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第八章 动词8.1 动词概说一、动词的定义和特征动词是表示动作或状态的词,例如: play 玩buy 买sing 唱is等。动词有不同的表现形式,如play, plays, playing, played。动词还有时态、语态和语气等特点。英语动词是词汇的灵魂,学好和掌握动词的用法,就有了学好英语语言的扎实基础。二、动词的种类按照其功能和作用,动词可分为实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词四大类。1.实义动词:实义动词又称作行为动词。实义动词可分为及物动词(vt)和不及物动词(vi)。及物动词后面能带宾语,而不及物动词则不带宾语。例如: We like pop music. vt 宾语我们喜欢流行音乐。2.系动词:系动词又称连系动词(link-v),系动词是表示主语是什么或怎么样的词。系动词不能单独作谓语,必须和表语(通常为名词或形容词)一起构成谓语。例如:1)We are happy and gay. 我们很快乐。2) They were in the U.S.A. last year.去年他们在美国。3.助动词助动词(aux. v)本身无词汇意义,它们用来帮助谓语动词构成不同的时态、语态,表达否定与疑问等之意。例如:1) Did you see him this morning? 你今天早上看到他了吗?助动词2) He doesnt speak English well. 他英语说得不好。助动词 3) I have heard too much.我已经听够了。4.情态动词:情态动词(mod. v)本身虽有词义,但词义不完整,不能单独作谓语,必须与实义动词一起构成谓语。例如:1)Who can solve the problem? 谁能解决这个问题? 情态动词2)You mustnt play with fire. 你不能玩火。情态动词三、动词的词形变化在英语中,动词有着丰富多彩的词形变化。动词最常见的词形有五种,即动词原形、一般现在时的第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词,这五种形式与助动词、情态动词一起连用就构成了动词的各种时态、语态和语气。例如:work(原形),works(一般现在时第三人称单数),worked(过去式),worked(过去分词),working(现在分词)workworksworkedworkedworking原形 三单 过去式过去分词现在分词四、谓语动词与非谓语动词简介1.谓语动词:在句子中充当谓语的动词叫谓语动词。谓语动词可以是单一的动词,也可以是动词加介词或副词构成的短语。例如:1)He reads English every day. 他每天读英语。 谓语动词2)Who takes care of these young trees? 谁照料这些小树? 谓语动词就动词而言英汉两种有很大差别。在汉语里除了动词以外,形容词、名词、各种词组与结构均能作谓语,而在英语中只有动词才能作谓语。因此,初学者在做汉译英练习时最容易犯的错误就是把谓语动词漏掉。例如:1)书在桌子上。The book on the desk. (错) The book is on the desk.(对)2)树上有一些鸟。Some birds in the tree. (错) There are some birds in the tree. (对)2.非谓语动词:非谓语动词顾名思义是不能作谓语的动词,而只能作主语、宾语、定语、状语等。非谓语动词有四种形式:playingplayingto playplayed现在分词动名词不定式过去分词动名词的构成与现在分词构成形式相同,动词不定式由to加动词原形构成。 非谓语动词动词的两个基本特点是:1)当形容词、名词、副词用:例如:We are working hard to make our country stronger.我们努力奋斗使祖国更富强。2)有时态和语态变化:例如:The thief escaped being caught by police.小偷逃脱了警察的追捕。8.2行为动词和系动词一、行为动词表示动作行为的动词叫行为动词。行为动词在句子中能独立担任谓语。行为动词按其语法结构又分为及物动词与不及物动词。1.及物动词: 及物动词后面带宾语,即动作的承受者。在汉语中这种动词也称作及物动词。例如:Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。注:有些及物动词常常带双宾语。例如:1) She offered me some help. 他给了我一些帮助。宾 宾2) He taught himself English. 他自学的英语。 宾 宾2.不及物动词:不及物动词后面不能带宾语,在汉语中这类动词称作自动词。例如:1)Time goes by without our awareness. 时间在悄悄流逝。2) It often rains a lot in Shanghai. 上海雨水多。3)China has changed greatly. 中国变化巨大。注:有些不及物动词可借助于介词的帮助,从而具备及物动词的功能,也就是说有些不及物动词与相应的介词搭配可带宾语。例如:He is waiting for the bus now. 他在等公共汽车。句中的the bus是wait for谓语短语的宾语。另外,有许多动词身兼双职,既能做及物动词使用,也能做不及物动词使用。例如: 1)The car stopped suddenly. 车突然停了下来。2)The police stopped the car. 警察让车停了下来。二、连系动词连系动词后面接的是表语,它是连接主语和表语的桥梁和纽带,它表明主语和表语的关系,be是最基本的连系动词。例如:1)I am all right. 我还好。2)Fire is both mans friend and enemy. 火既是人类的朋友也是敌人。3)They have been in China for 5 years.