常见关系词汇总结.doc

四级听力常见的场所、关系、职业词汇总结：大学University常见关系：classmates，professor v. s. student常用词汇：admission录取 registration注册 registrar注册主任，登记员curriculum课程 course课程 selective courses选修课required courses必修课 major主修，专业 minor辅修lecture上课，讲座 presentation课堂演示，陈述 slide幻灯片seminar研讨会，小组讨论 team work团队活动 assignment作业paper论文 term paper期末论文 project项目mid-term exam期中考试 final exam期末考试 deadline最后期限mark分数 grade评分 credit字分top student尖子生 Straight As成绩全优 tuition学费loan贷款 fieldwork实习 college学院department系 president校长 dean院长，系主任tutor辅导教师 graduation ceremony毕业典礼the students union学生会 wintersummer vacation寒暑假 part-time job兼职history历史 biology生物 philosophy哲学physics物理 psychology心理学 geography地理学mathematics数学 geology地质学 chemistry化学electronics电子学 computer science计算机科学 economics经济学bachelors degree学士学位 masters degree硕士学位 doctors degree博士学位freshman一年级新生 sophomore 年级学生 junior三年级学生senior四年级学生 auditor旁听生 scholarship奖学金cafeteria自助餐厅 dinning hall餐厅 dormitorydorm宿舍live on campus住校 live off campus不住校 roommate室友be hard on sb.对某人苛刻 be strict with对严格 lag behind落后come up with赶上 take the make-up exam补考 take note记笔记print out 打印出来 quit school 退学 transfer to another school转学图书馆Library常见关系：librarian v.s. reader职业：librarian常用词汇：Bookshelf书架 stack room书库 Circulation department流通部open shelves开架 closed shelves闭架 electronic reading room电子阅览室periodical reading room期刊阅览室 loan desk借书处library card借书卡 readers card读者卡 borrowers ID借书证book catalog目录 index索引 computer terminal电脑查询终端periodical期刊 magazine杂志 reference book参考书current issue现刊 back issue过刊 journal学术期刊reserved book馆藏书 publication出版物 renew续借check out办理借、还手续 overdue超过期限邮局Post Office常见关系：postal clerk v.s. customer职业：postal clerk，postman常用词汇：registered letter挂号信 ordinary letter平信 postcard明信片stamp邮票 commemorative stamps纪念邮票package包装，包裹 parcel包裹 postage邮资air mail航空邮件 international shipment国际邮递mailbox邮箱 special delivery专送函 overweight超重银行Bank常见关系：Bank clerk v.s. customer职业：bank clerk，cashier，teller，accountant常用词汇：bank account银行账户 credit card信用卡 check支票savings account储蓄账户 checking account活期账户 passbook存折teller出纳员 cashier收银员 accountant会计师deposit存款 bond债券 cash现金interest rate利息率 interest利息 receipt收据open an account开立账户 withdraw money取钱 make a deposit存款overdraw透支饭店Restaurant常见关系：waiterwaitress v.s. customer职业：waiter，waitress，cookchef常用词汇：table for three 三人的桌子 table around the comer/by the window 靠角落的桌子kitchen 厨房 menu 菜单 order 点菜；所点的菜tip 小费，付小费 well-done 全熟的 tray 托盘paper napkin 餐巾纸 tableware 餐具 chopsticks 筷子fork 叉子 spoon勺子 knife 餐刀appetizer 开胃品 snack小吃 specialty 特色菜butter 黄油 cheese 乳酪 salad 沙拉dessert 甜点 main course 主菜 steak 牛排wine 葡萄酒 pudding 布丁 soup 汤Chinese cuisine 中国菜 sushi 日本寿司 pizza 比萨饼French cuisine 法国菜 Mexican food 墨西哥菜 pasta 意大利而点pay the bill 付帐 go Dutch 各付一半帐 Its my treat 我请客make an reservation 订座位 smoke area 吸烟区旅馆 Hotel常见关系: receptionist