Unit2Englisharoundtheworld必备学习.doc

美式论文、报告写作技巧 编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生presentation 及 seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。 通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下： (一) 篇首： 封面(Title) 序言(Preface) 谢词(Acknowledge) 提要(Summary) 目录(Tables and Appendixes) (二) 本文： 引言(Introduction) 主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释 (Footnotes) (三)参考资料： 参考书目(References or Bibliography) 附录资料(Appendix)。 进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者： 一.研究的方向 二.研究的范围 三.资料搜集的范围 四.预期研究成果 通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤， 大纲是论文、报告的骨干， Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作。好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。 就算是小报告，也至少应含 (一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期 (二)Summary： 即主要的结论 (三)Introduction：包括理论背景及内容 (四)Technical Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为 几个片断。 (五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论 (六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在 此项 美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。 论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。Unit 2 English around the world 知能聚焦 (Language Points ) 单 词和短 语 bathroom towel closet pronounce broad repeat majority native total tongue equal government situation international organization trade tourism global communicate communication exchange service signal movement commander tidy stand independent fall expression typhoon publish southern president European howl cookbook compare replace make oneself at home in total except for stay up come about end up with bring in a great/good many at the same time for the first time be tired communicate with have some difficulty in doing sth have a knowledge of mother tongue 主 要句 型 Thats why;if youll excuse me now; while的用法；v+疑问词+不定式;there you are; must表示推测的用法;过去分词作后置定语的用法等。语 法Directions and Indirections (2) 课前热身 (Warming up) 1. 背景知识 (background) 英语小知识。 英语词汇之所以庞大而居世界之首，是因为它广开门户，善于吸收各种语言的词汇为己有，其中以吸收法语、拉丁语、希腊语为主。英语本族语是指盎格鲁撒克逊民族流传下来的词汇，它的特点是词形短、词义多、构词能力强。例如go在新英汉词典中不及物用法有21种；及物用法有4种；名词用法有10种；形容词用法有2种。再如man可以构成下列 airman, fireman ,ploughman , workman , postman, chairman, Englishman, manhood, manly, manlike, manful, manhole, man-cating , manslaughter, man power合成词、派生词等词。英国学者C.K.Ogden和I.A.Richards 于1920年曾提出Basic English,其词汇量只有850多个。他们的目的就是想减轻外国人学英语的负担，只用一些有限的词汇来表达思想和进行交际。 今天的美国英语就是17世纪英国殖民者当时带到美洲大陆上来的。18世纪美国独立战争后，美国人民的民族情绪在语言问题上也表现出来了， 出现了Noah Webster等人，积极倡导美国语言（Americanism）。Webster身体力行，于1828年编辑出版了许多教科书和词典。200多年来，美国英语产生了许多有别于英国英语的地方，其中最重要的变化当然是词汇了。 英国英语和美国英语在词汇方面的差异是： 第一、拼写不同。Webster式美国英语拼写法要比英国拼法较为合理。 a.美式拼写更符合读音规则。例如： 英 美 theatre theater labour labor b.美式拼写省去重写的字母。例如： 英 美 programme program cigarette cigaret c.美式拼写省去不发音的字母。例如： 英 美 axe ax good-bye good-by d.美式拼写改变了一些不规则动词。例如： 英 美 burnt burned smelt smelled e.其它不同形式。例如： 英 美 cheque check tyre tire 第二、同词异义。例如： 英 美 vest 内衫，汗衣 西服背心pants 短裤 裤子第三、同义异词。例如： 英 美 英 美 铁路 railway railroad 卡车 lorry truck行李 luggage baggage 公寓 flat apartment电梯 lift elevator 糖果 sweets candy电影 film movie 秋天 autumn fall 有意思地是，词汇的不同有时侯连英美人自己也 搞不清楚，甚至会产生笑话。例如，爱尔兰的剧作家St.John Green Ervine第一次世界大战后到美国，当时他还没有注意到英美英语词汇的差异。所以，有一次当他去一个美国家庭作客时，看到主妇非常朴实，使人不受拘束。于是，他就赞美她说：“You are very homely.”结果，这话一出口，局面就很尴尬。为什么？因为homely在英国表示“诚朴”；在美国表示“丑陋，不漂亮”。他本想恭维主人，结果成了侮辱她。2.话题 (topics) Why cant he find the bathroom? What is it that Joe cant find in the bathroom? Why doesnt an American understand an English person? . 读写指导 (Instructions for Reading and Writing) 1.Reading English Around The World Paragraph 1. English is spoken as mother tongue and as a second language. Paragraph 2. Many people learn English as a foreign language. Paragraph 3. Many people communicate in English every day 2.Writing c. How to write Key sentences b.Write a short passage about the differences between American and British English c. conclusion.