四级常考语法结构讲解.doc

四级常考语法结构讲解Be about to do sth be about to-V - be on the point of doing sth；just going to do sth即将，就要：Her father is about to retire她即即将退休。As was about to say when you interrupted me我正要张口说话时你打断了我。（注：about to后面跟不定式，而且常与when从句搭配使用）all butall but - 1. all but十形容词（或用在谓语动词前）= very nearly；almost几乎，差不多；2.all but+名词= all except 除外都：Crows all but destroyed a farmers field of corn.群鸦几乎吃光了一位农夫的玉米地。The hikers were exhausted and all but frozen when they were found那些徒步旅行者疲惫不堪，被人们发现时都几乎冻僵了。all but John were present除约翰外，其他人都到了。（注：all but作几乎解时可修饰作表语的形容词或过去分词；也可作状语修饰谓语动词。）for allfor all- in spite of 尽管：He did not do well in the race，for all his training.尽管他进行了很多训练，但他的赛跑成绩并不很理想。For all his money，he was very unhappy尽管他有不少钱，但他并不很幸福。 alternativealternative n-选择，替代办法，注意下面成语的习惯用法：have no alternative but to do没有别的选择，只好：Theres no alternative but to fight除了战斗以外，没有别的选择。 I had no alternative but to walk out我没有别的办法，只有走出去。andand -用在省略if的特殊条件句中：Five minutes earlier，we could have caught the last trainaand bbut cor dso（答案aCET4936译文：再早5分钟，我们就可能赶上最后一趟火车了。）Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _ advertisements showing happy, balanced families. a. are often seeing b. will often see c. often see d. have often seen（答案 bCET4956译文：只要打开电视机或翻开一本杂志，你常常可以看到排列整齐的全家福广告照片。）anything butanything but - not at all；far from根本不，一点不，作表语，but后面可以跟名词、形容词或过去分词：Hes anything but lazy/a hero. 他一点不懒/根本不是个英雄。The bridge is anything but safe/finished.这座桥一点不安全离完工还差得很远。 Alone in a deserted house，he was so busy with his research work that he felt _ lonelyanothing but banything but call but deverything but（ 答案 b考研90译文：他一个人在一所房子里搞研究工作，一点也不感到寂寞。）as（四级考试频度很大的几个用法）1.引导让步状语从句（通常可以用though替换），使用下面句型：1）形容词副词十as主语十谓语：Young as I am，I know some of the family secrets尽管我还很小，但我了解一些家庭秘密。Much as like her，I will not marry her虽然我很喜欢她，但我并不想与她结婚。Some members of the staff couldnt handle the case，hard as they tried一些职员不管怎么想办法也解决不了这个问题。2）原形动词十as十主语十maymightwillwould：Try as he would，he could not lift the rock不管他用多大劲也举不起那块石头。There was not a soul to be found in the house，search as they would不管他们怎么寻找，房子里也找不到一个人。 2.作关系代词，使用下面句型：1）suchas（as在此接近于who/that/which）：Such women as Tom knew thought he was charming.汤姆认识的那些妇女都认为他长得很迷人。I never heard such stories as he tells.我从未听说过他讲的那些故事。He never hesitates to make such criticisms as are considered helpful to others只要对别人有帮助，他从不犹豫提出这类批评。It wasnt such a good dinner she had promised us athat bwhich cas dwhat（答案cCET4901译文：它并不是像她承诺我们的那样一顿美餐。）2）用在the sameas句型中：He doesnt believe the same things as you do他不相信你相信的那些东西。（注：as的这一用法在OALD词典中被当作连词，但在张道真教授编的现代英语用法词典（重排本）P70中被当作关系代词，似乎后者更合理、更好理解些。）3用在asbe动词十表语从句中，表不正如：He is absent，as is often the case他正如通常那样又缺席了。Freddie，as might be expected，was attending the conference正如可能预料的那样，弗雷迪当时正在出席会议。As was expected，he performed the task with success正如预料的那样，他成功地完成了任务。 _ is known to the world，Mark Twain is a great American writer. aThat bWhich cAs dIt（答案 cCET4936译文：正如世人所知，马克吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。 _ is generally accepted，economical growth is determined by the smooth development of productionaWhat bThat cIt dAs（答案d考研95译文：正如所公认的那样，经济增长是由生产的平 稳发展所决定的。）（注：as在这一句型中是连词还是关系代词也存在着争议，它在结构上更接近关系代词，但as与thatwhich不同，thatwhich引导的关系从句只能放在先行词后面，而as引导的从句不但可以放在主句的后面，还可以放在主句的前面。）4as用于省略句，为避免重复，as代替表语或宾语部分：David is tall，as are my brothers像我的几个弟兄们一样，戴维也是个高个儿。（as are my brothers用的是倒装语序，正常语序应是 as my brothers are。）The Second World War，as did the earlier one of 1914，prompted public concern about a physical and Intellectual wellbeing of the countrys human resources第二次世界大战，正如早些时候1914年的那次一样，立即引起了公众对这个国家人力资源的身心健康的关注。5as用于省略句，引起分词短语作状语：As expected，the afforestation movement rapidly spread正如预料的那样，植树造林运动迅速扩展开来。It usually happens as described above它的发生通常如上面所描写的那样。He had failed to visit her as promised他没有像他允诺的那样去看望她。His first novelNight was an account of the Nazi crimes _ through the eyes of a teenaged boyaas seen bwhich saw cbut was seen dand were seen（答案a选自六级样题译文：他的第一部小说夜通过一个十几岁的男孩的眼睛描述了纳粹的罪行。）6用于as muchas；not so much as或not soas十形容词十as句式中：He said the situation there was not so bad as had been painted他说，那里的局势并不像所描绘的那样糟。The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach the art of learning学校教育的伟大作用与其说是教给你东西，还不如说是教给你如何学习的技能。He is not so much a writer as a reporter与其说他是位作家，还不如说他是个记者。They were expected to be models of virtue，honoured as much for their character as for their learning人们期望他们成为美德的典范，不但因为他们的学识，而且因为他们的品德而受到敬重。7用于 as if/as though引导的省略句中：He paused as if expecting Lenny to speak（as if后面跟现在分词）他停了一下，好象是在等待拉尼讲话一样。The boy turned， as if awakened from some dream。（后面跟过去分词）那男孩翻了翻身，好像从梦中醒来一样。He opened his mouth as if to speak something（后面跟不定式）他张张口，好像要说些什么。He glanced as if in search of something（后面跟介词短语）他瞟了一眼，好像在寻找什么东西一样。8用在just as，so结构中：Just as the soil is a part of the earth，_ the atmosphere aas it is bthe same is cso is dand so is（答案 c考研95译文：正如土壤是地球的一部分一样，大气层也是地球的一部分。）（so is the atmosphere是倒装句。在just as，so句式中，so引导的主句常用倒装语序，尤其在主语特别长时更是如此，so代替被省略了的表语部分。）Just as the builder is skilled in the handling of his bricks， _ the experienced writer is skilled in the handling of his wordsaso bas cthus dlike（答案 aCET6936译文：正如建筑工人砌砖郁闲熟的技艺一样，有经验的作家在用词做文章上也有高超的技艺。） beforebefore一特别要注意before在下面几个例句中的用法，在这些例句中，before相当于and then，汉语常译为然后；才：I must finish my work before go home我必须先把工作做完再回家。He had to be called two or three times before he would come to his dinner往往要叫他两三遍，他才肯过来吃饭。The farmer decided to drive the cows away before they made more damage to the crops那个农夫决定把那些牛赶走，以免对庄稼造成更大的损害。It was several years before we met again又过了好几年我们才又见了面。A man escaped from the prison last nightIt was a long time the guards discovered what had happened abefore buntil csince dwhen（答案 aCET4936译文：昨晚一个犯人从监狱逃跑了，过了好久警卫才发现发生了什么事。）