2019年高考英语考纲解读与热点专题09非谓语动词教学案.docx

专题09 非谓语动词【2019年高考考纲解读】近三年高考主要考查非谓语动词的作用和形式。在作用方面主要考查作宾语时用不定式还是动名词；作宾语、状语、补语时用不定式还是分词；它们作某一成分时的特殊情况及特殊结构。在形式方面主要考查用一般式还是完成式、主动式还是被动式、现在分词还是过去分词。【重点、难点剖析】一、非谓语动词作状语1不定式作状语不定式作状语通常表示：(1)原因(多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后)；(2)目的(可用so as to/in order to替换，但so as to一般不可置于句首)；(3)结果(常表出乎意料的结果，常为only to do)。We were very excited to hear the news.(原因)To get there on time I got up very early.(目的)He rushed to school only to find there was nobody there.(结果)2现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别(1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。Not knowing what to do，he went to his parents for help.由于不知怎么办才好，他去找他父母帮忙。(2)过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。(3)部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示被动关系，其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：seated(坐着的)、hidden(躲着)、stationed(驻扎)、lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)、born in(出身于)、dressed in(穿着)、tired of(厌烦了)等。Lost/Absorbed in deep thought，he didnt hear the sound.3独立主格结构作状语如果分词作状语的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，须在分词前面加上它自己的主语，这种结构叫独立主格结构，其作用相当于状语从句；有时也用with复合结构(with宾语宾语补足语)作状语。(1)名词/主格代词现在分词名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系。The girl staring at him(As the girl stared at him)，he didnt know what to say.女孩两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。(2)名词/主格代词过去分词名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。The problems solved(As the problems were solved)，the quality has been improved.随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。(3)名词/主格代词不定式名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。He is going to make a model plane，some old parts to help.借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。(4)with复合结构(with宾语宾语补足语)作状语，是用现在分词、过去分词还是动词不定式作宾语补足语，关键是看宾语和宾语补足语之间的关系。With time passing by(time和pass之间为主动关系)，he almost forgot everything in the past.随着时间的流逝，他几乎忘记了过去所有的事情。He sat on the chair，with his hands tied(hands和tie之间为被动关系)behind his back.他坐在椅子上，双手在背后捆着。 二、非谓语动词作主语、表语、宾语1非谓语动词作主语(1)Laughing helps your body stay healthy and can even help you fight pain.(动名词作主语)(2)To see is to believe.(不定式作主语)(3)It is important to respect people.(不定式短语作主语，it作形式主语)(4)It is no use crying over spilt milk.(动名词短语作主语，it作形式主语)2非谓语动词作表语(1)动名词作表语时，说明主语的性质，回答what引导的问句。(2)不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作或表示将来的动作。3非谓语动词作宾语非谓语动词作宾语的主要是不定式和动名词(1)afford，agree，choose，determine，expect，decide，learn，offer，manage，hope，want，wish，promise，refuse，fail，pretend，happen等动词后跟不定式作宾语。(2)appreciate，avoid，bear，consider，dislike，delay，enjoy，escape，finish，hate，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，postpone，resist，risk，stand，suggest等动词后跟动名词作宾语。(3)以下动词后接不定式和动名词作宾语意义不同。动词接动名词作宾语接不定式作宾语remember记得曾做过某事记得要做某事forget忘记曾做过某事忘记要做某事try尝试做某事努力做某事regret对做过的事表示后悔对要做的事表示遗憾mean意味着做某事企图(打算)做某事cant help禁不住做某事不能帮助做某事go on继续做未完成的事做完一件事后，接着做另一件事stop中断正在做的事中断正在做的事，去做别的事【特别提醒】1动名词作宾语时，可以带逻辑主语。此时，逻辑主语可以是物主代词、人称代词的宾格或所有格。Do you mind my/me reading your paper?你介意我看你的考卷吗？2作宾语的动名词和不定式除了一般式和主动式，还有完成式、被动式。 完成式表示该动作比谓语动作先发生。否定式在doing/to do前加not。(1)I regret not having taken her advice.(not须放在having前)我感到遗憾，没有听从她的建议。(2)They couldnt stand being treated like that.他们不能忍受被那样对待。(3)He decided to help me but I pretended to have finished my job.他决定帮我，但我假装已经完成工作了。三、非谓语动词作定语1不定式作定语表未来的动作且后置，它与所修饰的名词或不定式代词存在主谓、动宾或同位关系。You are the third one to enter the room.