他们在中国呆了五年了。除了be动词以外,还有一些动词可以作连系动词用,具备系动词的功能其后带形容词作表语。常用作系动词的动词有:get成为appear看起来look看上去become变成remain仍然是taste尝feel感觉seem看似这些词与行为动词一样有时态的变化,其否定和疑问结构也要有相应的助动词帮忙。例如:1)They seem happy. 他们看上去很高兴。 2)The dish tastes delicious.这道菜尝起来很好吃。 3)You dont look fine.你今天气色不太好。 4)How are you feeling today?你今天感觉如何?8.3 助动词与情态动词一、助动词助动词的特征:助动词是为句子中的谓语动词服务的,它能帮助谓语动词构成疑问式、否定式,帮助谓语动词构建时态、语态、语气,因此助动词不可单纯使用二、情态动词1.情态动词的定义及特征:情态动词是表示情感、态度的动词。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。情态动词有词义,但不能单独作谓语,它们必须与句子中的实义动词一起构成谓语。常见的情态动词有:shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, dare,need, ought to, had better 等。2.情态动词的用法:1)can与could的区别与用法:can“能,能够”,多用于表示现在或将来可能或能够做某事。例如:He can use a computer. 他会用电脑。Can you help me with my English?你能帮我学习英语吗?could是 can的过去式,多用来指过去能够或可能做的事。例如:I could speak excellent French as a child. 我孩童时,能够说一口流利的法语。但 could 也可用于指现在,是表示礼貌的一种说法。例如:Could you answer my question? 你能回答我的问题吗? (1)can与could表示能力:例如: She can speak a little Chinese now. 她现在能说一些汉语。 Tom could cook when he was a small boy.还是一个孩子时汤姆就会做饭。当can表示能力时可用be able to 代替,二者的区别是can只有过去式,而be able to 有更多的时态形式,而且还有人称变化。例如:You will be able to run again after the operation. 你手术以后将可以再次跑步。 My little brother has been able to dress himself. 我的弟弟已经可以自己穿衣服了。以上两例句中均不可用can代换be able to。(2)表示允许、准许时can与may可互换:例如: Can /May I borrow your bike tomorrow? 我明天可以借你的自行车吗? You cant smoke here. 你不可以在这里吸烟。(3)表示可能性时can/could常用于否定句、疑问句表示说话人的怀疑、猜测和不肯定:例如:Can he be at home now? 他现在能在家吗? This news cant be true. 这条消息不现实。2)may与 might的用法及区别:may多指现在,而might是may的过去式,既可指过去也可指现在。(1)表示请求许可时might比can正式:例如: May I borrow your bike? 我可以借你的自行车吗? May I take these magazines out of the reading room?我可以把这本杂志拿出房间吗? He asked me if he might go there.他问我他是否可以去那。(2)may和might表示可能性时,常用于肯定句, 这时might与may都暗含不确定的意思,might比may更为不确定:例如: A: Where is John? 约翰在哪里?B: He may be at the library.他可能在图书馆。Mike hasnt come to school. He might be ill at home. 迈克没有来上学,他可能病了。(3)might 在口语中常代替may,语气更加缓和、委婉 :例如: May I speak to him now? 我现在可以和他讲话吗? Might I leave a message for him?我给他留口信好吗?(4)在用may提问时否定回答常用mustnt或may not,表示“不行,不可以”:例如:A: May I go now? 我可以走了吗?B: No, you mustnt/may not. 不,不可以。3)must与have to的用法及区别:(1)must 表示人的一种主观意志;表示必须要做的事:例如:We must protect our environment. 我们必须保护环境。must也可以表示过去情况,一般用在间接引语和宾语从句中。例如:He told me he must go to school today. 他告诉我他今天必须上学。(2)must可以表示一种推测(只有在肯定句中):例如: They must be very happy because they have won the game. 他们一定很高兴,因为他们赢了这场比赛。 He must be working for the light is on. 他一定在工作,因为灯还亮着。(3)have to 也有必须之意,但must 表示说话人的主观看法,而have to 则表示客观义务和需要,即“不得不”。must的否定式是mustnt ,而have to 的否定式是dont have to/doesnt have to/didnt have to。must无人称时态变化,have to 则有。mustnt 表示禁止、不许、不要,而dont have to 表示不必:例如: I must go now. 我现在必须走。