【习文练习】假定你是一名来自农村的学生，在城镇学习了几年。通过对比使你觉得农村和城镇的生活各有 利弊。请按下列要点写一篇文章。 1 在城镇，样样事情都很便利，学校、商店都很近；交通比较便利。 2 同时，电影、戏剧等可供选择的范围很广。 3 在城镇，每时每刻都有令人感兴趣的事情，可供选择的活动场所很多。 4 但是，在农村，人口不多，空气新鲜，环境优美，寂静美好，农村人待人友好，乐于助人，生活费用较低，食品便宜。 注意：1.根据以上要写一篇100 词左右的说明文； 2.可参考的词语：quiet, beautiful, clean, friendly, helpful, cheap, wide , convenient(便利的，方便的) , close ,regular ,easy等。 One possible version: Life Between the Town and the Country I have lived in the town for nearly two years, but before that I lived with my family in a village about a hundred miles away from here. Life is very different in the two places, but there are things that I like about each of them. In the country it is quiet and beautiful since there are not many people. The air is clean, and there is beautiful scenery all around. The people who live in the country seem friendly and helpful to their neighbors. The cost of living is low there, because food is usually cheap. I also like living in the town. In the town there are interesting things to do all the time. People have a big choice of activities. There is a wide selection of movies, and most of the theatres are good. Everything is convenient here, since in the town I can live close to a lot of shops and schools. At the same time, traffic is very good, so it is not hard to go from one place to another. I am very happy in the country, but there are good chances for work and study in the town, therefore, I will probably stay here for a period of time and work hard at all my subjects. 要点解析 (Key Points Analysis) 1. Joe is an American who has come to Britain for the first time. 此句中的 for the first time 是介词短语,表示首次,第一次,在句中作状语;类似的短语有for the second time, 第二次;for the last time,最后一次。与for the first time 意思一样的短语还有the first time,但the first time 为名词短语,常用来引导时间状语从句。 The first time I came to Xianyang , it was very old . 我第一次来咸阳时, 它非常破旧。 When we met each other for the first time, I felt very ashamed from the countryside. 当我们第一次见面时, 我为自己来自乡下而羞愧不己。 2. be tired, be tired of, be tired with/ from 和be tired out You must be very tired. 此句中的be tired 表示疲劳的,累的; 与此短语结构相类似的短语还有： be tired of 对感到厌烦,厌倦; be tired with/from 由于而感到疲劳; be tired out 累得筋疲力尽。 After studying all the week. I was very tired . 经过一周的学习， 我非常累。 My brother is tired out after the work for the whole day. 整天的工作使得我哥哥累得筋疲力尽。 He was tired with riding the bicycle for a long time. 我因长时间地骑自行车而疲惫不堪。 At the beginning , I was interested in English, while now I am tired of it. 起初， 我对英语非常感兴趣，然而， 现在我对它却非常厌烦。 3. now (then), now that, now and then 和now and again Now then, did you have a good flight? now then 表示说话者的语气，有“说明，命令，请求，警告，安慰”的意思。 now that 表示“既然， 由于”。 now and then 和now and again一样都表示“时而， 不时”的意思。 Now then listen to me, Tom. 汤姆,且听我讲。（表示命令） -Er,er,I 哦!哦!.我. -Now then what do you mean? 你到底是什么意思? (表示不耐烦) Now that you come to this school, you should study hard. 既然你来这所学校, 你应当刻苦学习。 Last term, I often went to the cinema now and then. 上学期， 我经常去看电影。 4. just make yourself at home. 此句中的make yourself at home 表示“请随便一点，别客气，不要拘谨”，是招待客人时的客套用语。类似的还有help yourself (to)。 -Could I use your cup? 我可以用一下你杯子吗？ -Make yourself at home.别客气！ 5. Harry, bring these two pizzas to Mr.Thompson on Broad Street, number12. 这里的bring 和 take, fetch, get, carry等一样都含有“带，拿”等意思。 bring“拿来，带来”，强调从别处带来某人某物； take“拿走，带走”， 强调带着某物或某人离开说话人所在的地方； fetch 表示go and get，“去取”，含有“往返”之意 ； get常用在口语中 ； carry不同于其它四个词，它表示“携带，搬运”， 强调物体随身移动 。 6. Dont forget to buy me some ketchup on your way back. forget to do sth短语,即“忘记去做某事”； forget doing sth 表示“忘记已经做过某事”。 Dont forget to bring me the book you have borrowed from me tomorrow. 明天别忘记带上你曾经借我的那本书。 -Why do you go to the classroom again?你为什么还要再去教室? -Oh! I forgot having finished my homework. 哦! 我忘了已经做完作业了。 类似的短语还有: a. remember to do something “记着要去做某事” b. remember doing something “记着已经做了某事” c. regret to do something “对将要做的事情感到遗憾” d. regret doing something “对已做过的事情感到遗憾” 7. In total, for more than 375 million people English is . in total表示“总共，合计”； in all,表示“总计， 全部”。 