(主谓关系)I have something important to say.(动宾关系)He has no opportunity to go abroad.(同位关系)2动名词作定语多前置，表示所修饰的事物的性能和用途。a reading room( a room for reading)3现在分词作定语表主动和进行，可转换为定语从句。The question being discussed (which is being discussed) now is important.4过去分词作定语表被动和完成，也可转换为定语从句。The question discussed(which was discussed) yesterday is important.四、非谓语动词作宾语补足语1advise/allow/ask/beg/expect/encourage/force/get/invite/order/permit/persuade/tell/warn/wish等动词后面常用不定式作补语。如：Tell the children not to play on the street.The police warned us not to go out at night.2make/let/have等使役动词后面用不带to的不定式作补语，但在被动句中则使用带to的不定式。如：They make the students do too much homework every day.The students are made to do too much homework every day.3感官动词后面可用不带to的不定式或分词作补语。从时间上看，不定式表示发生或完成；现在分词强调正在进行；过去分词表示完成。从逻辑关系上看，不定式和现在分词与宾语之间存在着主谓关系；过去分词与宾语之间存在着动宾关系。如：I saw him cross the street.我看到他穿过了大街。I saw him crossing the street.我看到他正在穿过大街。I saw him surrounded by a group of students.我看到一群学生围着他。五、非谓语动词的否定式、进行式、完成式和被动式1非谓语动词的否定式均是在前面加not。He pretended not to see me.I regret not following his advice.Not having tried his best，he failed in the exam.2不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式。当谓语动词表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式动作正在进行，不定式要用进行式。The boy pretended to be working hard.当不定式的动作在谓语动作发生时，不定式要用完成式。I happened to have seen the film.当不定式的逻辑主语为不定式动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动式。The patient asked to be operated on at once.3动名词的完成式、被动式、完成被动式和带有逻辑主语的复合结构。We remembered having seen the film.He came to the party without being invited.He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.His not knowing English troubled him a lot.4现在分词的完成式和被动式。当现在分词的动作早于谓语动作发生时，现在分词要用完成式。Having done his homework，he played basketball.当现在分词的逻辑主语为其动作的承受者时，现在分词要用被动式。The problem being discussed is very important.Having been told many times，the naughty boy made the same mistake.【题型示例】题型一、辨别谓语与非谓语动词【例1】(2018全国)You dont have to run fast or for long (1) (see) the benefit.You may drink，smoke，be overweight and still reduce your risk of (2) (die) early by running.【变式探究】 Before you quit your job, _(consider) how your family would feel about your decision.【答案】consider【解析】考查祈使句。句意：你在放弃工作之前，考虑一下你的家人对你的决定的看法。分析句子结构可知，before引导的是时间状语从句，其后是主句，主句中没有出现主语，说明这是一个祈使句，应用动词原形consider。【举一反三】Let those in need _(understand) that we will go all out to help them.【答案】understand【变式探究】_ it with me should be a good choice.Trust me!AWhen left BLeaveCIf you leave DLeaving【答案】D【解析】句意：把他留给我应该是一个好选择。 相信我。 leaving是动名词作主语。【变式探究】 Please do me a favor_ my friend Mr.Smith to Youth Theater at 7：30 tonight.Ato invite Binviting Cinvite Dinvited 【答案】C【解析】该题目把祈使句，非谓语动词以及破折号的作用综合到一起来进行考查。句意：请帮我个忙邀请我的朋友史密斯先生今晚7点半到青年剧院。破折号后是一个祈使句。【特别提醒】谓语：谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明，指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。 非谓语：在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫作非谓语动词。题型二、非谓语动词做主语、宾语【例2】(2018全国)I quickly lower myself，ducking my head to avoid (look) directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel challenged.答案looking解析avoid后接动名词作宾语。avoid doing sth.避免做某事。【变式探究】(2017全国卷)Fast food is full of fat and salt; by _ (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.【解析】考查动词ing作介词宾语。在介词about，before，after，for，with，by等之后作宾语应该用动词ing形式，故用eating。【答案】eating【变式探究】(2017全国卷)This included digging up the road, _(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.