世纪大学英语第三册第三单元.ppt

,Listen to the passage and answer the following questions.,What does the speaker think of the relationship between happiness and wealth ? 2. What is the secret to happiness according to the passage ? 3. Why happiness is not an end but a process ?,The speaker thinks that happiness does not naturally follow wealth or success.,The secret to happiness lies in our successful work, in our contribution to others happiness and in the wealth we have earned through our own honest effort.,Because it is only through the continuous process of honest and productive work that you can make a real contribution to others and feel that you are a useful, worthy person. It is the feeling of fulfillment and self-esteem that brings you true happiness.,Listen and Respond,1. The world is full of very rich people who are as _ as if they were _. 2. If you obtain wealth through _ or _, you will not be happy with it. You will think you are a mean person. 3. Long-term happiness is based on _, and _, contribution, and self-esteem. 4. If your happiness depends on _, you will always feel unfulfilled because there will always be something _,Listen to the passage again and fill in the blanks according to what you have heard.,living in hell,miserable,dishonest means,luck,productive work,external circumstances,missing,honesty,Listen and Respond,Maslows Hierarchy of Human Needs,Happiness lies in contentment, so one wont be happy until ones needs are met.,Our needs must be satisfied in an order of priority. Before higher ideals can be achieved, the lower needs must be met.,Which needs could be fulfilled with material benefits, which could not?,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,Understanding questions Discourse analysis Text structure,While-reading,Text Reading,I. Problems para 1-2 Thesis Statement,II. Causes para 3-6 Topic sentences Supports,III. Solutions para 7-11 Suggestions Supports,IV. Thesis Restatement para 12 Conclusion Expactations,Main Body,Introduction,Conclusion,Text Structure,When we human beings enjoy better life provided by extraordinary economic growth, we should naturally feel happier.,1. What is so-called standard economic theory?,No improvement on degrees of happiness and crime rates.,2. What are the indicators of dissatisfaction mentioned?,When people have enough money to meet their daily needs, extra income may sound not so important.,3. According to the passage, at what stage increased income wouldnt sound so important at all?,Part I: Understanding Questions,Global Reading,Over the last 50 years, we in the west have enjoyed unparalleled economic growth. We have better homes, cars, holidays, jobs, education and above all health. According to standard economic theory, this should have made us happier. But surveys show otherwise. When Britons or Americans are asked how happy they are, they report no improvement over the last 50 years. More,The Pursuit of Happiness for the Common Good Richard Layard,people suffer from depression, and crime, another indicator of dissatisfaction is also much higher.,1,Detailed Reading,These facts challenge many of the priorities we have set ourselves both as societies and as individuals. The truth is that we are in a situation previously unknown to man. When most people exist near the breadline, material progress does indeed make them happier. People in the rich world (above, say, $20,000 a head per year) are happier than people in poorer countries, and people in poor countries do become happier as they become richer. But when material discomfort has been banished, extra income becomes much less important than our relationships with each other: with family, with friends and in the community. The danger is that we sacrifice relationships too much in pursuit of higher income.,2,Detailed Reading,I. Introduction (para 1-2),Hook 引子,Thesis Statement 中心论点句,Take the Western people as an example.,Once material discomfort has been banished, improved relationships become more important than extra money in making us happier.,Global Reading,Text Structure,5. The reason why in some western countries people overall dont become happier with the increase of financial income is that the increase is not substantial at all.,Part 2,4. Even though individualism didnt make people happier, it still should be a central part of the nations policy.,6. People would only feel better off if they are relatively rich compared to the average standard.,7. If we consider society as a whole, we really dont need to work so hard for the increase in social status.,F,( ),F,( ),T,( ),T,( ),Intense individualism should be replaced by equal rights to pursue happiness as our central guideline.,The reason for this phenomenon is our expectations rise with the financial increase, that is to say, the increase in financial income has been offset by peoples growing expectations.,Global Reading,Understanding Questions:,The desire to be happy is central to our nature. We all want a society in which people are as happy as possible and in which each persons happiness counts equally. That should be the philosophy for our age, the guide for public policy and for individual action. And it should come to replace the intense individualism which has failed to make us happier.,3,Detailed Reading,Indeed, money is perceived as one of the key factors affecting a persons happiness. But can money alone make us happy in the long run? In any society, richer people are often happier than poor people. Yet, as a western country becomes richer, its people overall do not become happier.,The reason for this is that over time our standards and expectations rise to meet our income. A Gallup Poll has asked Americans each year: “What is the smallest amount of money a family of four needs to get along in this community?” The sums mentioned