In total, I spent 1200 yuan on the cost of schooling this term. 这学期, 我总共花了1200 元的学费。 There are 35 boys in our class in all. 我们总共有三十五名男生。 8. mother tongue, mother language, native language 和a second language mother tongue=mother language=native language,都表示“母语，本族语”； a second language 表示“第二语言”。 Chinese is our mother tongue/native language/mother language. 汉语是我们的母语。 Each of us in our class should learn English as a second language. 在我们班上，每个人都应当把英语当作 第二语言来学习。 9. An equal number of people learn English as a second language. However, the number of people who learn English as a foreign language is more than 750 million. 从以上两句不难看出，a number of 表示“许多”， 修饰复数名词，number前可加large, great , good等词,即:a good/ great/ large number of；含有a number of 的句子谓语动词用复数。 the number of 表示“的数目”，强调数字；含有the number of 的句子谓语动词用单数。 The number of students in Puji Senior Middle School is nearly 4000. 普集高中有近四千学生。 At present, a large number of students dare speak English in class. 目前， 许多学生敢在课堂上讲英语。 10. except for , except, except that, except when, except+不定式 和besides In China students learn English at school as a foreign language，except for those in Hong Kong. except for “ 只是, 只有(在说明基本情况后, 对某些细节问题加以纠正,强调不足)； except “除之外”，并不包括except之后的内容，这是该词与but 意思相同。它常与不定代词everything, everybody, nothing, everyone, all 或副词everywhere, always, usually, every+noun 连用； except that从句表示“除知道，其他一无所知”； except when从句 表示“除了(该从句表时间)”； except+ 不定式表示“除了干某事，未做 别的事”，此结构常与nothing连用； besides则是“除之外”，包括之后的内容，含有“除之外(还有)”之意，常与代词anyone else, the other, others, another或副词also, too 连用。 This piece of clothes is very good except for its light color. 这件衣服不错，只是颜色有点浅。 Except for your bad handwriting, your composition is very good. 除了你的书写糟糕外，你的作文还不错。 He is good at every subject except English. 除了英语，其它各门功课他都擅长。 He is good at other subjects besides English. 除了英语，他还擅长其它课程。 She knows nothing about me except that I teach English at school. 她只知道我在学校教英语，其它她一无所知。 I learned nothing except to know the topic in this class. 这节课我除了知道标题外，其它一无所学。 I often stay at home except when it is fine. 除了晴天，我经常呆在家中。 11.English has developed into the language most widely spoken and used in the world. widely ,adv,表示“广泛地”等抽象意义； wide adj/adv，表示“宽的/地，大的/地”等具体意义。注意wide 与 widely 在句中与动词的位置。 I opened my mouth wide at the sad news in surprise. 听到这悲伤的消息，我吃惊地张大嘴巴。 At present, both English and computers have been widely spoken and used . 12. come about, happen, take place 和 break out How did these differences come about? 此句中的come about 同happen ，take place ，break out 一样都表示“发生”，都属于不及物动词,但它们的用法不同。 come about “发生，产生”，着重指解释或说明事情发生的理由， 且经常与how 连用；happen “发生”，属普通词汇，指偶然的，意外的，指自发的未能预见的事情发生； take place “发生”， 指事件或事故的发生是在预料中的并非偶然发生的； break out “发生，爆发”，着重指战争，火灾，疾病的突然发生。 How does the difference come about between “come about ”and “happen”？ “come about ”和 “happen ”之间的差异是怎样产生的？ At the end of 2003，Bird flu broke out in many countries. 2003 年末，许多国家爆发了禽流感。 The May 4th Movement took place in China in 1919. 1919年中国发生了五四 运动。 What happened to you？你发生了什么事？ 13. at the same time, at one time 和 at a time At the same time ，British English and American English started borrowing words from other languages， at the same time 表示“ 同时”， 可在句首，句中和句末 ； at one time表示“曾经，一度”，指过去一段时间，可置于句首或句末； at a time 表示“每次， 一次”，常与数词one， two等连用。 According to the rule, each student can borrow only three books at a time. 按规定，每个学生每次只能借三本书。 The girl laughed and cried at the same time. 这个姑娘又哭又笑。 At one time, I didnt understand our English teacher in class at the beginning of this term. 本学期初，我曾经有一段时间上课根本听不懂我们英语老师的课。 14. end up with 和 begin/start with At the same time, British English and American English started / began borrowing words 上句划线部分end up with =close with 表示“以结尾;以结束”；其反义词组为begin /start with表示“以开始”。 He ended up this class with a joke. 他以一个笑话结束了他的这节课。 We often start /begin a class with a song.