v.s. customer职业: hotel attendant, receptionist常用词汇：standard room标准间 single room 单人房间 double room 双人房间room service客房服务 reception desk 接待台 lobby大厅lounge休息厅 bar 酒吧 bartender酒吧招待check in入住 check out 结帐离开旅馆 reserve a room 预订房间医院/诊所Hospital/Clinic常见关系：doctor/nurse v.s. patient职业: doctor, surgeon, physician, nurse, dentistdentist牙科医生 physician内科医生 surgeon外科医生nurse护士 appointment预约 surgery 外科手术accident 事故 disease 病 fracture 骨折headache 头痛 cough 咳嗽 fever 发烧cold 感冒 flu 牙痛 toothache牙痛heart attack 心脏病 vomit 呕吐 dizzy 头晕temperature体温 symptom 病症 weary 疲乏tablet药片 pill 药丸 capsule 胶囊syrup糖浆 medical examination 医疗检查 prescription 处方infectious 传染的 injection 针剂 treatment 治疗go to see a doctor看病 perform an operation 做手术 be painful in (某处)have an injury take the temperature 量体温 make an appointment 预约cure the disease治病 get well恢复 recover恢复机场和车站 Airport and Railway Station常见关系：air hostess / Taxi driver v.s. passenger职业：air hostess，pilot，Taxi driver常用词汇：airport机场 flight航班 ticket agency售票代理处runway跑道 pilot飞行员 crew全体乘务员airliner客机 direct flight直航 luggage claim领行李处boarding gate登机口 security check安检处 boarding pass登机牌passport护照 first class一等舱 business class商务舱economy class经济舱 take off起飞 land着陆train station火车站 platform站台 railroad铁路train schedule火车时刻表 express train特快列车 non-stop train直达列车one-way ticket单程票 round-trip ticket往返票 porter脚夫drivers license驾驶执照 traffic lights交通灯 intersection十字路口speeding超速驾驶 traffic jam交通阻塞 rush hour高峰时间fare出租车费 overcharge超额收费、公司Company常见关系：bossmanager v.s. staffjob applicant职业：secretary，manager，salesman，engineer，technician常用词汇：secretary秘书 sales manager销售经理 personnel manager人事经理memo备忘录 printer打印机 photocopier复印机import进口 export出口 R&D department技术研发部vacation休假 position职位 salary薪水salesman销售员 engineer工程师 technician技术员job applicant求职者 interview面试 employeestaff员工 arrange the file归档文件 send an email发邮件 send a fax发传真其他表示职业或身份的词汇barber理发师 storekeeper店主 baker面包师plumber管道32 carpenter木匠 weatherman天气预报员shop assistant店员 fireman消防员 telephone operator电话接线员tailor裁缝 jeweler珠宝商 electrician电工editor编辑 journalist记者 writer作家publisher出版家 actor演员 actress女演员violinist小提琴家 soloist独唱演员 musician音乐家composer作曲家 conductor指挥 comedian喜剧演员artist艺术家 sculptor雕塑家 architect建筑师athlete运动员 coach教练 mayor市长governor州长 consultant顾问 politician政客2006-12-5 13:39:00homlee5.关系、身份题。短对话中，由于说话人的身份、关系不同，其说话时的用词会有差别，话题也会带有说话人的职业或身份特征。听这类对话时，考生必须能够灵敏捕捉到提示职业、身份等的关键词，通过推理判断对话人的职业、身份和相互关系。这类题相对来说比较容易。例25 M: Hello, Mrs. White. What can I do for you?W: I dont know whats the matter with me. Im always feeling tired. Im usually worn out at the end of the day.Q: What do we know about the woman?A) The woman is seeing a doctor.B) The woman is a close friend of the man.C) The woman is tired of her work.D) The woman has been working too hard.这是一道变相考查说话人身份的题。选项是描述情景的句子，但与人物身份有关。一般病人看医生，话题不外乎身体如何不舒服，而且从第一个人打招呼的方式可以看出他并非女士的朋友或亲人。