You must tell me the truth.你得对我说实话。 I have to go now because I will attend an important meeting. 我不得不走,因为我将参加一个重要的会议。 You will have to stay at home for it is going to rain. 你得呆在家里,因为要下雨了。 She has had to read the letter for 3 times for my granny. 她只好给奶奶将信读三遍。 You dont have to explain any more. I have understood. 你不必再解释,我明白了。(4)在回答must引起的问句时,肯定回答用must,而否定回答要用neednt 或dont/doesnt have to:例如:A:Must I come back in 5 minutes? 我必须五分钟后回来吗?B: No, you neednt/you dont have to. 或Yes, you must. 不,没有必要/是的,你必须。4)need和dare的用法及区别:need 和dare既可作情态动词又可作行为动词。(1)need 和dare作情态动词用时只用于否定句和疑问句。need和dare用作情态动词无词形变化:例如:Its shiny today. You neednt take your umbrella. 今天天气晴朗,你不需带雨伞。 Need I help you with these boxes?我需要帮你拿这些盒子吗? How dare you say its unfair. 你怎么能说这是不公平的。 I dare not drive on the busy street by myself. 我不能独自在拥挤的街道上驾驶。(2)need 和dare 作实义动词时,后面常跟动词不定式用作实义动词,need 和dare有人称、数和时态变化。在构成否定句时与其它及物动词一样,其前面加do/does/did再加not,变成疑问句时用do/does/did来提问:例如: When the bear came at him he didnt dare to breathe. 当熊朝他们走来时,他们不敢呼吸。 You dont need to hand the paper today. 你今天不必写论文。 Does he need to see a doctor?他需要看医生吗?5)shall与will的区别:(1)shall 与will可以用作助动词,帮助动词构成一般将来时,shall, will也可用作情态动词,表示请求或建议:例如: Well start a new lesson. 我们将学新课。(将来时) Will you close the window? 将窗子关上好吗?(表建议请求) Shall I play computer games?我可以玩电子游戏吗?(表示建议)(2)当will, shall 用于表示建议和请求时,对应的答语简表如下:句型肯定回答否定回答Will you?Yes, I will/Sure/All right/Certainly等No, I wont. Im sorry I cant. No, thank you. Shall I ?Yes, please. Yes, thank you. No, youd better not. Shall we?All right. Yes, lets. Im sorry I cant. No, wed better not. 6)would的用法:would是 will的过去式,would可以和动词原形一起构成过去将来时,也可以用作情态动词,表示一种礼貌的请求和委婉的语气。would常用在以下三个句型中。(1) Would you ? (would you?比will you?更客气一些) :例如: Would you tell me how I can get to the Summer Palace?您可以告诉我怎样到颐和园吗? Would you help me translate it into English?您可以帮我把它翻译成英语吗?(2)主语 + would like to 的结构,表示“想要”:例如:I would like to sing an English song for all of you. 我想要为你们大家唱一首英文歌曲。(3)Would you like sth. 或Would you like to do sth.表示礼貌地请求或劝说:例如: Would you like some coffee?来点咖啡好吗? Would you like to enjoy a concert this weekend?这个周末参加一个音乐会好吗?7)should与ought to 的用法及区别:should与ought to 两者都是“应该,应当”的意思,二者常可以互换。ought to 的否定式是oughtnt to。ought的疑问式只把 ought 提到主语之前即可。例如:(1)You ought to tell him the bad news.你应该告诉他这个坏消息。(2) Ought I to finish the work before Friday?我非得在星期五之前完成工作吗?(3) You should/ought to study hard.你应该努力学习。3.情态动词完成式的用法: 情态动词+do或+be doing表示对现在的动作或者状态的一种猜测或指责。例如:1)You must be on time next time.你下次切不可迟到。2)They must be practising spoken English now.他们一定是在练习英语口语。情态动词+动词完成式表示对过去事实或情况的一种猜测。must have done .一定是做了should have done .应该做(而实际没有做)ought to have done .应该做(实际未做)shouldnt/oughtnt have done sth.本不该做(实际已做了)neednt have done .