等), once/twice, a (week等), on (Sunday等),never, in the (morning等)。如：They go to the Palace Museum once a year.(他们每年去一次故宫)/ They often discuss business in the evening.(他们经常在晚上商谈生意)表示客观真理、事实、人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语。如：The earth turns round the sun.(地球绕着太阳转)/ Light travels faster than sound.(光传播比声音快) 表示十分确定会发生(如安排好的事情)或按照时间表进行的事情,用一般现在可以表达将来,句子中可以有将来时间。如：The train for Haikou leaves at 8：00 in the morning.(开往汉口的列车上午8点开车) 在时间状语从句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引导)和条件状语从句中(以if, unless引导),用一般现在时代替一般将来时,句子可以有将来时间。如：Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.(你一到德国就给我打电话) / If it rains tomorrow, we will have to stay at home.(如果明天下雨我们就只好呆在家)一般现在时常用于体育比赛的解说或寓言故事中。Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it. 人的心理活动和感官动作一般用一般现在时而不用现在进行时表达,常见动词有：like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think(认为), understand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. 如：I think it is going to snow.(我想天要下雪了)/ I really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在这儿)(2) 一般过去时 表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,这种动作或状态可能是一次性,也可能经常发生。表示过去具体时刻发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有：at (eight) (yesterday morning),(ten minutes) ago, when引导的时间状语从句。如：I got up at 6：00 this morning.(我是早上六点钟起床的)/ Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.(小汤姆今天早上九点半把窗子打破了)/ When he went into the room, he saw a stranger talking with his father.(他走进房间时发现一个陌生人正和他父亲谈话)表示过去一段时间内不知何时发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有：yesterday, last (year等), in (1998 等)。如：He came to our city in the year 2000.(他2000年来到我们市)表示过去一个阶段中经常发生的事情时,时间状语有：last, in, fromto, for (10 years), often, usually, sometimes, always, never等。如：Mr. Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. / Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him. 讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去时,而且经常省略时间状语。如：I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西。)(3) 一般将来时 表示将来某一时刻或经常发生的动作或状态。一般将来时的时间状语有：tomorrow, this (afternoon),next (year),one day, now, soon, someday, sometime, in the future, when引导的从句等。用will构成的将来时,表示动作与人的主观愿望无关。“shall”用于第一人称,“will” 用于所有人称。如：I will graduate from this school soon.(我很快就要从这所中学毕业了)/ You will stay alone after I leave.(我走了之后你就要一个人过了)“am/is/are going to+动词原形”表示打算或准备要做的事情,或者主观判断即将要发生的事情,而“am/is/are to +动词原形”表示安排或计划中的动作。如：A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special baby.(有一个人告诉他们那个妇女就会生下那个特别的男孩)/ Its going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了)表示一个人临时决定要做某事,可以用will表达。如：I will go to the lab to get some chemicals(化学药剂). So please wait until I return.(我要到化学实验室去取些药品,请等我回头)shall和will 在口语的一些疑问句中相当于情态动词。Shall一般与第一人称连用,will与第二人称连用。如：Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?(我们下周六去动物园好吗？)/ Will you please open the door for me?(替我把门打开好吗？)(4)现在进行时 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作或是现阶段正发生而此刻不一定在进行的动作。 现在进行时由“助动词be (am is are ) +现在分词”构成。 现在进行时的时间状语有： now, this , these等, 但经常不用。如：Wh