Be worn out的意思是“疲惫，筋疲力尽”。从女士的诉说中不能看出她是否工作得过于辛苦，也没有反映她对工作看法的信息，因此可以逐个排除B、C、D选项。例26 W: I heard you got a full mark in math exams. Congratulations!M: Thanks! Im sure you also did a good job.Q: Whats the probable relationship between the two speakers?A) A math teacher and his colleague.B) A teacher and his student.C) A student and his classmate.D) A librarian and a student.二人谈论数学考试成绩，女士听说男士考了满分，特意祝贺，男士也相信女士考得不错。很明显，两人的关系是同学，故选C。例27 W: I have a sore throat and often feel dizzy recently.M: Well, let me have a look. Well, its nothing serious.Q: What is the probable relationship between the two speakers?A) Teacher and student.B) Waiter and customer.C) Patient and doctor.D) Stewardess and passenger.关系题，第一句是病人看病时最常说的话，第二句有99的可能性是专业人员说的话，因此两人是病人和医生，故选C。6.场所题。在不同场所(如餐馆、宾馆、医院、银行、机场等)，人们谈话的内容一般与场所密切关联。此类考题通常会选取比较典型的话题，如地点在医院，对话内容可能是与身体状况相关的讨论；在机场，话题可能与航班或机场设施有关。例28 M: Excuse me. Id like to place an advertisement for a used car in the Sunday edition of your paper.W: OK, but you have to run your advertisement all week: We cant quote rates for just Sunday.Q: Where is the conversation most probably taking place?A) At a newsstand.B) At a car dealers.C) At a publishing house.D) At a newspaper office.对话有几个关键词place an advertisement，Sunday edition，只要抓住这几个词就不会选错。男士想在周日版上登出售二手车的广告，向女士咨询，女士表示广告必须登满一周。“周日版”告诉我们这和报纸报社有关，因此这个对话的地点只能是在报社，故选D。newsstand是“书报亭，报刊摊”，常识告诉我们出版社、报刊摊不会承揽广告业务。例29 W: Dear, I feel hungry now. How about you? ,M: So do I. Let me call the room service. Hello, room service, please send a menu to room 320 right away.Q: Where are the two speakers?A) In a hotel.B) At a dinner table.C) In the street.D) At the mans house.听到room service，应立刻想到宾馆。打电话叫人送菜单到320房间，毫无疑问对话一定是在宾馆里，故选A。例30 W: You seem very confident about the job interview, dont you?M: Yes, I feel ready for it. I bought a good suit in a clothing store and had my hair cut. I had studied almost everything about finance and economics.Q: Where is the man probably going to work?A) In a bank.B) In a school.C) In a clothing store.D) In a barbershop.提示词：job interview，good suit，had hair cut，studied finance and economics。这些词直接告诉我们某人为面试穿了新衣、理了头发，而且还学了所有与金融和经济学有关的东西，那么他将应聘的工作必然是与金融和经济学有关的，选项里必然有关的只有A。7. 数字题。四级；考试的数字题会涉及重量、价钱、房间号、电话号码、时间等。有时一个对话中出现多个数字，考生需要根据提问内容对这些数字作一些取舍或简单的四则运算。做数字题时，除了必须对数字敏感、反应快之外，还要注意数字后面的量词，听的时候最好把数字记下来，听清楚每个数字对应什么事物有几个、在几楼、是几号、多少钱等等，注意区分单位数量、单价和总量、总价，听问题时要听清问的是差额还是总数。涉及价钱的数量题需要掌握一些量词，如：美元：dollar元，cent分，quarter二角五分(dollar有时也可称为buck，如20 dollars也可以说成20 bucks。)英镑：poundpound sterling镑，penny便士其他与钱相关的词语：bill钞票，note纸币，check支票，credit card信用卡，bank account银行账户，tip小费，change找零长度量词：mile英里，foot英尺，inch英寸，kilometer千米，meter米，centimeter厘米，millimeter毫米容积和重量量词：liter升，quart夸脱，gallon加仑，pound磅。kilogram公斤表数量的词组：a dozen一打(12只) a score二十例31 M: I want two C90 and three C60 cassettes, please.W: Yes, certainly. 