Scientists say it may be five or ten years _ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. A. since b. before c. after d. when (答案 bCET4956译文：科学家们说，可能还需要 5到 10年才能将这种药在病人身上作实验。（注：before的这一用法经常考试）busybusy -busy作表语时仅面可跟如下结构：busy withatover/-ing忙于：Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy for her examination ato prepare bto be prepared cpreparing dbeing prepared（答案 cCET4936 译文：琼昨天晚上没有时间去听音乐会，因为她在忙于准备考试。）We were busy （get）things ready for the trial production when he phoned us（考研80答案：将get变为getting译文：我们正为试生产而忙着做准备时，他打来了电话）but forbut for -用于虚拟语气中，表示若非，相当于if not，后面跟名词；还可用 but that引导一个从句，陈述具体事实：_ bed its destination on time. aIn case of bIn spite of cBecause of dBut for（答案 dCET6901译文：若不是由于洪水，轮船就可以按时抵达目的地了）。He might have been killed _ the arrival of the policeaexcept for bbut for cwith dfor（答案 bCET6956译文： 若不是警察赶到，他可能就被杀害了。） _ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday. a. In spite of b. But for c. Because of d. As for（答案 b考研91译文：要不是有英语考试，我上个星期天就去听音乐会了。）but thatbut that - 用在虚拟语气中，but that从句谓语用陈述语气，陈述具体事实，表示倘没有，若不是： He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time.他本来会帮助我们的， 但当时他没有钱。 but that 还用在（It is） not thatbut that句式中,表示不是因为而是因为：Not that John doesnt want to help you, but that its beyond his power.不是约翰不想帮助你，而是因为他无能为力。cancouldcancould - 1canttoo怎么也不为过：You cant be _ careful in making the decision as it is such a critical caseaquite bvery ctoo dso（答案 c选自六级样题译文：做这一决定时再细心也不为过，因为这是一件至关重要的事情。）2cant/couldnt+比较级表示不可能再，实际上等于最：The earthquake could not have come at a worse time for the wartorn country对于那个饱受战争之苦的国家来说， 地震发生的时间再糟糕不过了。3cant/couldnt+完成式用于推断过去不可能发生了某事：Mary、my letter， otherwise she would have replied before nowahas received b. ought to have received c. couldnt have received d. shouldnt have received（答案 C考研91译文：玛丽不可能收到了我的信，不然她一定会回信的。）Comrade Li _ be in Beijing because saw him in town only a few minutes agoamustnt bcant cmay not disnt able to（答案b考研80译文：李同志不可能在北京，因为仅在几分钟前我还在城里见到了他。）cannot help-ingcannot help-ing -禁不住，忍不住；避免不了：I couldnt help overhearing what he said.我禁不住偷听了他说的话。We couldnt help their seeing us我们避免不了他们看见我们。cannot help but docannot help but do -不由得，不能不（与 cannot help-ing基本同义）：You cant help but respect them你不由的要尊敬他们。（注：在这个句式中，还可以把help省略掉，意思不变，如上面的句子也可改变为：You cannot but respect them）cannot choose but docannot choose but do -注意ht后面习惯上跟不带 to的不定式，表示没有别的办法，只好； He cannot choose but obey他没有别的办法，只好服从。choicechoice -注意choice在下面句型中的用法：1have no choice but to do或Theres no choice for sb but to do没有别的办法，只好（注意 but后面的不定式必须带 to）：We had no choice but to do what we were asked我们不得不做要求我们做的工作。2have no other choice than to do没有别的选择，只好：The beaten enemy had no other choice thanasurrender bsurrendering cto surrender dto be surrendered（答案c译文：被打败的敌人没有别的选择只好投降。）