【答案】laying【变式探究】(2016新课标，67)My ambassadorial duties will include _(introduce)British visitors to the 120plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.【答案】introducing【解析】句意：我的大使职责将包括把英国参观者介绍给成都的120多只大熊猫及其他一些在碧峰峡雾山中一个研究中心里的熊猫们。include为及物动词，后面应用动名词形式作宾语。【举一反三】(2015安徽，27改编)_(ignore) the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make. 立意与点拨：设空处位于句首，考虑句中可能缺少主语或状语，再分析句子成分，句中已有谓语动词will be，句中缺少的是主语，再根据句意可知应用动名词形式。 答案：Ignoring句意为：忽视这两种研究结果的差异将是你所犯的最严重错误之一。分析句子结构可知，句子的谓语部分是will be，one of the worst mistakes是表语，you make是省略关系代词的定语从句，修饰mistakes。很显然，_ the difference between the two research findings是主语部分，结合语境可知设空处用动名词作主语。答案为Ignoring。【变式探究】 (2015课标全国，64)In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition” a house without_(use)electric equipment. 立意与点拨：空格前有介词without，提示词为use，可知此处应填动名词形式作宾语。 答案：using句意为：除了朴素之美外，令人赞叹的是这些土坯房具有不使用电气设备就能自动进行空气调节的能力。介词without后面用名词或动名词作宾语，故填using。【变式探究】Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and _(reduce) to ruins, the city took on a new look.【答案】being reduced【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：在遭遇非常严重的地震变成废墟之后不久，那个城市就呈现出了崭新的面貌。and为并列连词，连接after后的两个宾语suffering from.和being reduced to . 。be reduced to (doing) sth.使沦为，固定结构。 【举一反三】I remembered _(lock) the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.【答案】to lock【变式探究】I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office.She just refuses _ talking while she works.Aworking; stopping Bto work；stoppingCworking；to stop Dto work；to stop 【答案】 C【解析】stand在这里表示“忍受”，后面要求用动名词作宾语，而“refuse”要用不定式作宾语。【变式探究】 Isnt it time you got down to _ the papers?Amark Bbe markedCbeing marked Dmarking 【答案】D【解析】“got down to”中的“to”是介词，因而要用动名词作宾语，而动名词“marking”与其逻辑主语“you”是主动关系。【特别提醒】非谓语作主语、宾语的重点(1)it充当动词不定式的形式主语或形式宾语It is important for us to learn English very well.对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。I think it important for us to learn English very well.我认为对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。(2)it作形式主语使用动名词的句型It is no use/no good/uselessdoing sth It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is fun (a great pleasure, a waste of time) doing sth It is a waste of time trying to explain.设法解释是浪费时间。题型三、非谓语动词做表语【例3】(2017全国卷)They are required _(process) the food that we eat，to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.【解析】分析句子结构可知，此处考查be required to do sth.的固定用法。考生要善于分析句子结构，再结合自己的知识储备才能快速准确地确定答案。【答案】to process 【变式探究】(2016浙江，1)Are you sure youre ready for the test?No problem.Im well _(prepare)for it.【答案】prepared【解析】句意：你确定你准备好考试了吗？没问题。我已经做好准备了。I作主语，be动词后要接动词的ed形式充当表语。【举一反三】We got a little _(sunburn)，but the day had been so relaxing that we didnt mind. 立意与点拨：给出的提示词为动词，并且句中也有了谓语动词got，考虑设空处应用非谓语动词形式；再分析sunburn与其逻辑主语we的关系可判断应用过去分词形式。 答案：sunburned或sunburnt本题考查“get过去分词”表示状态。got在该题中为连系动词，且sunburn与we之间为动宾关系，故应用过去分词作表语。因此，答案为sunburned或sunburnt。【变式探究】The engine just wont start. Something seems _(go) wrong with it.【答案】to have gone【举一反三】Tom sounds very much _(interest) in the job, but Im not sure whether he can manage it.【答案】interested【解析】“sound”是连系动词，应使用形容词化的分词作表语。“interest”的现在分词表示主语所具有的特征，意思是“令人感兴趣的”；过去分词表示主语所处的状态，意思是“感兴趣的”。【变式探究】Tom sounds very much _ in the job, but Im not sure whether he can manage it.Ainterested Binteresting Cinterestingly Dinterestedly【答案】A【变式探究】 Please remain _；the winner of the prize will be announced soon.Aseating Bseated Cto seat Dto be seated【答案】B【解析】“seat”是及物动词，“be seatedsit down”。此处“seatedsitting”。“remain seated”保持坐着的状态。句意：请各位在座位上坐着；获奖者很快就会宣布的。【特别提醒】非谓语作表语的重点(1)不定式、动名词与分词作表语的区别。