5 pounds for two C90, and 7 pounds for three C60.Q: How many pounds will the man pay?A) 12 pounds B) 60 pounds C) 90 pounds D) 20 pounds这是一道购物算账题，涉及的数字较多，容易混淆，加之有的学生不熟悉计价用语，根本搞不清楚什么几个多少钱，糊里糊涂就做错了。5 pounds for two C90 cassettes是两盒90分钟磁带5英镑。两种磁带加起来一共是5+7=12，数字虽多，有用的却只有两个。听的时候要特别细心，不要被一堆数字弄懵了。例32 M: This jacket costs 40 dollars, but I have only 30 dollars.W: I have 16 dollars.Q: How much money do they have between them?A) 46 dollars B) 10 dollars C) 40 dollars D) 6 dollars男士想买夹克衫，但钱不够，差10美金，女士也只有16元。对话不难理解，解题的关键在于听懂提问。How much money do they have between them是他们共有多少钱，不是他们钱的差额是多少、也不是买完衣服还剩几块，40美金在这里是个干扰，要得出答案很简单，把两人的钱加一下就出来了。选 A。例33 M: Id like a single room for two nights, please.W: Would you sign here, please? Thank you. Here is your key. Your room is on the third floor, No. 357. Would you like the porter to take the baggage for you?Q: Where is his room?A) 1st floor, No. 357 B) 3rd floor, No. 527C) 3rd floor, No. 357 D) 2nd floor, No. 527这是一道住址题，主要考考生听记数字的能力。听音之前先浏览选项，看到全是数字，听的时候就应准备好做记录。first和third比较容易听错，但这道题有个小窍门，一般旅馆房间号的第一个数字与楼层相同，这样楼层和房间号这两个数字只要有一个听清楚了，都可以用排除法缩小正确答案的范围。不过解这样的题总的来说还是要靠听记数字的硬功夫。答案为C。例34 W: Heres a 10-dollar bill. Give me two tickets for tonights show please.M: Two tickets and heres $1.40 change.Q: How much does one ticket cost?A) $1.40 B) $4.30 C) $6.40 D) $8.60此题问单价，已知买两张票，付10美元，找回1.4美元，则单价应是10减去1.4的余额再除以2，简单一算，每张票是4.3美元。这道题除了要听清几个数字之外，还要知道change的意思是“找的钱”。例35 M: I wonder if Sue will be here by five oclock.W: Her husband said she left home at half past four. She should be here at ten after five and a quarter past five at the latest.Q: What time did Sue leave home?A) 5:15 B) 5:10 C) 4:30 D) 5:00做此题的关键在于理清楚各时间点对应的动作，并且熟悉时间的各种表达方法。根据女士听说Sue四点半离家，最晚应该在5点10分到5点15分之间到达。问题是Sue是何时离开家的?搞清时间关系后，答案一目了然。2006-12-5 13:38:00homlee3.态度题。在短对话中常常出现对话人之一就某件事、某个话题或另一对话人的观点、建议表示赞同、反对或发表自己看法的情景，态度题即是针对说话人的态度、观点出题，考查学生对对话内涵理解的一类题。做这类题目，可以根据说话人的语调、用词和某些标志性的短语判断。态度题通常对第二人提问，选项为第二人观点、看法的再现，但第一个人往往引出话题，故对第一个人的话要抓重要名词。例17 M: I think its high time we turned our attention to the danger of drunken driving now.W: I cant agree with you more. You see, countless innocent people are killed by drunken drivers each year.Q: What does the woman mean?A) Most people killed in traffic accidents are heavy drinkers.B) People should pay more attention to the danger of drunk driving.C) Drunk drivers are not guilty.D) She does not agree with the man.I cant agree with you more是表肯定、同意的惯用短语。男士建议关注酒醉驾车现象，女士用此句表示赞同男士的建议，接着指出酒后驾车造成的严重后果。countless是 “数不清的”，不等同于most，且killed by drunken drivers的意思并非说被害的是drinkers，故A错，C说drunk drivers无罪，但本对话没有评述，故属无关选项，D是对女士所说I cant agree with you more的理解错误。正确选项应为B。注意Its high time we turned our attention to.为虚拟语气“该做某事了”，一般后面的信息是对话的主要话题。