略论中国古陶瓷器物名称英译的一般规范.doc

略论中国古陶瓷器物名称英译的一般规范一 术语 古陶瓷术语主要包括釉彩、纹饰、器型、工艺技法等几个方面，而器物名称也往往会涉及到这几个方面的的内容。 从目前看到的国外有关中国古陶瓷的著作中，术语在不同的时期有不同的叫法，这并不是说这些术语有对错之分，而是说这些术语越来越科学、准确，反映了中外学术界的交流与相互借鉴。国内古陶瓷出版物中器物名称的英译存在的主要问题是不准确、不科学，与国外学术界通行的译法存在差异；而中文英译的目的就是要让国外的相关人士看懂读懂，如果与国外的通行做法存在差异就不能够获得这种效果。 下面对一些在英译中出现差异较大的釉彩术语名词作一具体分析。1 famille verte 【英文释义】 Famille verte is a term coined by Jacquemart in the nineteenth century, and applies to the porcelain decorated in translucent enamels, among which green is dominant, iron red is opaque, but this rarely plays an important part in the decoration.Famille verte has two parts. One consists of ordinary overglaze decorated pieces, and the other of enamel on biscuit pieces, the distinctions between them not always being very clear. The enamel on biscuit type lends itself to slightly denser treatment and the use of white areas is drastically reduced. To the famille verte there may be limited additions of gold for some details, but gold does not normally occur on the enamel on biscuit type. Famille verte is applied only to types made from the seventeenth century onward (Kangxi period) which differ much in style from earlier wares. Famille verte has survived intermittently, having reached its apogee early in the eighteenth century.Famille noire and famille jaune are the variants under the general heading of famille verte. They use the same palette but the emphasis is either on the black or the yellow rather than the green, and in both cases these tend to be background colors. Black is the dominant background color of famille noire, famille noire consisits of a dull black ground covered with a green enamel. Yellow is the dominant background color of famille janue.The five-colored wares known as Wucai are complicated, as the blue had to be put on under the glaze and fired, and the enamel colores added and refired. Towards the end of the seventeenth century the use of underglaze blue in combination with the overglaze colors diminished. It is finally abandoned in favor of an overglaze blue, and it is to this type that the name truly applies.During the Kangxi period Wucai was replaced with the famille verte.【中文说明】 Famille verte 主要是对清朝康熙时部分五彩瓷及其后时期五彩瓷和素三彩的统称，尤以指五彩瓷为多。在famille verte中则又有famille noire 和 famille jaune的区分，前者是指墨地五彩，后者是指黄地五彩。对于康熙时期的五彩瓷，我们在翻译的时候都与一般五彩瓷同样对待，看不出二者的区别，但在国外学术界则是有严格的区分的。对于一般五彩瓷与famille verte 的区分主要通过蓝彩是属于釉上彩还是釉下彩来做出的。一般五彩瓷，主要是指明代五彩瓷和清代早期五彩瓷，其中的蓝彩仍然是釉下蓝彩，也就是青花；而famille verte 中的蓝彩则是釉上彩。国内出版的大部分文物及相关图录或著作中的英文翻译中，对于康熙这一部分蓝彩为釉上彩的五彩瓷的译法与一般五彩瓷的译法一样，没有做出区分，而在国外的同类著作中，则能看到明显的区分。【实例应用】a. Famille verte plate painted with a kingfisher and lotus plants. 五彩荷花翠鸟纹盘b. Famille verte saucer-dish painted with peach and pomegranate sprays and incised with dragons pursuing pearls among clouds. 素三彩花果刻云龙戏珠纹盘c. Famille noire vase painted with history stories. 