do more than dodo more than do -注意 than后面习惯上跟不带to的不定式，表示不仅仅，不单单，不只是：In the course of a day students do far more than Just classesaattend b attended c.to attend dattending（答案 aCET4936译文：在一天之内，学生不只是上课（还要做许多别的事情）。Colleges and universities across the nation have decided to do more than talk about the use in student cheating除了谈论学生作弊的上升以外，全国各地的大学已决定采取一切措施。（摘自大学英语第二册第8课 Honesty：Is It Going Out of Style？）do nothing but（do）do nothing but（do） -仅仅（做），只（做），除外什么都不（做）：Lots of empty bottles were found under the old mans bedHe must have done nothing but _ （drink）（答案：but后用原形动词 drink。考研89）（注意下面的句式）So there was nothing for them to do _ their places at the end of Itaexcept take bbut take cbesides take d but to take（答案 d译文：他们只好在尽头自己的座位上坐下。）（注意这里的 but后面用不定式to take与前面的for them to do是并列的，处在相同的位置上，作nothing的定语： nothing to do but to take.)do nothing else than (do)do nothing else than (do) - 注意：do nothing后面用了else后就要用than而不再用but, 但than后面同样用不带to的不定式：He sat there, doing nothing else _. a. but to laugh b. than laughing c. than laugh d. but laughed （答案c. 译文：他坐在那里一个劲地笑。）但注意下面这个句子：He had nothing else to do except to return/than to return to his hot room.他没有别的办法，只好回到自己酷热的房间。（这个句子中的不定式 to do和to return做 nothing else的定语）eitheroreitheror -或是或是；不是就是。由选择连词eitheror引导的名词作主语时，谓语动词的人称和数要与or后面的名词保持一致。eitheror还可以引导并列名词或介词短语作宾语，引导并列谓语或表语，引导并列状语或定语，引导并列分句。该结构的关键是由它们引导的两个部分必须并列处于同一层次上：Either Tim or his brothers have to shovel the snow要么蒂姆，要么他的兄弟们，必须铲雪。The local hunters either shoot or trap them当地的猎人或者枪杀它们，或者设陷捕捉它们。Either you must improve your work or shall dismiss you要么改进你的工作，否则我就解雇你。I was advised _ for reservations ato either telephone or to write the hotel b. either to telephone or to write the hotel c. that I should telephone or to write the hotel d. I ought either to telephone or write the hotel（答案 b考研 85译文：他们建议我要么给旅馆打电话，要么给旅馆写封信预订房间。）findfind - find后面可以跟带现在分词、过去分词、形容词或不定式 to be的复合结构作宾语；如果是不定式本身作宾语，要把不定式后移，用形式宾语 it填补其位置：He was found dyingdeadinjured人们发现他快死了已经死了受了伤。We found（him to bethat he was）the right man for the job我们发现他是做这项工作的合适人选。I found to answer all the questions within the time given a. no possibility bthere was impossibility c. impossible d. it impossible（答案d考研80译文：我发现在限定的时间内回答所有那些问题是不可能的。）（find上面的用法考试频度也很大）forfor - 1for all尽管：all our kindness to help her，Sara refused to listen to us a. At b. For c. In d. On（答案b考研92译文：尽管我们好心要帮助她，但萨拉不肯听我们的。）There may be mistakes occasionally，but for all that，it is the best book on the subject书中也许偶而有些错误，但尽管如此它仍不失为论述这个问题的最好的书。2but forif it werent for若不是，若没有（用在虚拟语气中）：But for your help we should not have finished in time若没有你的帮助，我们就不能按时完成。Had it not been for your laziness，you could have finished the assignment by now要不是你懒，你现在可能会完成任务了。