例18 W: Did you go to see the concert of the Rolling Stone yesterday?M: I wouldnt miss it for anything.Q: What do we learn about the man?A) He didnt go to see the concert.B) He would rather do anything else than go to the concert.C) He did go to the concert.D) He missed the concert for something important.willwould not miss sth. for anything也是一个惯用表达，意思是“决不会错过”，表明一种坚决的态度。由此可判断男士前一天晚上去看了滚石的音乐会，故选C。例19 M: Wouldnt you get bored with the same routine year after year teaching the same things to children ?W: I dont think it would be as boring as working in an office. Teaching is most stimulating.Q: What does the woman imply about office work?A) Its awfully dull.B) Its really exciting.C) Its very exhausting.D) Its quite challenging.as boring as是一个同级比较句，当被问到是否觉得年复一年地教书很枯燥时，女士把教书和坐办公室做行政工作作了一个比较：I dont think it would be as boring as working in an office.表明她认为教书不像做行政工作那么枯燥，也就是说行政工作非常枯燥。因此应选A。例20 W: How about going to dinner and movie with me tonight?M: Id love to, but I havent collected enough materials for my presentation on tomorrows geology class and my partners will come at eight to discuss how the presentation should go.Q: What does the conversation tell us?A) The man will go to dinner and movie with the woman.B) The man will make a presentation tomorrow.C) The man doesnt know how a presentation goes.D) The man loves dinner and movie.Id love to，but.是委婉拒绝的一种表达，类似的还有Id like to，but.或its a good idea，but.等。男士委婉地拒绝了女士的建议，显而易见应该选B。下面是一些对话中经常出现的表达态度的用语：赞 同 反 对You said it. I dont see why.You bet. I dont think so.You can say that again. I couldnt agree less.I cant agree more. You cant mean that.Thats it. You cant be serious.I know. Dont look at me.Sure/Of course/Certainly/Definitely/Absolutely. I doubt it.It sure is/Thats for sure. I dont see why.No doubt. You must be kidding.Thats how I feel. I wouldnt say that.Thats what Im thinking of. Not if I can help.熟记这些短语，对做好态度题大有帮助。另外态度题有时也通过语调反映出来，如下例：例21 M: The Browns asked me to their party next Sunday and I agreed.W: Are you sure? Didnt you promise Tom to take him to the Disney Land next Sunday?Q: What do we learn from the conversation?Are you sure?是升调，此处表怀疑、反对。女士提醒男士不该去参加派对，因为他早已答应带Tom去迪斯尼乐园。4.建议题。建议题的特征是说话人之一提出建议，主要的标志性建议句型有下面几种：How about. ? Why not. ?Shall we. ? Youd better.Isnt it nice that. If ! were you, .Wouldnt. ? Would you like.Wouldnt it be great if. ? What do you say. ?建议题的出题方向是建议的内容，选项会变换成另一种说法，考查学生对话语真正含义的理解。例22 W: Im thinking of taking five courses next semester.M: Wouldnt four be better?Q: What does the man mean?A) There are too many courses offered to students.B) The woman should take fewer courses next term.C) The man will take four courses next term.D) It is wiser to take more than four courses.对话和题目都很简单。女生要选5门课，男生建议选四门，建议是以反问的形式提出的。注意本题不可搞错对象，建议的对象是女生，不是男生。选项B换了一种说法，把选四门课说成是“少选一些课”，是正确选项。