没有必要做(已经做了)could have done .可能做了might have done .或许做了例如:1)You should have told me earlier.你应早告诉我。2)They shouldnt have blocked the street for fear of SARS.他们不该因害怕非典就阻塞道路。3)They must have planted a lot of trees in the city, for the environment is getting better and better.他们一定是在城里植了许多树,因为环境得到极大改善。情态动词练习:Choose the best answer:1. There are so many CDs here, and I really dont know which one I _ choose. A. shouldB. canC. may D. must 2. You _ make the decision now. You _ think it for some time. A. cant ,canB. mustnt , may C. neednt , canD. may not , must3. There _ someone in the room, for we heard the sound just now.A. cant beB. can beC. must beD. may be. 4. -_ it be Li Gang who took my note book away? -No, it _ be him, and it _ be Wang Lei who did it. A. Can, mustnt, may B. Must, mustnt, can C. May, may not, must D. Can, cant, must5. _ you like to have dinner with me tonight? -yes, _.A. Would, Id like toB. Do, I willC. Will, I will like toD. Do, Id like to see6. George left the office five minutes ago. He _ at this time.A. mustnt be working B. cant be working C. cant work D. may not working7. Your mother must be a teacher, _ she?A. mustnt B. is C. must D. arent8. -_ I borrow your recorder? -Yes, but you _ lent it to others.A. May, needntB. May, cantC. Can, cantD. May, mustnt9. Every one _ to do his best to make contribution to the society .A. can B. may C. should D. ought 10. Its Sunday today. So I _ up early this morning,A. neednt to get B. dont need to getC. shouldnt get D. cant get11.Its getting dark. We have to go home, _?A. dont we B. havent we C. mustnt we D. shouldnt we12. May I go out to have a look at the lightening? No, you _.A. neednt B. dont C. had better not D. might not13. How many times I told you to stop smoking, but you just _ listen.A. wont B. wouldnt C. might not D. may not14. There _ no problem in getting there before dark.A. ought to have B. should to be C. mustnt be D. ought to be15. _ you mind my turning off the air-conditioner? Its not so cold today.A. Should B. Shall C. Wont D. Would16. You _ for Alice for she made a phone call and told me she would not come here just now.A. dont have to wait B. neednt have to waitC. dont need wait D. shouldnt wait 17. Lets go for a walk together, _?A. will you B. shall we C. dont we D. do we18. -Nothing _ stop you from doing what you really want to do.A. will B. would C. must D. shall19. My grandpa _ live in his old flat than in the new one.A. had better B. would like to C. would rather D. would better20. We must obey the traffic rules, _?A. mustnt we B. didnt we C. havent we D. dont weKey:1-5 ACCDA6-10 BBDDB11-15 ACBAD16-20 ABABA8.4 动词的时态时态的定义,学好时态的意义: 前面在概说里我们概说了时态的意义和基本表现形式,所谓时态就是指动词在不同时间里的表现形式,也可以说是句子的主语在不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态。