《工程制图量测说明》PPT课件.ppt

工程制圖量測說明,統用工程制圖說明 Asian Commodity Management Global Purchasing Xerox Corporation,天马行空官方博客：/tmxk_docin ；QQ:1318241189；QQ群：175569632, 2000, Xerox Corporation All Rights Reserved. Xerox is a trademark of the Xerox Corporation,2,目 錄,介紹 基本定意 數據的來源 直線度公差 平面度公差 線輪廓度公差-線或面 傾斜度公差 垂直度 平行度,圓柱體 形位公差 MMC(最大實體化原則) LMC(最小實體化原則),3,介紹,工程制圖量測說明是說明或溝通最初設計意圖和產品功能的. 它使用的是在電子行業里國際公認的繪圖符號,4,介紹 (contd),在使用這些同類的繪圖時,我們必須接受以下几點: 必須懂得几何學符號和它的基本知識. 必須懂得各種量測儀器的使用方法. 在使用各種測量工具或測量方法時必須清楚它的局限性.,5,基本定義,要素 構成零件几何特征的點,線,面,孔等. 公差帶 形位公差帶:指限制實際要素變動的區域. 延伸公差帶:根據零件的功能要求,需將位置度公差和對稱公差帶延伸到被測要素的長度界線之外時的公差.,6,基本定義 (contd),精密尺寸 在圖紙上用來說明或指出理論上存在的精密尺寸, 剖面, 方位 或位置的一些數據. 精密尺寸的公差是不能再放寬管制的. 參考尺寸 參考尺寸只是用來計算或用來做分析研究. 它們是 不檢查的 ,但不能不使用它.,7,基本概念 (contd),Maximum material condition實際分析最大化的條件 (MMC最大實體化) 控制被測要素的實際輪廓處于其最大實體實效邊界之內的種公差要求. Least material condition實際分析最小化的條件 (LMC最小實體化) 控制被測要素的實際輪廓處于其最小實體實效邊界之內的種公差要求,8,最大實體化的相關術語: 體外作用尺寸:在被測要素的給定長度上,與實際內表面體外相接的最大理想面或與實際外有面體外理想面的直徑或寬度. 最大實體化狀態:實際在給定長度上處處位于尺寸極限之內並具有實體最大時的狀態. 最大實體尺寸:實際要素在最大實體狀態下的的極限尺寸.對于外表面為最大極限尺寸.對于內表面為最小極限尺寸. 最大實體實效狀態:在給定長度上,實際要素處于最大實體狀態且其中心要素的形狀或位置誤差等于給出的公值時的綜全極限狀態. 最大實體化實效尺寸:最體實效狀態下的體外作用尺. 最大實體邊界:最大實體尺寸的邊界. 最大實體化實效邊界:最大實體實效尺寸的邊界.,9,最小實體化的相關術語: 體外作用尺寸:在被測要素的給定長度上,與實際內表面體外相接的最大理想面或與實際外有面體外理想面的直徑或寬度. 最小實體化狀態:實際在給定長度上處處位于尺寸極限之內並具有實體最小時的狀態. 最小實體尺寸:實際要素在最小實體狀態下的的極限尺寸.對于外表面為最小極限尺寸.對于內表面為最大極限尺寸. 最小實體實效狀態:在給定長度上,實際要素處于最小實體狀態且其中心要素的形狀或位置誤差等于給出的公值時的綜全極限狀態. 最小實體化實效尺寸:最體實效狀態下的體外作用尺. 最小實體邊界:最小實體尺寸的邊界. 最小實體化實效邊界:最小實體實效尺寸的邊界.,10,形狀公差:指單 一實際要素的形狀所允許的變動全量. 位置公差:指關聯實際要素的位置對基準所允許的變動全量.分為:定向公差,定位公差,跳動公差.,備注: 1)包容要求:為使實際要素處處位于理想形狀的包容面之內的種公差要求. 2)可逆要求:在不影嚮零件功能的前提下,當要素的軸線或中心平面的形位誤差值小于給出的形位公差值時,允許增大相應的尺寸公差,即允許以形位公差反過來補償給出的尺吋公差,11,12,13,基準要素的標注,Datum are imaginary 面, 軸線, 點, 線 or arcs that are derived from contacting datum features Feature of a part that is used to establish a datum axis or plane is call a datum feature,三基面體系 圓柱體的基面視圖 Datum Target Use of Datum Targets for Non-cylindrical Parts,14,A,C,B,A視面的虛擬,C視面的虛擬,B視面的虛擬,90,90,90,虛擬基準面數據,15,A1,A,Use a cylinder (datum simulator) with the smallest diameter that the feature (shaft) can fit into. The axis of the cylinder is datum A.,Cylindrical datum simulator,圓柱體基準面數據,16,Datum target is a point contact to a part feature with the purpose of establishing a datum axis or plane,A,20,80,夾角規,20,80,實際軸線的變動尺寸是在兩個900夾角規中旋轉測出的,軸線A,圓柱體的數據的標示,A1,A2,17,Use of Datum Targets for Non-cylindrical Parts,B,B1,B2,C1,A3,A2,A1,A,C,Datum A is formed by a plane tangential to the 3 datum targets A1, A2, A3. Its positions are established by the specified exact dimensions. Datum B is formed by a plane passing through 2 straight lines B1 and B2, which are perpendicular to datum A. Its position are established by the specified exact dimensions. Datum C is formed by a plane perpendicular to Datum A and B and passes through point C1. Position of C1 is established by the specified exact dimensions.,10,10,10,18,Use of Datum Targets for Non-cylindrical Parts (contd),25 