不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语，含义是回答主语“是什么”；分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，含义是回答主语“怎么样”。 Our plan is to keep the affair secret.我们的计划是让这件事成为秘密。Their job is making wheelchairs for disabled people.他们的工作是为残疾人制造轮椅。The music they are playing sounds exciting.他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。This beautiful village remains unknown to the rest of the world.这个美丽的村庄仍未被外界所知。(2)现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别。现在分词和过去分词作表语都是用于回答主语“怎么样”的。现在分词说明主语的特征，过去分词说明主语的状态。如： This dog is frightening.这条狗让人害怕。(说明狗的特征)This dog is frightened.这条狗有些害怕。(说明狗的心理状态)Climbing is tiring and we are completely tired after a days climbing.爬山是累人的，爬了一天的山我们都全累坏了。(tiring说明climbing的特征，tired说明我们的状态)题型四、非谓语动词做宾语补足语【例4】The manager was satisfied to see many new products _ (develop) after great effort. 立意与点拨：提示词为动词，且句中已有谓语was satisfied to see，便会考虑此处为“动词(see/hear/feel/watch/notice等)名词或代词宾补”结构；再根据所给的动词和其逻辑主语的关系确定答案。 答案：developed句意为：经过一番努力之后，看到许多新产品被开发出来，经理感到很满意。此处为see sth. done结构，动词develop与宾语many new products之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词作宾补表示被动、已完成，故答案为developed。 【变式探究】 When we saw the road _(block) with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.【答案】blocked【举一反三】Passengers are permitted _(carry) only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.【答案】to carry【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：乘客只被允许带一件手提行李登机。该题考查permit的固定搭配be permitted to do sth.(被允许做某事)的用法。动词不定式在permit sb. to do中作宾语补足语，但在be permitted to do中作主语补足语。根据passengers与carry之间的主动关系可确定填to carry。【变式探究】The teacher asked us _ so much noise.Adont make Bnot makeCnot making Dnot to make【答案】D【解析】在动词“ask”后面用不定式作宾语补足语，其否定形式是“not to do”。【变式探究】 Excuse me，sir, where is Room 301?Just a minute.Ill have Bob _ you to your room.Ashow Bshows Cto show Dshowing【答案】A【解析】“have sb do sth”意为命令或安排某人做某事。根据提供的情景可判断出让Bob带你到房间去，“have sb doing sth”表示使某人一直处于某种状态中。【特别提醒】非谓语动词做宾语补足语的要点：(1)主动关系用现在分词，被动关系用过去分词，将来的动作用不定式。(2)几个特别的结构have宾语do/doing/done “ have 宾语 do sth ”意为“让/叫/使某人做某事”。此结构中的 have 是使役动词，宾语后的 do sth 是不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。The boss often has them work for 14 hours a day.老板经常要他们一天工作14 个小时。“have 宾语 doing”意为“叫/让/使某人做某事或让某种情况发生”。宾语后面用现在分词作宾语补足语，表示宾语与现在分词表示的动作之间为主动关系，且动作正在进行。Dont have the dog barking much, Lilin.李林，别让狗狂吠不停。“ have 宾语done”意为“让/叫/使/请别人做某事”或者是“遭受/遭遇了，此时，主语是无意中的受动者，而不是动作的执行者”的意思。宾语后面用过去分词作宾语补足语，说明宾语与过去分词表示的动作之间是被动关系。We had the machine mended just now.我们刚才请人把机器修好了。He had his leg injured while playing football.他在踢足球时腿受了伤。get宾语to do/doing/done 三种结构的意义请参看上述“have宾语do/doing/done”的意义解释。He got his sister to help him with his clothes.他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。Can you really get that old clock going again.你真的能让那辆旧钟再走起来吗？Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital.多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。catch sb doing sth逮住某人干某事If she catches me reading her diary, shell be furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的。 make oneself done oneself 与其后的过去分词存在着动宾关系，或者说是被动关系He raised his voice in order to make himself heard.他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。题型五、非谓语动词做定语【例5】(2016新课标，66).a TV show in the mid1980s，when I was the first Western TV reporter_(permit)to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.【答案】permitted【解析】句意：那时我是第一个被允许拍摄一个特殊的关于照料的单元的西方电视台记者。TV reporter和permit之间是被动关系，用过去分词作后置定语。 