下面我们具体介绍几个基本时态:一、一般现在时1.一般现在时的用法: 一般现在时表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态以及客观事实和真理。 例如:1)My father watches TV every day.我父亲每天看电视。2) We like to see English films. 我们爱看英文电影。3)The moon moves round the earth.月亮绕着地球转。2.一般现在时的表现形式:一般现在时的表现形式是主语+动词原形,或主语加动词 + s (es) (此种情况只限于主语是第三人称单数)。例如:1)They go to school early. 他们上学很早。2)He takes a bus to school. 他乘车上学。3.常与一般现在时连用的时间状语:我们常说时间决定时态。因此,学习时态时抓住时间很关键。常与一般现在时连用的时间状语有:always(总是); often(经常); usually(通常); sometimes(有时); every week/day/month(每周/日/月)等。例如:1)Tom is always ready to help others. 汤姆总是乐于助人。 2)My grandma usually gets up early. 奶奶通常早起。3)Sometimes he is very quiet ,and sometimes he is very excited. 有时候他很沉静,有时候他却很激动。4)The postman delivers a paper to us every morning. 邮递员每天清晨为我们送份报纸。4.一般现在时的三种基本结构:依据说话的特点,时态一般都有三种基本表达方式,即陈述式、否定式、疑问式。请看下边例句:肯定式:We share the same rights. 我们享有共同权利。She enjoys music very much. 她非常喜欢音乐。否定式:They dont often go travelling.他们不经常旅行。 He doesnt like fast food at all. 他根本不喜欢快餐。疑问式:Do you/they want to learn to use the computer? 你们他们想要学电脑吗? Does it require much attention? 这事需特别小心吗?由上面的句子可以看出,一般现在时的陈述句主要由单复数人称之分。而否定式与疑问式则要靠助动词do和does,来帮助构成疑问和否定。其实英语各种时态的否定与疑问式主要都是靠助动词来完成的。在以后几个时态的学习中,我们会逐步地体会到助动词的重要性。5.学习一般现在时值得特别注意的几点:1)一般现在时可以用在状语从句中表示将来时:例如:If you come tomorrow afternoon, we will have a meeting. 如果你明天下午来,我们将开一个会议。2)表示按计划、规定将要发生的动作:例如:When does the last train leave for Nanjing?最后一班火车什么时候发往南京? At 12:30. 十二点半。3)在here, there开头的句子中,表示将来时态:例如:(1) Here comes a tax. 出租车开过来了。 (2) There flies a kite in the sky. 天空正飞着一只风筝。 (3) There goes the bell. 铃响了。二、一般过去时1.一般过去时的用法: 一般过去时表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态。例如:1)My uncle showed me around Beijing last Sunday. 上周日我叔叔带我游览了北京。2)Mary was a lazy girl one year ago. 一年前玛丽曾是一个懒惰的女孩。2.一般过去时的表现形式: 一般过去时时态由主语加动词过去式构成。实义动词的过去式无人称和数的变化,通常是在动词的后面加ed。但be动词的过去时时态有人称的变化,例如am, is 的过去时形式应是was,而are的过去时形式则是were。请看一组过去时时态的例句:1)Qu Yuan was an old Chinese poet. 屈原是中国古代诗人。2)Ten years ago Mr. White and Mr. Blown were neighbours. 十年前,怀特先生和布朗特先生是邻居。3)The factory shipped many machines abroad by ship. 那家工厂用船运送了许多机器到国外去了。 4)My little dog carried 3 birds home. 我家小狗叼回了三只小鸟。3.与过去时连用的时间状语:时间决定时态,常与过去时时态连用的时间状语有:last month /year /night (上个月,去年,昨晚); a few days ago (几天前); in 1990 (1990年); the other day (前几天); yesterday (昨天); the day before yesterday (前天)等。 例如:1)I fell asleep just now. 刚才我睡着了。2)He learnt 300 new English words last month. 上个月我学了300个新单词。3)He met the boss on the street the day before yesterday. 他前天在街上遇见了老板。4.一般过去时的基本结构:按说话方式一般过去时可分为这三种基本结构:肯定式,否定式,疑问式,如:肯定式:1)China set off another satellite last year. 