（注：在这个句式中，按正常语序谓语可以用缩合形式计 it werent for或 if it hadnt been for，但若使用倒装语序时，不能将缩合的 werenthadnt放在句首，如不能说 Werent it forHadnt it been for，而必须说 Were it not forhad it not been for） 3for作连词，表示因为，由于，多用于书面语中，引导的从句不能放在主句前面，它引导的 原因只是对主句所说的情况作出解释：Someone must have left the tap on，the water is running over and flooding the bathroomatherefore bfor cnevertheless d moreover（答案b考研84译文：一定是谁忘记了关水龙头，瞧，水溢了出来，洗澡间到处是水。）4for用在带逻辑主语的不定式的结构中一for there to befor it to be：It would be surprising for any objections to the proposal. anot to be bit not to be cthere to be not dthere not to be（答案 d译文：对这项建议若没有任何反对, 那反倒是奇怪的。）For there _ successful communication，here must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all presentais bto be cwill be d. being（答案 b考研96译文：为了进行成功的思想交流，所有出席的人都必须聚精会神地参加讨论。）（注：在there be句型中，虽然真正的主语是后面的名词，但在语法结构上习惯上把there看作结构主语，所以用介词 for引导带逻辑主语的不定式时要把there看作逻辑主语，因此把there is变为带逻辑主语的不定式时应说 for there to be，这和把 I do sth变为不定式时应说 for me to do sth的道理是一样的。在这个句式中还要注意如何把 It is time变为由 for引导的不定式。如果要说现在该吃药了，用英语应说 It is time to take medicine。但如果要说他在等到该吃药的时间再吃药，就应说 He is waiting for it to be time to take medicine。）given（that）given（that）一在有的情况下；如果有；假定；考虑到：Given good health，I hope to finish the work this year如果健康状况良好，我希望今年完成这项工作。Id come and see you in Austria，given the chance如果有机会，我就到奥地利来看你。Given their inexperiencethat they are inexperienced，theyve done a good job考虑到他们缺乏经验，他们的工作还是做得不错的。（given的这一用法考试频度也很大）good/point/sense/usegood/point/sense/use -注意这几个名词在下面句型中的用法：It is no good -ing表示没有用处：Its no good my arguing with you和你争论没有用。There is no good in -ing； Whats the good of-ing？havehave十复合结构 - have sb do sth；have sbsthlug；have sth done（have的这种用法考试频度也很大）：They11 have you if you dont pay your taxesato be arrested b arrest carrested dbeing arrested（答案 cCET6916译文：如果你不纳税，他们将要逮捕你。）I didnt understand what the teacher said，and had him explain it again to me我不懂老师说的意思，我又让他给我解释了一遍。in thatin that -此为复合连词，相当于 because引导的原因状语从句，考试频度极大，在四六级和考研试题中几乎每年都有一题，如 1995年三个试题中均考了该题：Liquids are like solids _ they have a definite volumeawith that bfor that cin that dat that（答案。 CET4956译文：液体与固体一样，它们也有确定的体积。）Britains press is unusual _ it is divided into two very different types of newspaper：the quality press and the popular press ain how bin what cin which din that（答案 dCET6956译文：英国报纸很不寻常，因为它分为截然不同的两大类：严肃报纸和通俗报纸。）Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe _ it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.aso that bbut that cin that dprovided that（答案c考研95译文：氢是宇宙间最基本的元素，因为它提供生成其它元素的建筑模块。）the instant/the momentthe instant/the moment+从句 -相当于as soon as 一（就）：She must have dashed out the instant I grabbed the phone.她必定是在我一把抓起电话时就奔了出去。You must behave like a guest the instant you set foot on a foreign soil你一踏上外国国土就得像个客人的样子。just as，sojust as，so -正如一样，也：Just as you hate Mr Green, so I dislike his wife.就像你憎恨格林先生一样我也不喜欢他的妻子。