高考英语语法精讲.doc

英语语法精讲 星火教育内部专用第一部分：中考语法一本通很多同学看了很多语法书, 可是觉得自己做题的时候, 对语法掌握得还不是很好. 当然原因很多. 其一就是很多同学在研究语法(这是语法学家做的事情), 比如哪些词可以做主语, 背得很熟, 可是做题时却用不上. 其二就是基本的语法规则没有掌握。我们现在分别讲解一下。绪论 句子成分、简单句、并列句和复合句 一、句子成分 （一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。 （二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，也就是动作的发出者，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。一句话语法: 主语由名词性的词来充当. 例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词） We often speak English in class.（代词） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式） （三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。一句话语法: 谓语由动词充当. 有很多同学在写作的时候容易犯的错误就是要么乱用be动词,要么句子没有谓语动词. 谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。注意:这里面的动词原形非常重要. 如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students. （四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。一句话语法: 表语使用形容词,不用副词! 例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） Is it yours?（代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.（分词） Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词）注意: 副词可以做表语的只有几个,非常简单,考试不考,所以上面说:表语使用形容词,不用副词! 我们所复习的语法直接针对中考,不是搞语法研究,这点请大家一定要记住. The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。一句话语法:宾语由名词性的词充当,宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语,分别构成动宾结构和介词结构,这点非常重要,务必要牢记.例如：They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句） 宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.如果同学搞不清楚什么是双宾语,记下下面这个句子: give me a book.一人一物做宾语就是双宾语.说得白一点,双就是两个的意思.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor. （六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。一句话语法: 宾语补足语使用形容词,不用副词.例如： His father named him Dongming.（名词） They painted their boat white.（形容词） Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语） We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语） We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句） （七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。一句话语法:定语使用形容词 定语可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语） （八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子(这个就叫状语,一句话语法: 状语用副词,不用形容词)，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示： Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Wait a minute.（名词） Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句） 状语种类如下： How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）(表示时间就是时间状语,那表示原因的呢? 对喽,就是原因状语) Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语）练习：用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（）、谓语（）、宾语（）： I hope you are very well. Im fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesnt often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.二、简单句、并列句和复合句（一）句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.特点: 用句号结束一个句子2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 疑问句就是问句3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class祈使句: 表示命令或者请求. 和有没有主语没有关系 4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!还有一个结构是用 what. how 后面加上的是形容词副词.what后面加上的是名词.2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。要注意哟,逗号是不可以连接句子的,这一点和汉语不同.e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。有主句和从句构成,在一个句子前面加上连词(当然不是and,but,or了),这个句子就是从句了.e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.（二）简单句的五种基本句型1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g. He is a student.2、主语+不及物动词：e.g. We work.3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）： e.g. My father bought me a car.5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。这是非常重要的,不需要理解,背下来吧（三）并列句的分类1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等连接。e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, eitheror, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train.3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.这里大家记住这些连词就够用了.如果一下子记不住这么多,就记一个两个,记住有的时候不要和自己较劲（四）中考考点探讨1、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多，但是在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解，在书面表达中，没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚的。2、祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句是中考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合于一体来考查。一个题目，几个考点，是近几年命题的发展趋势。3、中考对简单句、并列句和各种复合句的考查常表现在对连词的选择和使用上。如：and, but, or, while，以及其它连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。4、各种主从复合句的考查常常与动词的时态联系在一起，以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显，时间从句与条件从句中，如果主句是将来时，从句则用一般式表将来，这一点在中考中经常考查。如：We will go outing if it doesnt rain tomorrow。学法指津：句子分析是学好语法的最基础的东西，希望大家要注意。句子分析首先要知道怎么判断一个句子是单句还是复句，判断的标准是1、要看句子中有无连词。2、要看句子中有几个谓语动词。缺一不可！大家判断一下下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句。I hope you are very well（ ）. Im fine, but tired（ ）. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm（ ）. August is the hottest month here（ ）. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（ ） Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors（ ）. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat（ ）. We have a lot of machines on the farm（ ）. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him（ ）. But he employs more men for the harvest（ ）. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden（ ）. It doesnt often rain in the summer here（ ）. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden（ ）. Every evening we pump water from a well（ ）. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden（ ）.Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time（ ）. These parties often make us very happy（ ）. We cook meat on an open fire outside（ ）. Its great（ ）! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion（ ）. Some of my friends drink beer（ ）. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party（ ）. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States（ ）. There are five different time areas in the States（ ）. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time（ ）. How many different time areas do you have in China（ ）? Well, I must stop and get some sleep（ ）. Please give my best regards to your parents（ ）. 第一章 动词的时态和语态动词的时态和语态是中考的重点和难点。动词为什么有时态呢？这涉及到一个动作所做的时间和进行的程度问题。这样综合起来就成了时态，所谓的时态就是时间加状态。所以在做关于动词时态的问题时，同学们要分为两步走，第一步确定动作进行的时间，第二步确定动作所处的状态。关于动作的时间可以根据语境推理。（比如说句中出现的另外一个动词用了过去时，那你就应该首先想到用动词过去的某种形式），至于状态这个大家要好好体会了。学法指津：现在重点考察时态的情景运用，不象80、90年代考的是死语法 在这里我介绍大家一种比较好的时态的解题方法：参考时态法解决动词的问题应从三个方面着手：首先考虑动作的时间，再考虑状态，最后还有语气！下面我就来详细说明一下1. 一般现在时基本概念: 指经常性的行为或强调东西的特性，而忽略时间概念。【特殊用法】 主句为一般将来时，状语从句要用一般现在时（如强调动作的结果，可用现在完成时）。例句1 Ill tell him when he comes back. 2 Well go out if we are free tomorrow. 3 Dont get off the bus until it has stopped. 4. Please tell me as soon as you have finished it. (注意：主句是祈使句时，动作还没有发生，因此看成一般将来时。) 表示主语现在的特征或性格等。例如：The bottle holds a quarter of a pound of ink. All over the world men and women, boys and girls, enjoy sports. 表示客观事实或普遍真理。例如：Light travels faster than sound. In time of danger mans mind works fast. 表示按规定预计要发生的动作（常只限于动词：go, come, leave, start, begin, return等）。例如：School begins on February 5. The plane takes off at 15:00. 例句1 - Youre drinking too much. - Only at home. No one _ me but you. A. is seeing B. has seen C. sees D. saw 正确选项为C, 说话人此时指目前一个经常性的行为。例句2 I bought a radio here yesterday, but it _ work. A. didnt B. doesnt C. wont D. cant 正确选项为B, 说话人此时强调的不是动作发生的时间，而是东西的性质，即收音机的质量不好。2. 一般将来时 基本形式: A. will (shall) do B. be going to do 两种形式有时可以互换，但：A 更强调纯粹的将来（有时也表意愿）；例如：- Youve left the light on. - Oh, so I have. Ill go and turn it off.Tomorrow will be Toms birthday.He will help you.B更强调计划安排(有时表示，根据现有迹象表明将来会发生的动作或存在的状态)。 Are you going to visit the Science Museum this afternoon?The moon is going to rise in a minute.He is going to be fat.【其它可表将来时的形式】 1) 位移动词 ( come; go; leave; arrive, ) 的进行时- 表计划或安排 * Hes arriving tomorrow. 2) be to do - 表计划或安排 * We are to meet at the station at six tonight. 3) be about to do - “ 马上就要” * The train is about to leave. be about to do when - “ 正要 突然” * He was about to leave when the telephone rang. (此句为过去将来时。)3. 一般过去时和现在完成时 以上两种时态是时态部分难点，首先，为什么要将这两种时态放在一起讨论？例句：1. Who put forward the suggestion? 2. When did he leave? 3. She often came to help us. （他过去常来帮我们。） 4. I didnt know you were so busy. （我没想到你这么忙。） 以上各句中用的都是一般过去时，显然，说话的人是强调过去某时发生的动作或情况。 5. How many pages have you covered today? 6. I havent seen him for many days. 7. Ive always walked to work. 8. The students have already left. 9. The city has taken on a new look. 10. Thank you. Ive had my supper. 以上各句用的都是现在完成时，可以看出，与一般过去时一样，现在完成时所表示的动作也是发生在过去（说话以前），但它强调的是： 1）动作从过去持续到说话这一时刻（例5-7） 2）过去的动作对现状有某种影响（例8-10），说话人强调的是现在如何。注意：在现在完成时的第一种用法中，时间状语常用for; since短语（从句） 如：We havent seen each other for many years./ since he left 10 years ago. 此时（主句）谓语动词不能用非延续性动词。如： * He has left home for many years.（错误） * He has been away from home for many years. (正确) * He has died since 1990. （错误） * He has been dead since 1990.(正确)4. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时 Ive been sitting here all afternoon. 现在完成进行时强调动作从过去持续到现在,而且目前还在进行。这里需要注意两点： 1）有少数动词（如：work, study, live, teach等）用现在完成时和现在完成进行时的意思是无大的区别的， 如： * They have lived / have been living here all their lives. * She has worked / has been working here for eight years. 