墨地五彩历史故事图瓶2 famille rose 粉彩【英文释义】Famille rose is a term coined by Jacquemart in the nineteenth century and applies to a group of overglaze enameled porcelains which begins at the end of Kangxi. The delicate rose pink which is characteristic of the group is an opaque color derived from colloidal gold. All the colors in the group are opaque and stand up more in relief than those of the famille verte translucent type. The wider palette and more meticulous style of painting possible. By about the middle of the eighteenth century western subjects became a popular novelty. This group of enamels is also known by its Chinese name yangcai or fencai.【中文说明】 在目前能见到的汉英文物或考古词典中，都将famille rose 与 famille verte归在“粉彩”的条目之下，可见是将二者混淆了；此外还有直接用拼音“fen cai ”的。“粉彩”一词的英译当以国外学术界通用的译法为准，也就是译作famille rose。【实例应用】a. Famille rose vase painted with flower scrolls. 粉彩缠枝花卉纹瓶b. Famille rose jar painted with landscape and figures. 粉彩山水人物图罐3 peachbloom 豇豆红釉【英文释义】Peachbloom is the name of a reduced copper glaze effect developed in the Kangxi period. It is difficult to fire and so is used only on small vessels for the scholars table. Pieces are so fired as to produce a soft pinkish-red color, shading off to green in places. The effect is an expensive one to produce successfully, and all the best pieces are of the Kangxi period. The superintendent Zang Ying-xuan is generally credited with this innovation. Peachbloom is an extremely temperamental glaze used only for a small range of objects. There are eight vessels produced with this glaze. They are: a. coiled dragon vase, b. three-string vase, c. chrysanthemum vase, d. Guanyin vase, e. semi-spherical water pot (taibai zun), f. apple-shaped vase, g. shallow brush washer, h. seal-paste box.【中文说明】 Peachbloom 就是我们所说的豇豆红釉。国内出版物中基本上不用这一术语，而出现较多的是kidney-bean red, cowpea red等，都是依照字面的意思来直译的。此外，由于豇豆红有多种不同的叫法，如美人醉、孩儿脸等，有时也就依照中文字面译作 beatuys blush, childs face, 其实所指的器物都是一种，而这些译法未见得就很科学，也不是通行的用法。其实peachbloom 一词就是依照豇豆红的另一叫法“桃花片”而译出的，后成为这一种釉色品种通行的术语。【实例应用】 a. Peachbloom water pot incised with dragon roundels. 豇豆红釉刻团螭纹太白尊 b. Peachbloom chrysanthemum vase. 豇豆红釉菊瓣瓶4. Sancai 三彩【英文释义】A name given to certain lead silicate glazing techniques. The term is the polychorme wares of Tang, Liao and Song Dynasties, the common colors being yellow, white and green, especially pointing to Tang Sancai. It is also named for Ming ploychrome wares that known as Ming Sancai, in which the dominant background is yellow, with a decoration incised into the body and colored green, later other colors are to added. Fahua, which is produced of Ming Dynasty, is also named Sancai.【中文说明】三彩的译法有多种，常见的主要是 tri-color 和three-color，这两种都是依据字面的意思来直译的，但并不准确，因为三彩的“三”并不代表这一品种只有三种颜色，而只是说明色彩较多而已。虽然在国外把唐三彩、辽三彩和宋三彩、以及明代三彩统称为三彩，但它们之间还是有所区别的。唐三彩用白色粘土作胎，用含铜、铁、钴、锰等金属元素的矿物作着色剂，釉色以黄、绿、白三色为主，同时还有蓝、紫等色。辽三彩受唐三彩的影响，多用黄、绿、白三色，它与唐三彩的区别主要是胎土不同，没有蓝色，施釉不交融，釉面少流淌现象。宋三彩指宋、金时期生产的低温彩色釉陶制品，在唐三彩和辽三彩的基础上，除黄、绿、白三色以外，还有艳红、乌黑等色，并新创了翡翠釉，但仍没有蓝色。明、清两代也生产三彩制品，以黄、绿、紫为主色，在涩胎上用彩釉填绘刻划好的图案，因其不用红彩，所以又有素三彩之称。素三彩始于明代，正德时期最为精致，清代康熙年间十分盛行。