mm spherical radius,Datum A established using 3 diameter 10 mm coplanar flat pin face. Datum A plane is formed by a plane tangential to the3 pins.,Datum B established using 2 cylindrical pins. Datum B plane is formed by a plane 90 degrees to datum plane A and tangent to the 2 pins.,Datum C established using spherical ended pin. Datum plane C is formed by a plane 90 degrees to datum plane A and B and passes through the point of contact of spherical ended pin.,19,Imaginary Datum Plane C,Imaginary Datum Plane A,Imaginary Datum Plane B,A view on how the datum planes look.,All planes are right angle to one another,Use of Datum Targets for Non-cylindrical Parts (contd),20,直線度公差,圓柱面上的直線度 軸心的直線度 MMC邊界線在直線度公差的運用,個直線度的制定是 指被測面的任素線必須位于距離為定公差值的兩個平行平面之內. 如果只要求要素某部分的公差值,直線度公差定要加注尺寸.,21,圓柱面上的直線度,每條線的最大直線度為0.4,每條線的公差應在界限內 (6.2 0.5) & 不能超過直線度0.4的要求,直線度的方向,0.4,6.2 0.5,22,軸心的直線度,理論上軸線必須在這圓柱體的公差內浮動,圓柱公差帶 0.4,0.4, 40.2,23,MMC邊界線在直線度公差的運用,MMC邊線,24,平面度公差,平面度的表示 Staging the Part for Flatness Inspection,被測表面必須位于兩個平行平面之內 如果只要求要素某部分的公差值,兩個平面度公差定要注明數據,25,0.08,0.08 max,這個實際的表面平坦度公差0.08是存在于兩個平行的面之間的.,平面度的表示,26,Part can be staged using spherical ended pins and the point immediately above it (surface to be checked) is zero. This will enable a zero plane to be established & offset any angular effect that might cause the flatness reading to be higher,If the part rests flat on a surface, the angular deviation will be mistakenly measured as flatness problem,Pin height adjusted to compensate for the angular loss by setting these points to zero,Staging the Part for Flatness Inspection,27,輪廓度公差面或線的輪廓,理論上存在的輪廓 Profile WITHOUT Datum Reference Profile WITH Datum Reference Profile of a Surface Tolerance Profile - Unilateral Tolerance Profile - Unequal Tolerance,剖面的公差必須建立在個理論上存在的表面或線的輪廓基楚上 注明的精密尺寸必需確定在理論上存在的表面或線的輪廓基楚上,28,理論上存在的線或輪廓,Theoretically perfect line contour are drawn based on the exact dimensions specified.,精密尺寸,理論上存在的輪廓,29,0.8,Theoretically perfect line contour,Actual profile of part Note: With the absence of a datum reference, part may be shifted within the tolerance zone to gain maximum acceptance,Profile Without Datum Reference,Tolerance zone formed by 2 parallel contour lines 0.8 apart,30,0.8,0.8的公差尺寸是存在于兩條平行的曲線之間的,彎曲的是實際的形狀 Note: With a datum reference, the part outline is FIXED in relation to the datum,剖面上有牽設到其它尺寸,A,A,理論上存在的線形輪廓,A,31,0.8,Actual profile of part The total surface must lie within the tolerance zone,Profile of a Surface Tolerance,Theoretically perfect contour,0.8 tolerance zone formed by 2 surface contour 0.8 apart,32,Profile - Unilateral Tolerance,0.8,0.8,Profile - Unequal Tolerance,0.8,0.2,0.2,0.8,True Profile,33,傾斜度公差,角的斜面 角的軸心,傾斜度是被測表面必須是在公差內的兩個成角度傾斜的平行平面內,34,Angularity of Surface,20,A,5 0.5,20,A,這個角的點的高度必須在 5 0.5,傾斜度實際尺寸是在兩個距離0.1的平行平面內,被測表面必須在公差內,35,45,0.1,C,C,45,Tolerance zone formed by 0.1 cylinder and angled at 45 to axis of Datum C,Feature Axis must be within the stated dimensional