Just as the builder is skilled in the handling of his bricks, _ the experienced writer is skilled in the handing of his words. a. so b. as c. thus d. like（答案 aCET6936译文：正如建筑工人砌砖技术拥熟一样，有经验的作家在用词作文章上也有高超的技艺。）Just as the soil is part of the earth， the atmosphereaas it is bthe same is cso is dand so is（答案 c考研95译文：正如土壤是地球的一部分一样，大气层也是地球的一部分。）know better than（to do）know better than（to do） -be wise or experienced enough not to do sth很懂得不会不该（做某事）（根据张道真教授的（现代英语用法词典）的解释，than后面的不定式多带to，但有时可以省略）：You ought to know better than to stay away from school.你应懂得不该逃学He knew better than to mention the subject to her他很明智而没有向她提起这件事。Tom _ better than to ask Dick for helpashall know bshouldnt know chas known dshould have known（答案 dCET6916译文：汤姆应懂得不该向迪克请求帮助。）lessless -用在下面成语中：evenmuchstill less更不用说，更别提（用在否定的陈述句之后）：The baby cant even walk，much less run那婴儿连走路都不会，更别说跑了。I cant run a hundred yards，even less a mile我连一百码都跑不了，更别说跑一英里了。He knows little of mathematics，and of chemistry aeven more bstill less cno less dstill more（答案b考研91译文：他对数学几乎一窃不通，更别提化学了。）30、lest -唯恐，免得（从句谓语多用 should，有时可用动词原形）：They spoke in whispers lest they should be heard他们低声交谈，生怕别人听见了。The driver looked over the engine carefully lest it should go wrong on the way司机认真地检查了一遍发动机，免得半路上出毛病。let alonelet alone -更别提（多用于否定句之后，与 evenmuchstill less的用法基本相同）：I had never seen him, let alone spoken to him.我从未见过他，更谈不上同他谈话了。The baby cant even walk, let alone run.那婴儿连走路都不会，更谈不上跑了。（注：let alone后面可以跟名词、动词不定式或分词，这取决于它所要强调的部分与前一句中所要对比的那一部分的语法结构，它们必须处于同一语法结构层次。）mostmost -most可以直接修饰可数名词复数，名词前不用冠词修饰，表示泛指，如 most students大多数学生；如果要特指某些学生中的大多数，就要用most of结构，并且名词前面一般要用定冠词修饰，如most of the students in my class；注意这样用时，most前面没有冠词，不说 the most of the students。另外，most不能直接与代词或由物主代词修饰的名词连用，不能说most theymost their students或 their most students；而必须用，most of结构，像 most of them，most of her arguments。some/anysome/any -与 most的用法类似，可以说 some advicestudents；some of the students；some of them；some of his arguments；但不说 some they，some his arguments或some the students。any也适用于这种情况。alleachalleach -与 mostsomeany的用法有些区别：all可以直接修饰带或不带定冠词的可数或不可数名词以及由物主代词修饰的名词，如 all（the） work； all（the）students； all my heart；但不能直接放在代词前面，如不能说 all they，all it；但可以用 all of结构限定代词，如 all ofthem; all虽不能放在代词前面修饰代词，但可以放在代词后面作代词的同位语，如We all did it; He helped us all;（但谓语是 be动词时，all要放在 be后面，如 We are all pleased。）each可以直接修饰不带冠词的可数名词单数，如 each student；但不能直接修饰代词、由物主代词或定冠词修饰的可数名词单数，如不能说 each they，each his book，each the student；而必须用 each of结构，如 each of them，each of his books，each of the students；但 each可以放在复数名词或代词后面，如 The students/They each took a share。much much -much多用于否定句或疑问句中，如 There is not much food in the house。Do you have much difficulty in finding the house？在肯定句中多用plenty of，a lot of，a large quantity of，a good deal of；但当 much作主语的一部分或与howtoosoas连用时常用在肯定句中，如 Much of what you say is true；You have given me too much。注意下面几个与much相搭配的习惯说法。1.not much of a 一 not a very good不是一个很好的：It wasnt much of a dinner 2too much of a（to