我们常常课前唱歌。 15. bring in , bring about, bring down, bring forward, bring out 和bring up but they also brought in some words from their own languages. bring in 表示“带进来，请进来”；还 表示“赚得，生息，引进”； bring about “带来， 造成”； bring down “降低（物价，温度等）”； bring forward “提出”；bring out “拿出”； bring up “培养，抚养，呕吐”。 The host asked his servant to bring his guests in when they arrived. 当客人到达时，主人叫他的仆人把他们领进来。 Country music has become big business. It brings in 200 and 400 million dollars a year. 乡村音乐以经成了一个大行业，每年可以赚得二亿到四亿美圆的收入。 It is reform that has brought about great changes of our country. 是改革给我们祖国带来了巨大的变化。 The government should take some steps to bring down the price of food. 政府应当采取措施降低食品的价格。 The headmaster has already brought forward a new plan. 校长已经提出了一项新计划。 The boy was brought up by his grandfather. 这个男孩由他爷爷抚养大。 16. a great/ good many 和 a great deal of There are a great many American Indian words, for example. a great many 表示“ 许多”， 用来修饰可数名词复数，但是，如果它修饰的名词前有指示代词（these, those）或物主代词,人称代词的宾格时,many 后要加of; a good/ large number of “许多”等短语都用来修饰可数名词; a great deal of “许多”用来修饰不可数名词。many a “很多”,后接单数可数名词,谓语动词要用单数 ； quite a few=a good few “相当多，颇有几个”；。 Many a boy has been to the Great Wall. 许多男孩去过长城。 Recently a great many thieves have been caught by the policemen. 最近, 好多小偷被警察抓住。 A good many of his books were bought from that bookstore. 他的许多书都是从那家书店里买的。 A great many of us dont like speaking English in class. 我们当中许多人不喜欢在课堂上讲英语。 I have already made quite a few new friends in our school. 我已经在我们学校交了许多新朋友。 17. communicate with 和 have a knowledge of communicate with people everywhere around the world through the Internet. With so many people communicating in English every day, we can see that it will be more and more important to have a good knowledge of English. communicate with表示“交流/交换（消息等）； 通信；通讯” ; have a good knowledge of 分别和 “知晓，了解，有的知识”。 e.g. These days people can communicate with each other by mobile . 如今,人们可以用手机相互通话。 A good many young people always complain of not being able to communicate with their parents. 许多年轻人总是抱怨自己无法与父母相互沟通。 The boy over there has a good knowledge of history. 那边的那个男孩有丰富的历史知识。 I have a little knowledge of computer. 我对电子计算机知识知之不多。 如果明天天晴的话,我将出去散步。 能力升华 (Developing Skills) 【知能演练】 从下列A,B,C,D中选出一个最佳答案: 1.The football match will _next week. A. come about B. happen C. take place D. break out 2.Do you think his jacket is _ mine? A. the same B. the same as C. same D. the same like 3. I _him at the beginning of this term at Puji Senior Middle School. A. got to know B. know of C. knew D. had known 4.As time goes on, our school becomes _ beautiful. A. more or less B. more and more C. sooner or later D. here and there 5.She was _ praised by the headmaster last term. A. deeply B. nearly C. widely D. highly 【拓展训练】仔细分析和观察下列各题的题干和备选项，然后从A,B,C.D中选出一个最佳答案： 1. She thought I was talking about her daughter, _, in fact, I was talking about my daughter. (NMET1995) A. whom B. where C. which D. while 2.Peter _ come with us tonight, but he isnt very sure yet. (NMET1993) A. must B. can C. may D. will 3._ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. (NMET2000) A. As B. For C. With D. Through 4.The number of people invited _ fifty, but a number of them _ absent for different reasons.(NMET1996) A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were 5.Dont all talk at once! _, please. (NMET1994) A. Each at one time B. One by one time C. One for each time D. One at a time 单元检测 (Test for Unit 2) I. 单项选择: (共15小题,每题1分,计15分) 1. _ I came to the senior middle school , it was a new and big one. A. For the first time B. The first time C. At the first time D. On the first time 2. Lao Wang came in, _ by a group of students. A. followed B. to follow C. following D. follows 3. The person was looking _ at me. A. direct B. indirect C. directly D. indirectly 4.- _ what do you mean ? - I think you should change