在强调动作延续时间的长久时，用现在完成进行时更多些, 如：2）大多数动词现在完成时强调动作的结果；现在完成进行时强调动作的延续， * Ive been writing an article. (还在写) * Ive written an article. (已完成)练习：1. - Hi, Tracy, you look tired. “- I am tired. I _ the living room all day. A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted 2. - Have you had any letters from him? - No, I havent, but my wife _ him regularly . A. has heard from B. has been hearing from C. had heard from D. hearsKey: 1. C (强调动作从过去到现在的延续，而非动作的结果) 2. B ( 非强调结果，A错；不是指目前一般的情况，D错；是指从过去延续到现在的情况，故B对。) 5. 现在进行时和过去进行时基本概念: 指目前(一点或一段时间) / 过去(一点或一段时间)正在发生的动作.例句 1. I dont really work here. I _ until the new secretary _. A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come (正确选项 C, 指目前一段时间正在发生的动作, until 引导的是时间状语从句,动词需用一般现在时.) 2. - When shall we leave? - As soon as I _ what I _. A. will finish; do B. have finished, am doing C. finish, will do D. finish, do (正确选项B, as soon as 从句前省略了主句, 时间状语从句中动词强调将来的结果用现在完成时; what I am dong 指目前正在做的事.) 3. At that time he _ in the library. A. worked B. had worked C. was working D. would work (正确选项C, was working 指 at that time 正在发生的行为.) 4. The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she_in the office. A. were working; had left B. worked; left C. had worked; left D. were working; would leave (正确选项A, 句中went 是说话人给定的时间, work 和leave发生的时间都要看它们与went 的时间关系, work 与went动作同时发生, 强调正在做,用过去进行时; leave 在went之前发生, 应用过去完成时.) 5. - Hey, look where you are going! - Oh, Im terribly sorry. _. A. Im not noticing. B. I wasnt noticing. C. I havent noticed. D. I dont notice. E. I didnt notice. F. I wont notice. (正确选项B, 对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对方时正在做的事情.)6. 一般过去时和过去进行时 比较下列句子： * I wrote a letter yesterday. （信写完了）* I was writing a letter yesterday. （一直在写信，但不一定写完了）* I was writing a letter when he came in. (他进来时，我正在写) 从以上例句可以看出，一般过去时常常用来表示过去的一个有结果的动作，而过去进行时1）强调动作在某一时刻正在发生2）动作在过去一段时间内一直在发生，无论哪一种情况都不强调动作的结果。再如：*He _ a book about China last year, but I dont know if he _ it.A. wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finishedC. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish正确选项为B. 从I dont know if he has finished it. 推断，他去年正在写。* Tom _ into the house when no one _. A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed 正确选项为A. slip和notice 为同时发生的动作，因此B、C为错误选项，slipped指过去有结果的动作（他溜进去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜进去的一刹那发生的情况（没有人注意）。 * As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read; fell正确选项为B(道理同上)。* The last time I _ Jane she _ cotton in the fields. A. had seen; was picking B. saw; picked C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking正确选项为D(道理同上)。7. 过去完成时基本概念: A) 表过去某一时间以前有结果的行为 * She said she had seen the film. 这里需要注意的是，had seen 一定是发生在said之前的行为，而不是之后。再如： * The old man _ two days after he had been sent to hospital. A. died B. would die C. had died D. has died 正确选项为A, 因为died是发生在had been sent to hospital之后而不是之前的行为；died 是站在现在时间角度看过去，是强调过去发生了的事情，而不是强调现在如何，因此D错，B错（过去将来时是站在过去的时间角度看过去的将来）。 * Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon _ to his old ways. A. returned B. returns C. was returning D. had returned 正确选项为A(道理同上)。 B) 表延续到过去某一时间的行为 * She said she had been a doctor for 20 years. C) 表过去某一时间以前未曾实现的愿望或打算 * I _ my son _ a doctor, but he wasnt good enough at science. A. hoped; would become B. had hoped; would become C. had hoped; will become D. hope; will become正确选项为B。 * I _ to take a good holiday this year, but I wasnt able to get away. A. hope B. have hoped C. had hoped D. hoped正确选项为C。8. 过去将来时 基本概念: 表过去某一时间之后将要发生的行为（过去的将来）。 * We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _ office soon. A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left 正确选项为B。* She said she _(leave) the next morning. 答案可以是：A. would leave B. was leaving C. was going to leave由此可以看出, 我们在一般将来时中讨论的将来时的多种形式均可灵活地运用于过去将来时中。9. 将来完成时 基本概念: 在讨论了现在完成时和过去完成时之后，我们应该认识到：完成时的概念其实就是两条1）表结果 2）表延续 ，站在现在时间角度看，就是现在完成时；时间移到过去就是过去完成是；时间移至将来就是将来完成时，因此，将来完成时 A) 表到将来某一时间前要完成的行为* By the end of 2000 they will have built the factory.* We will have finished the work before she arrives tonight.B) 表延续到将来某一时间的行为 * I will have been a teacher for 20 years by the end of next year.以上的基本概念在解题时不需要生搬硬套，一定要灵活运用！动词的时态和语态 - 基本概念检测1. They _ friends since they met in Shanghai. A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have had2. The secretary is going to report to the manager as soon as he _. A. will arrive B. arrives C. is going to arrive D. is arriving3. We all know that ice _. A. feel cold B. is felt sold C. is feeling cold D. feels cold4. -This cloth _ well and _ long. - OK. Ill take it. A. washes ; lasts B. is washed; lasted C. washes, is lasted D. is washing, lasting5. -Is this raincoat yours? - No, mine _ there behind the door. A. is hanging B. hangs C. has been