【举一反三】(2015课标全国，70)Abercrombie & Kent，a travel company in Hong Kong，says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people _ (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong. 立意与点拨：分析句子结构快速找到谓语动词arranges，从而判断此处应填非谓语动词；再根据句意可知，逻辑主语people与live之间为主动关系，最后确定填现在分词形式。 【变式探究】You cannot accept an opinion _(offer) to you unless it is based on facts.【答案】offered【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：你不可以接受别人提供的观点，除非它是建立在事实基础之上的。分析句子成分可知，“_ to you”是分词短语作后置定语修饰opinion，又因为opinion和offer之间是被动关系，故用过去分词修饰。解答这类题目需要抓住动词与逻辑主语之间的主被动关系。【举一反三】The room is empty except for a bookshelf _(stand) in the corner.【答案】standing【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：除了有一个立在角落里的书架，这个房间是空的。整个句子是主系表结构，except for a bookshelf _ in the corner属于介词短语作状语，所以空格处应是非谓语动词作定语，并且bookshelf与stand之间是主谓关系，所以填standing。【变式探究】If there is a lot of work _， Im happy to just keep on until it is finished.Ato do Bto be doing Cdone Ddoing【答案】A【解析】“work”和“do”虽然存在逻辑上的动宾关系，但主语“I”和“do”存在逻辑上的主谓关系，此时用“to do”作后置定语。【变式探究】If water becomes increasingly scarce in decades _，water shortage will become a hot issue all over the world.Acoming Bhaving comeCto come Dto be coming【答案】C【特别提醒】1不定式作定语 (1)不定式作定语常用于不定代词或被the first/next/only/last等修饰的名词和其他一些名词、代词之后。其中，不定式的一般式通常表示一个将来或经常性的动作，完成式则表示该动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。 例如：She is always the first (one) to come and the last to leave.(2)如果作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词有动宾关系，在不及物动词后通常要加上适当的介词。例如：Lets first find a room to live in / to put the things in.(3)不定式作定语修饰一个在逻辑上是其宾语名词时，若在句子中能找到该不定式的逻辑主语， 则该不定式多用主动表被动，否则，用被动式。 例如： Have you got anything to say at the meeting? (you.say .anything) Here is a letter to be taken to Mr.Li.在there be句型中，有时用主动式或被动式意思不同。 比较：There is nothing to do at present.(We have nothing to do at present.) There is nothing to be done at present.(We can do nothing at present.) 2ing分词作定语 (1)单个的ing分词作定语一般前置，说明名词的性质、特征或用途等，ing短语作定语一般后置；强调动作的单个ing分词也常后置。 例如：a sleeping car (a car for sleeping ) a sleeping child (a child who is sleeping ) (2)ing分词作定语一般要求其动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或是在说话时该动作正在进行，否则，要用从句作定语。 例如：Do you know the boy talking (who is talking ) to the teacher? 比较：误：He is the man visiting our class yesterday.正：He is the man who visited our class yesterday.3ed分词作定语 ed分词作定语一般表示一个被动或已完成动作，ing分词表示一个主动或正在进行的动作， ing分词的被动式则表示一个正在被进行的动作。 例如：a developed/developing country He is a student loved by all the teachers.The building being built will be the third Teaching Building of our school.4像定语从句一样，分词作定语也有非限制性的，其作用相当于一个非限制性定语从句 例如：The students, wearing their school uniforms, marched into the playground.The substance, discovered almost by accident，has greatly changed the world.题型六、非谓语动词做状语【例6】(2018全国)Another reason for corns rise：The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice (improve) water quality.答案to improve解析根据语境“改善水质”是“政府鼓励农民种玉米而不种水稻”的目的，故用动词不定式作目的状语。【变式探究】(2017天津卷)Back from his twoyear medical service in Africa，Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother _(take) good care of at home.【答案】taken 【变式探究】(2016新课标，63)Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal _(create)special designs.【答案】to create【解析】句意：熟练的工匠也把硬木和金属结合在一起制作特殊的图案。此处为动词不定式作目的状语。 【举一反三】When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed, _(tell) me stories till I fell asleep.【答案】telling【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：我小时候，妈妈常常坐在我的床边给我讲故事，一直讲到我睡着。空格前是一个主干无缺、语意完