例23 M: Hi, Jane, do you have some change? I have to make a call on the pay phone.W: Pay phone? Why not use my mobile phone? Here you are.Q: What will the man most probably do?A) Get some change from Jane.B) Go Look for a pay phone.C) Use the womans phone.D) Pay for the phone call.男士向女士借零钱打电话，女士主动出借自己的手机。建议用了why not句型，故选C。例24 M: Ive had this new camera for a week and I still dont know how to work it, even with the handbook.W: Didnt a hotline number come with it?Q: What does the women imply the man should do?A) Take it back to the store.B) Find the warranty.C) Find the handbook.D) Call for help.本题的建议比较隐晦，是以否定反问句的形式出现的，难点有二：一是建议提的比较间接，用didnt a hotline number come with it而不是Maybe you can call the after-sales service，二是hotline number这个词对中国学生来说还是有些陌生的，而且谓语动词用的是come with it，不是中国学生熟悉的表达“is there a hotline number in the handbook?其实考生如果听清了第二个人的话，并且能明白hotline number意味着“打服务热线”就能找到正确答案D了。2006-12-5 13:38:00homlee2.细节题(事件、虚拟语气、弦外之音)。细节题通常着眼于考查考生对对话细节的掌握及综合分析推理能力。虽被称为细节题，这类题却并不仅局限于细节，它要求考生在掌握细节的基础上能够把握全局、理顺头绪。细节题中并非所有的细节都是有效的，有些只起到分散考生注意力、干扰考生思路的作用。所以做细节题，不可陷于对细节的穷究，而要通过细节把握对话的主题和脉络。听对话之前必须先浏览选项，大致预测谈话的主题和提问内容，如果选项分别为不同的主题，则听的时候要特别注意与此相关的内容；如选项为同一主题的不同陈述，则应注意谈话者的语气、时态、语态等。(1) 事件题。这样的对话一般会包含较多信息，关键信息和干扰信息混在一起，问题通常是：What do we learn from this conversation? What can be inferred from the man/woman? 考生必须能够将纷繁的信息理出头绪，辨别出有用信息并加以分析才能找到正确答案。做这类题应特别注意事件之间的关系，如：事件先后、逻辑。试看下例：例7 M: Hello, My name is Carlson. I believe you have a room booked for me.W: Carlson? Oh, yes, Mr. Carlson. Its a single room with a bath. On the second floor. I hope it will suit you, sir.Q: What does the conversation tell us?A) The man wants to reserve a room.B) The man reserved a room some time ago.C) The man has booked a room with no bath.D) The man wants to buy a fiat on the second floor.听录音之前浏览一下选项，看到全是与book a room有关，此时心中就应对话题有数了是关于在旅馆订房间的。注意第一个人的措辞：I believe you have a room booked for me，I believe显示说话人很有信心，他相信旅馆已经为他准备好房间了。第二人(接线员或前台接待)的答话中包含了很多细节如：客人的名字、房间规格及楼层，这些具体信息并不重要，只起干扰作用，但最后一句话很重要“I hope it will suit you”(希望它能让您满意)，只有安排好房间了，才能这样说。根据对话内容和男士的措辞推断，男士一定是以前订过房间，此次专门来确认的。选项A) The man wants to reserve a room说男士正在预订房间，显然不对，C和D陈述的细节有误也可排除，因此正确选项只能是B。例8 W: Youve sold your car. You dont need one?M: Not really. Ive never liked driving anyway. Now that weve moved to a place near the subway entrance, we can get about quite conveniently.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?A) The man enjoys traveling by car.B) The man lives far from the subway.C) The man is good at driving.D) The man used to own a car.女士问男士“你已经把车卖了，你不需要车吗?”男士的回答中信息较多从来就不喜欢驾车、现在搬家了、住的地方离地铁很近、去哪儿都很方便。选项则是与此相关的事实罗列：男士喜欢驾车、住得离地铁很远、驾驶技术高、过去有车，这里面只有一项正确。做题前可先看一下选项，注意各选项的话题，听的时候就要特别注意与此相关的内容。根据男士的回答可以排除A、B两个选项，C属无关项。从女士的问话可知男士以前有车，现在卖了。因此应选D。例9 M: Its seven oclock already. Mary should be home by now.W: Oh, I forgot to tell you that she called this afternoon a