rise in line with average incomes. Since people are always comparing their incomes with what others have, or with what they are used to, they only feel better off if they move up relative to the norm.,4,Detailed Reading,This process can have counterproductive effects. I have an incentive to work and earn more: it will make me happier. So do other members of society, who also care about their relative standard of life. Since society as a whole cannot raise its position relative to itself, the effort which its members devote to that end could be said to be a waste the balance between leisure and work has been shifted “inefficiently” towards work.,5,Detailed Reading,To reinforce the case, let me explain it in terms of status, which may derive as much from the earning of income as from the spending of it. People work, in part at least, to improve their status. But status is a system of ranking: one, two, three and so on. So if one person improves his status, someone else loses an equal amount. It is a zero-sum game: private life sacrificed in order to increase status is a waste from the point of view of society as a whole. That is why the rat race is so destructive: we lose family life and peace of mind in pursuing something whose total cannot be altered.,6,Detailed Reading,II. Causes (para 3-6),Topic sentence 1 主题句1 (para 3),Topic sentence 2 (para 4),Supporting paragraphes (6),Human beingsnature,Moneys role,Topic sentence 3 (para 5),Counterproductive effects,Case study: status,Global Reading,Text Structure,10. As we lived in an era of , our objective is only to . Consequently, we are not aware of the importance of,common good or,realize our full potential,unprecedented individualism,9. There is nothing wrong with , because it is . But what really matters is that our system of ranking is,subjective,inevitable,comparison,respect,Understanding Questions:Part3,Directions: Fill in the following blanks with the information you get after reading the third part.,8. Even though financial income can bring us , we also should praise those people,_,_,_,_.,_,_,_,_.,collective interests,Global Reading,In one sense, what people most want is respect. They seek economic status because it brings respect. But we can increase or decrease the weight we give to status. In an increasingly competitive society, life will become tougher for people in the bottom half of the ability range unless we develop broader criteria for respect. We should respect people who co-operate with others at no gain to themselves, and who show skill and effort at whatever level. That is why it is so important to enable everyone to develop a skill. In Britain, this means ensuring that all young people can take up an apprenticeship if they wish, so that those who have not enjoyed academic success at school can experience professional pride and avoid starting adult life believing themselves to be failures.,7,Detailed Reading,Some comparisons between people are inevitable, since hierarchy is necessary and unavoidable. Some people get promoted and others do not. Moreover, those who get promoted must be paid more, since they are talented and the employer wishes to attract,talent. So pay is important at key moments as a way of affecting peoples decisions about occupations or in choosing between employers. The problem is that in most jobs there is no objective measure of individual performance, so people must in effect be evaluated against their peers. But the ranking process, which is very subjective, fundamentally alters the relationship of co-operation between an employee and his boss, and between an employee and his peers.,8,Detailed Reading,If we want a happier society, we should focus most on the experiences which people value for their intrinsic worth and not because other people have them, above all, on relationships in the family, at work and in the community. It seems likely that the extra comforts we now enjoy have increased our happiness somewhat, but that deteriorating relationships have made us less happy.,We live in an age of unprecedented individualism. The highest obligation many people feel is to make the most of themselves, to realize their potential. This is a terrifying and lonely objective. Of course they feel obligations to other people too, but these are,not based on any clear set of ideas in western societies. The old religious worldview is gone; so too is the postwar religion of social and national solidarity. We are left with no concept of the common good or collective meaning.,9,10,Detailed Reading,To become happier, we have to change our inner attitudes as much as our outward circumstances. I am talking of the everlasting philosophy which enables us to find the positive force in ourselves, and to see the positive side in others. Such compassion, to ourselves and others, can be learned and it ought to be taught in schools. Every city should have a policy for promoting a healthier philosophy of life in its youngsters and for helping them to distinguish between superficial pleasures and real happiness.,11,Detailed Reading,III. Solutions (para 7-11),Topic sentence 1 主题句1 (para 7),Topic sentence 2 (para 8),Supporting paragraphes (6, 7, 8),Broard standards of respect,Objective measures,Topic sentence 3 (para 5),Counterproductive effects,Case study: status,Topic sentence 4 (para 9,10),Objectives in our life,Rhetorical Modes (语篇修辞模式),example, data, cause, effect, comparison, contrast,Global Reading,Text Structure,would serve as a clear guide to policy. But, even more important, it would inspire us in our daily lives to take more pleasure in the happiness of others, and to promote it. In this way we might all become less self-centered and happier.,So my hope is that in this new century we can finally adopt the greatest happiness of humankind as our