中国去年又发射了一颗卫星。 2)There were several floods and air crashes in the world. 世界上发生了好几次洪水和空难。否定式:1)Mother wasnt at home this morning. 母亲上午不在家。 2)Mr Smith didnt say anything at the meeting. 史密斯先生在会上什么也没说。疑问式:1)Were you good friends as children? 你们小时候就是朋友吗? 2)Did anybody call me when I was out? 我不在时有人给我打电话吗?由以上例句不难看出,谓语动词是be时,其否定式直接在was/were之后加not。疑问式则将was/were提到主语之前。当谓语是实义动词时,由did +主语+动词原形构成疑问式。否定式由主语+didnt+动词原形构成。5.学习一般过去时值得特别注意的几点:1)表示按先后顺序接连发生的动作都用过去式。可归纳为“动词,动词,and动词”结构:例如:The little boy came in, closed the door, took off his shoes and threw them on the floor. 小男孩进了屋,关上门,脱了鞋扔在地上。 2)used to do 与 would do 都表示过去常做某事,但两者含义不同。used to do 暗含过去常常如何,而现在已经不这样了。而would do 则无此含义。比较下面例句:例如:(1) When I was young, I used to listen to the radio. 我小的时候常听广播。(2) When I was young, I would listen to the radio. 我小时侯就爱听广播。3) 过去式用在虚拟语气中,表示与现在事实相反:例如:(1)If only I were a bird! 如果我是一只鸟就好了。(2)If I were you, I would take his advice. 如果我是你,我将接受他们的建议。(3) Its high time that we went to school. 现在是到上学的时间了。4)在状语从句中,用一般过去时表示过去将来时:例如:Th teacher made a promise that if he was free, he would come to take part in our party. 老师承诺如果他有空,将参加我们的宴会。三一般将来时1.一般将来时的用法: 一般将来时表示主语所陈述的对象在将来某个时间所要发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:1)You will feel better after taking this medicine. 吃了这药后你将会感觉好一些。 2)We will/ shall know the result tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我们将得到考试结果。3)Im going to be a scientist when I grow up. 我长大后要做一名科学家。4)We are going to have a picnic in the mountain. 我们打算下周六到山上去野餐。2.一般将来时的表现形式: 一般将来时由主语 + will 或 shall + 动词原形构成,shall只用于第一人称I/we后。或主语 + be (am/is/are) going to +动词原形构成。be根据主语的人称变化而变化。例如:1) It will be April Fools Day tomorrow. 明天将是愚人节。2)I shall try my best to make them feel at home. 我将尽最大努力使他们宾至如归。3)Mary is going to tell the teacher the truth. 玛丽打算跟老师讲真话。3.常与一般将来时连用的时间状语有:tomorrow, next week/month/year/term, soon, this afternoon, the day after tomorrow, in an hour, on Thursday, before long, in(the) future, some day等。例如:1) People will go travelling on the moon some day. 人类将在某天登上月球。2)Dont worry, he will be back soon. 别着急,他很快就会回来的。3)The breakfast will be ready in half an hour. 早饭将在半小时内完成。 4) He is going to do nothing but play video games this afternoon. 他今天下午什么也不打算做只打电子游戏。4.一般将来时的基本结构: 同其它时态一样,一般将来时也有三种基本结构:肯定式、否定式、疑问式。肯定式由will/shall + 动词原形或am/is/are + going to do构成;否定式由will/shall + not do或am/is/are not going to do构成;疑问式将will/shall或Am/Is/Are提到句首引起疑问。肯定式:Uncle John will leave for Nanjing the day after tomorrow. I will wait in the office for the meeting this afternoon. 我今天下午在办公室等着开会。否定式:We shall not have sports meeting this term. 我们这学期没有运动会。 She i

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