limit and lie within the cylindrical tolerance zone,Axis of Datum C,10 0.5,Angularity of Axis,36,垂直度,Perpendicularity of a Surface in Relation to a Datum Plane Perpendicularity of a Surface in Relation to 2 Datum Planes Perpendicularity of an Axis Determined by 2 Parallel Planes Tolerance Zone Perpendicularity of an Axis Determined by Cylindrical Tolerance Zone,Perpendicularity must be measured in relation to a datum plane or axis.,37,Perpendicularity of a Surface in Relation to a Datum Plane,A,0.1 tolerance zone, made up of 2 parallel planes right angle to datum plane A,Datum A Plane,Surface must be between the 2 planes and must also be within the stated dimensional limits,38,A,B,B,Datum A Plane,Datum B Plane,0.2 tolerance zone, made up of 2 parallel planes right angle to datum plane A,0.2 tolerance zone, made up of 2 parallel planes right angle to datum plane B,Perpendicularity of a Surface in Relation to 2 Datum Planes,39,A,0.04 tolerance zone made up of 2 parallel planes, 4 +0.018 (4H8) THRU,0,Datum Axis A,Perpendicularity of an Axis Determined by 2 Parallel Planes Tolerance Zone,Axis of hole must be within the tolerance zone,Enlarged View,40,0.04,A,A,Axis must lie within 0.04 cylindrical tolerance zone,Datum A plane,Diameter 0.04 cylindrical tolerance zone,Perpendicularity of an Axis Determined by Cylindrical Tolerance Zone,41,平行度,面之間的平行 Parallelism of an Axis in Relation to a Datum Plane Parallelism of Axis in Relation to Datum Axis,Parallelism must be measured in relation to a datum plane or axis,42,A,Tolerance zone formed by 2 planes 0.2 apart and parallel to Datum A,Datum A plane,Surface must be within size limits and additionally restricted by the parallelism tolerance,Parallelism of a Surface,43,A,0.3 tolerance zone formed by 2 planes parallel to datum A plane,Datum plane A,Axis of the hole must be within the dimensional limit and additionally fall within the planes of the tolerance zone,軸線到一個基準面的平行尺寸,44,Datum A Axis,Feature Axis must lie within the tolerance zone for the width of the feature,0.05 cylindrical tolerance zone,Parallelism of Axis in Relation to Datum Axis,A,45,圓度和圓形度公差,旋轉圓形因素 旋轉圓形總體表面 旋轉圓形因素 傾斜的表面 旋轉圓形總體表面 選擇正確的斜面(有角度的),Runout is the radial deviation of a circular line element or surface from a specified axis Runout must always be specified in relation to a datum 軸,46,A1,A2,Full Indicator Movement must be within runout tolerance of 0.25 for each circular element (line),Runout of Circular Element,47,A1,A2,0.25,A,Full Indicator Movement must be within runout tolerance of 0.25 for the total surface,Runout of Total Surface,Perform measurement for many circular element and find the lowest and highest reading to get the FIM for the total surface,48,Tolerance of 0.25 FIM for each circular element,Tolerance of 0.25 FIM for each circular element,Runout for Circular Element 傾斜的面,Runout for Circular Element - Right Angled Faces,49,公差0.25的含意是指在 FIM for all