concept of the common good. This would have two results. It,12,Detailed Reading,III. Conclusion (para 11-12),So-what 建议,Thesis Restatement 中心论点重述,Case study: status,Objectives in our life,Rhetorical Modes (语篇修辞模式),example, cause, effect, comparison, contrast,Global Reading,Text Structure,Direction: Read the passage and summarize the main idea of every part,Parts,Para.,Main Ideas,1,12,2,36,3,711,4,12,We should adopt the greatest happiness of humankind as our concept of the common good.,Once material discomfort has been banished, improved relationships become more important than extra money in making us happier.,The pursuit of higher relative income or status is a zero-sum game, producing a useless rat race that fails to increase overall happiness.,To become happier, we need to change our attitudes. We should broaden the criteria for respect, value the intrinsic worth of peoples experiences and acquire a healthier philosophy of life.,Global Reading,Sentence analysis Words and phrases Rhetorical devices,Text Reading,While-reading,People in the rich world (above, say, $20,000 a head per year) are happier than people in poorer countries, and people in poor countries do become happier as they become richer.,1. What does “a head” refer to in this sentence?,A head here refers to a person.,2. What rhetorical device is employed here?,Synecdoche is used here. Synecdoche (提喻) means using a part for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for a thing or the reverse of any of these。 More examples: There are a lot of good heads in the university. (intelligent people) We need some new blood in the organization. (new people) We need some new faces around here.,Detailed Reading,It is a zero-sum game: private life sacrificed in order to increase status is a waste from the point of view of society as a whole.,1. Translate the sentence.,这是一种得失平衡的游戏：从整个社会看，为了提高地位而牺牲个人的生活，是一种浪费。,zero-sum game “零和博弈”，指参与博弈的各方，在严格竞争下，一方的收益必然意味着另一方的损失，博弈各方的收益和损失相加总和永远为“零”，双方不存在合作的可能。,与zero-sum game相反，win-win relationship/situation则是指一种双方都获利的“双赢”机制，例如This is a basic prerequisite to win-win cooperation.,It is acknowledged that China and the United States share interests in world peace and development. Highly complementary in terms of economy, they are also natural partners instead of opponents in a zero-sum game.,The old religious worldview is gone; so too is the postwar religion of social and national solidarity.,1. Analyze the sentence structure.,Inversion is used here. The original sentence should be: is gone; the postwar religion of social and national solidarity is also gone. When we use inversion, we put the predicate or part of it before the subject, so the predicate is emphasized instead of the subject.,More about Inversion,Detailed Reading,The old religious worldview is gone; so too is the postwar religion of social and national solidarity.,3. What do “the old religious worldview” and “the postwar religion of social and national solidarity” refer to?,Open-ended. But this question is worth discussing about. Teachers can really hold a deep discussion about this.,2. Translate the sentence.,无论是古老的、虔诚的世界观，还是战后社会的团结精神和国家的凝聚意识，皆荡然无存。,Detailed Reading,1. The old religious worldview: Christian worldview A “worldview” refers to a comprehensive conception of the world from a specific standpoint. A Christian worldview holds the following ideas: 1) We are Gods creation, designed to govern the world and fellowship with Him. 2) We sinned against God and subjected the whole world to a curse. 3) In stead of material comfort, the goal of human life is redemption and entering the heaven after death. 4) All human beings are brothers and sisters. A Christian worldview leads us to believe in moral absolutes, miracles, human dignity, and the possibility of redemption.,Reference:,Detailed Reading,2. The postwar religion of social and national solidarity: In the decade and a half after World War II, the United States experienced phenomenal economic growth and consolidated its position as the worlds richest country. It started dominating global affairs. After the victory in the war, the people enjoyed the benefits of prosperity and was confident of their nation. They believe in democracy, hardworking, social-responsibility, and service to their country.,Reference:,Detailed Reading,unparalleled: adj. having no parallel or equal; unmatched,New agricultural and industrial processes have boosted productivity to unparalleled heights.,With the soar of energy costs, this country is confronted with an economic crisis unparalleled in its history.,unprecedented: adj. having no precedent,From 1641 to 1643, there had been an unprecedented explosion of printing and publishing in England. 从1641年到1643年，在英格兰出现了空前的印刷出版狂潮。,Detailed Reading,banish: v. 1) to send sb. away, especially out of the country, as a punishment,The king banished the traitor from the realm.,He was banished from his homeland for life.,2) to drive (thoughts, etc) out (of the mind),她从心里打消了过一个宁静假日的想法。,She banished all thoughts of a restful holiday from her mind.,国王把背叛者驱逐出王国。,pursuit: n. 1) the act of looking for or trying to find sth,the pursuit of happiness / knowledge / profit,2) the act of following or chasing sb,I galloped off on my horse with Rosie in hot pursuit.,这些短语都有“追求、渴望”之意。,CF: in pursuit of , long for / to, dream of / about,我纵马而去，罗西紧追不舍。,Verb: pursue (e.g. to pursue a goal / an aim / an objective),Detailed Reading,指付出努力试图追求、寻找；也可指跟踪、追捕。例如： 尤指对看似不会很快发生的事的渴望。例如： 指想象、梦想着某事的发生。例如：,CF: in pursuit of , long for / to , dream of / about,in pursuit of,long for / to,dream of / about,She travelled the world in pursuit of her dreams. We drove away with two police cars in pursuit.,She dreams of running her own business. It was the kind of trip most of us only dream about.,Lucy had always longed for a brother.