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情态动词教学讲义一、 情态动词的用法1. must(1) must表示自己的主观看法或要求别人必须做某事,意为“必须,应该”。We must learn English hard. 我们必须努力学习英语。(2) must表示推测,意为“准是,一定”,一般指可能性很大。The woman must be Li Leis mother. 那个妇女一定是李雷的母亲。(3) must表示推测时,其否定式不用mustnt, 而用cant.The door is closed. He cant be at home.(4) mustnt表示“不可以,禁止”。You mustnt play on the road. 你不可以在路上玩。(5) 以must开头的疑问句,肯定回答用must,否定回答用neednt,意为“不必”。(6) must与have to的区别:must表示主观的看法,have to表示客观的需要。must只有一种形式,而have to有多种形式,第三人称单数现在时用has to,过去式用had to,将来时态用will have to。2. needneed既可用作情态动词,又可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时,它只有一种形式,后跟不带to的动词不定式,只用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时,它有动词的全部形式,即现在时单数第三人称needs,现在分词needing,过去式和过去分词needed,后跟带to的不定式,可用于一切句式。3. 比较can和be able to(1) can, could表示“能力,可能”,(过去时用could),只用于现在式和过去式。be able to可以用于各种时态。They will be able to tell you the news soon.(2) 以下情况下只用be able to:A. 位于助动词后B. 情态动词之后C. 表示过去某时刻动作时D. 用于句首表示条件E. 表示成功地做了某事时,只能用was/were able to,不能用could。He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.战争爆发前他得以逃离欧洲。【注意】could不表示时态,其特殊用法有:(1) 提出委婉的请求,(注意在回答中部可用could)-Could you lend me your bike?-Yes, you can. / No, you cant.(2)在否定、疑问句中表示推测或怀疑He couldnt be a bad man.4. 比较may与might(1) 表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;may放在句首,表示祝愿。May you succeed!He might be at home.【注】might表示推测时,用might代替may时,有时语气更委婉,更不肯定,这时might不表示时态。(2) 成语搭配:may/might as well, 后面接不带to的不定式,意为“不妨”。If that is the case, we may as well try.5. 比较have to和must(1) 两词都是“必须”的意思,have to表示客观的需要,must表示说话人主观上的看法,即客观上的必要。My mother was ill, so I had to look after her at home. (客观上需要做这件事)He said that they must work hard. (主观上要做这件事)(2) have to有人称、数、时态的变化,而must只有一种形式,但must可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。He had to look after his sister yesterday.(3) 在否定结构中,dont have to表示“不必”,mustnt表示“禁止”You dont have to tell him about it.You mustnt tell him about it.6. 表示推测的用法Can, could, may, might, must都可表示推测,其用法如下:(1) 情态动词+动词原形表示对现在或将来的情况的推测,此时动词通常为系动词。I dont know where she is, she may be in Shenzhen.(2)情态动词+动词现在进行时表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.(3)情态动词+动词完成时表示对过去情况的推测We would have finished this work by the end of next December.The road is wet. It must have rained last night.(4) 情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。Your mother must have been looking for you.(5) 推测的否定形式,疑问形式用cant, couldnt表示Mike cant have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.【注意】could, might表示推测时不表示时态,其推测的程度不如can, may.7. should和ought to二者都为“应该”的意思,可用于各种人称。-Ought he to go?-Yes. I think he ought to.表示要求、命令时,语气由should应该,had better最好,must必须 渐强。8. had betterhad better表示“最好”,相当于一个助动词,它只有一种形式,它后面要跟动词原形。It is pretty cold. Youd better put on my coat.Youd better not play with the dirty dog.9. would rather would rather表示“宁愿”,would ratherthan宁愿而不愿I would rather stay here than go home.= I would stay here rather than go home.10. will和would(1) would like; Would like to do = want to “想要”,为固定搭配。Would you like to go with me?(2) Will you? Would you like? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时,疑问句中一般用some,而不是any。Would you like some cake?(3) 否定结构中用will, 一般不用would, wont you是一种委婉语气。Wont you sit down?11. 情态动词的回答方式Need you? Yes, I must. / No, I neednt.Must you? I dont have to.12. 带to的情态动词带to的情态动词有四个:ought to, have to, used to, be to, 它们的疑问,否定形式应予以注意。Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?She didnt use to play tennis before she was fourteen.You ought not to have told her all about it.Ought he to see a doctor at once?Ought to本身作为情态动词使用,其他的词作为实义动词使用,变疑问,否定时,须有do等助动词协助。13. 比较need和dare这两词既可做实义动词用,又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词,两者只能用于疑问句,否定句和条件句。Need做实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to,而dare做实义动词时,后面的to常可以省略。(1) 实义动词; need 需要,要求need+n./ to do sth.(2) 情态动词:need,只用原形need后加do, 否定形式为need not.Need you go yet? 你还需要走吗?Yes, I must. / No, I neednt.(3) need的被动含义:need,want, require, worth(adj.)后面接doing也可以表示被动。Need doing = need to be done二、 例题讲解1.Shall we go skating or stay at home? - Which _ do?A.do you rather B.would you rather C.will you rather D.should you rather【析】would rather+do sth 意为“宁愿”,本题为疑问句,would提前,故选B.2.Shall I tell John about it ?- No, you _. Ive told him already.A.neednt B.wouldnt C.mustnt D.shouldnt【析】neednt表不必,不用,依题意,选A.3.Dont forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow. - _.A. I dont. B. I wont C. I cant D. I havent【析】will可作情态动词,也可作实义动词表“意愿,意志,决心”,本题表示决心,故选B.4. It _ be Helen. She has gone to Beijing.A.cant B.mustnt C.may D.should【析】cant表示不可能,肯定不是,依题意选A.三、 随堂练习1. Must I hand in the homework now?No, you _.A.mustnt B.cant C.neednt D.may not 2. You _ talk so loud in the library.A.neednt B.mustnt C.cant D.not3. You must be here at six tomorrow morning. - Sorry. I _ be here so early.A.need B.may C.must D.cant4.Dont be late. You _ be there on time.A.must B.can C.may D.need

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