the circular element combined,避開總體的表面 - Right Angled Faces,50,位置度公差,Positional tolerance without a datum Positional tolerance with datum Positional Tolerance with Multiple Datum,Position - denotes the theoretically exact location of a feature established by exact dimensions Positional tolerance is the total permissible deviation in the location about its theoretically exact location Positional tolerance can be called out with or without a datum,51,60,這里有0.1的直徑公差,圓心軸移動公差在這里,沒有加注尺寸的位置度公差,100.3 (2),52,60,0.1 diameter tolerance zone, 60 apart & right angle to datum A,Feature axis must lie within the tolerance zone,有加注尺寸的位置度公差,A,A,90,100.3 (2),53,有標明多個數據的位置度公差,60,A,B,C,20,30,A,B,C,Cylindrical tolerance zone 0.25 must be perpendicular to datum A and parallel to datum B and C,Datum A plane,Datum B plane,Datum C plane,Axis of feature must be within the cylindrical tolerance zone,100.3 (2),54,MMC使用計算原則,MMC符號 MMC modifier without Datum Position Calculation MMC modifier with Datum MMC modifier applied to Datum MMC modifier applied to both Datum & Position Tolerance,Maximum Material Condition (MMC) provides an increased total tolerance zone for the feature The additional tolerance comes from the amount the actual size departs from its maximum material limit of size,55,MMC 符號或標識,0.05,A,A,MMC modifier without Datum,MMC modifier with Datum,MMC modifier applied to Datum,MMC modifier applied to both Datum & Position Tolerance,56,孔的MMC尺寸是 40 如果孔的實際尺寸是 40.05, 位置公差是 0.05+0.05 = 0.10 如果孔的實際尺寸是 40.10,位置公差是 0.05+0.10 = 0.15 如果孔的實際尺寸是 40.00,位置公差是 0.05+0 = 0.05 備注: 位置公差 的改變是隨著孔徑的實際尺寸大小而變化的.,25.1,50.5,40 0,+0.1,0.05,當這個孔徑的實際尺寸呈最大實體化(MMC時位置公差是0.05,孔的尺寸公差,MMC modifier without Datum,57,25.1,50.5,40 0,+0.1,0.05,如果孔的實際尺寸是 40.05, 位置公差是 0.05+0.05 = 0.10,25.1,50.5,Position tolerance zone diameter 0.1,Due to manufacturing variation, the axis is offset from its exact center. Centerline of the hole must be within the position tolerance zone,MMC modifier without Datum (contd),58,位置公差的計算,25.1,X軸方向, x = |實際尺寸 理論尺寸| = |50.49-50.5 | = 0.01,50.49,25.12,Y 軸方向, y = |Actual - Exact| = |25.12-25.1| = 0.02,位置變易的計算 = (x2 + y2) 求出位置變異的直徑 = 2 (x2 + y2) = 2 (0.012 + 0.022) = 0.044,59,B,B1,C1,B2,25,30,A,25 0,+0.1,0.05,A,B,C,Part rests flat on Datum A simulator,Datum B and C axes are located by these 2 holes,25,30,Positional tolerance zone formed by the exact dimensions from the datum axes, with additional tolerance added for any deviation in the diameter of the hole from MMC.,MMC modifier with Datum,60,B,B1,C1,B2,25,30,A,25 0,+0.1,0.05,A,B,C,有效尺寸必須是在取MMC時,0.04,A,0.08,A,B,C,15 0.2,15 0.2,B1,C1的有效尺寸是 15-0.2-0.04 = 14.76,B2的有效尺寸是 15-0.2-0.08 = 14.72,50,MMC修定的應用及數據,61,25,30,14.72,14.76,Effective boundary for B1, C1,Effective boundary for B2,50,Positional tolerance zone diameter 0.05, formed by the exact dimensions from the datum axes.,Center of the hole must be within the position tolerance zone,Part is staged in a fixture made up of