三彩的英译以拼音出之，更能直接表明意思，避免了其他英译表面意思带来的不必要的误解。【实例应用】a. Sancai horse and groom of Tang Dynasty. 唐三彩马与马夫b. Sancai tripod censer of Ming Dynasty. 明素三彩三足炉5 Wucai 五彩【英文释义】Wucai is a term applied to procelain of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It often decorated in underglaze blue and overglaze enamel colors such as red, green, yellow and black and occasionally with a clear turquoise enamel as well. Blue is used like any other colors, but it is a underglaze color and other colors are overglaze. At the end of seventeenth century, Kangxi reigon of Qing Dynasty, Wucai eventually developed into famille verte.【中文说明】 五彩的英译以five-colors 和polychrome 为多见，近来多采用Wucai 。Wucai在国外学术界所指的主要是明代五彩瓷和清代早期五彩瓷，其中的蓝彩仍然是釉下蓝彩，也就是青花作为一种颜色来使用；之后的五彩瓷习惯上用famille verte来称呼。【实例应用】a. Wucai double-gourd wall vase painted with phoenix and flowers. 五彩凤穿花纹葫芦形壁瓶 b. Wucai pen-tray painted with dragons and phoenixs among clouds above waves. 五彩龙凤纹笔盒6 Doucai 斗彩【英文释义】 Doucai is a term for porcelains of the Ming and Qing Dynasties decorated in a particularly refined and delicate style. It is a particular type of imperial ware developed during the Chenghua period of Ming Dynasty. It is a nice combination of underglaze blue painting and overglaze enamelling of a very superior king. The main outlines and some of the details are painted in underglaze blue and overglaze translucent enamels washed over to make the rest of the design.【中文说明】斗彩在以往的文献中英译为contrasted colors和contending colors较为多见，但这两种译法都不能够非常准确的反映出斗彩的确切涵义，因而还是以汉语拼音的Doucai来指称更直接些，且已为大多数学者所接受。【实例应用】a. Doucai cup painted with grapes. 斗彩葡萄纹杯b. Doucai bowl painted with pheasants and peonys among stones. 斗彩雉鸡牡丹山石纹碗7. Fahua 法花【英文释义】Fahua is also basically of Sancai. The decoration is normally outlined by threads or reticulated, and confined within the raised trail of slip or clay. The pieces usually have a turquoise or purple-blue ground and are decorated in yellow, white, and turquoise or blue with green interiors. Sometimes details such as the faces and hands of the figures ate left in the biscuit. In the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century they are of porcelain but this gradually turns to stoneware and earthenware.【中文说明】法花，又叫珐华、法华，是在琉璃釉的基础上发展出来的釉色品种。出现于元代，明中期以后在山西晋南一带较为盛行，景德镇也仿烧法花器物，但胎体从陶变为了瓷。法花的英译也有多种，但都不是十分确切，目前以用Fahua较为普遍。【实例应用】a. Fahua jar designed with the story of eight Taoist Immortals. 法花八仙故事图罐b. Fahua meiping designed with winged dragons above waves. 法花海水翼龙纹梅瓶 目前，国内在古陶瓷术语的使用上还存在一定的混乱，虽然有的专业汉英辞典中收录了一些术语，但往往是对出现的术语统统收录，并没有指出哪一个是常用的或是最规范的，这样使用者如果没有一定的相关知识，也就无从取舍，在使用上难免出现问题。因此，我们应该时刻关注国外的学术信息，了解国外学术界的新动向，在专业术语的使用上与国际学术界保持一致。二语法 语法在翻译过程中是一个同样重要的问题，实际上也就是一个词语搭配的顺序问题，但这个顺序有一定的规律，但同样存在特殊情况，因而不能一概而论。英语的语法与中文的使用习惯是存在根本的差别的，切忌用中文的语序去套英语。陶瓷名称的英译也是一样，虽然名称只是一个词组而非句子，但这个词组是一个相对较长而复杂的词组，需要按照一定的顺序来组织词语，语法显得就十分重要。 先看一个例子： Blue and white bowl painted with dragons and clouds，中文是“青花云龙纹碗”。可以看出，这一名称的表述方式是：釉彩品种+器型+工艺技法+纹