2019高考英语二轮复习专题1阅读理解考点3主旨大意题素能强化.docx

主旨大意题真题题组A(2017全国，D)The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are. Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and wellbeing among older people，leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive. Led by Professor Phil Blythe，the Newcastle team are developing invehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life. These include custommade navigation(导航) tools，night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains： “For many older people，particularly those living alone or in the country，driving is important for preserving their independence，giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others. ”“But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to. ”Dr Amy Guo，the leading researcher on the older driver study，explains： “The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems. ”For example，most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly，we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. Were looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that. “We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel. ”文章大意：本文是一篇科普说明文，介绍了智能交通团队建立移动实验室，研究老年人开车存在的问题和难点，帮助老年人安全驾驶。What is the purpose of the DriveLAB？ _C_ATo explore new means of transport. BTo design new types of cars. CTo find out older drivers problems. DTo teach people traffic rules. 解析：考查推理判断。根据第一段最后一句中的“in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are”可知，建立实验室的目的是要找出老年人开车有困难的地方，故选C。 Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe？ _A_AIt keeps them independent. BIt helps them save time. CIt builds up their strength. DIt cures their mental illnesses. 解析：考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“For many older people，particularly those living alone or in the country，driving is important for preserving their independence，giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others”可知，对于老年人来说，开车对保持他们生活的独立性至关重要，故选A。What do researchers hope to do for older drivers？ _B_AImprove their driving skills. BDevelop driverassist technologies. CProvide tips on repairing their cars. DOrganize regular physical checkups. 解析：考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“the Newcastle team are developing invehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life”可知，研究者正在研发车载式的技术以帮助老年人晚年依然能开车，故选B。What is the best title for the text？ _D_AA new Model Electric CarBA Solution to Traffic ProblemsCDriving Services for EldersDKeeping Older Drivers on the Road解析：考查标题归纳。本文的关键词是老年人驾车，重点讲述了为了让他们安全驾车所进行的研究。故选D。B(2017天津，A)Suppose youre in a rush，feeling tired，not paying attention to your screen，and you send an email that could get you in trouble. Realisation will probably set in seconds after youve clicked “send”. You freeze in horror and burn with shame. What to do？ Here are four common email accidents，and how to recover. Clicking “send” too soonDont waste your time trying to find out if the receiver has read it yet. Write another email as swiftly as you can and send it with a brief title explaining that this is the correct version and the previous version should be ignored. Writing the wrong nameThe sooner you notice，the better. Respond quickly and briefly，apologising for your mistake. Keep the tone measured： dont handle it too lightly，as people can be offended，especially if your error suggests a misunderstanding of their culture (i. e. incorrect ordering of Chinese names). Clicking “reply all” unintentionallyYou accidentally reveal(透露)to the entire company what menu choices you would prefer at the staff Christmas dinner，or what holiday youd like to take. In this instance，the best solution is to send a quick，lighthearted apology to explain your awkwardness. But it can quickly rise to something worse，when everyone starts hitting “reply all” to join in a long and unpleasant conversation. In this instance，step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down. Sending an offensive message to its subjectThe most awkward email mistake is usually committed in anger. You write an unkind message about someone，intending to send it to a friend，but accidentally send it to the person youre discussing. In that case，ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry. Explain your frustrations calmly and sensiblysee it as an opportunity to clear up any difficulties you may have with this person. 文章大意：这是一篇应用文。匆忙之中或心不在焉时发送电子邮件出现错误怎么办？比如，邮件还没写好就发送了，把收件人的名字拼写错了，个人邮件被你误发给了所有人，或者把埋怨的邮件误发给了被你吐槽的那个人。本文告诉我们出现这些情况时我们该如何补救。After realising an email accident，you are likely to feel _C_. Acurious Btired Cawful Dfunny 解析：考查细节理解。根据题干中的“realising an email accident”可把答案定位在第二段。该段说，在你点击“发送”数秒钟之后你就会意识到自己的错误，结合下文的“freeze in horror and burn with shame”可知，人们意识到“邮件事故”后，可能会感觉糟糕，因此选C。If you have written the wrong name in an email，it is best to _A_. Aapologise in a serious mannerBtell the receiver to ignore the errorClearn to write the name correctlyDsend a short notice to everyone解析：考查细节理解。根据题干中的“written the wrong name”可把答案定位在第五段，该部分提出建议说，此时赶紧给对方发一个简短的回复，为自己的错误道歉(apologising for your mistake)，而且要注意道歉的语调(dont handle it too lightly)，这与A项的陈述是一致的。What should you do when an unpleasant conversation is started by your “reply all” email？ _B_ATry offering other choices. BAvoid further involvement. CMeet other staff members. DMake a lighthearted apology. 解析：考查细节理解。根据题干的内容可把答案定位至第六段，这部分提到，如果你不小心点了“回复所有人”，可能有人会就此开始回复不太友好的话，此时你最好离开电脑键盘(step away from your keyboard)，以便让大家都冷静下来。这与B项的陈述相吻合，表示“避免继续卷入(这样的对话)”。How should you deal with the problem caused by an offensive email？ _D_ABy promising not to offend the receiver again. BBy seeking support from the receivers friends. CBy asking the receiver to control his anger. DBy talking to the receiver face to face. 解析：考查细节理解。根据题干中的“offensive email”可把答案定位在最后一段。这部分提到，在出现冒犯对方的情况时，要尽快亲自向对方道歉。故选D。What is the passage mainly about？ _C_ADefining email errors. BReducing email mistakes. CHandling email accidents. DImproving email writing. 解析：考查主旨大意。通读全文，尤其是第三段的内容可知，本文主要介绍的是发送电子邮件出现问题时人们该如何面对和补救，因此C项最能概括本文的主题。C(2017浙江，A)Benjamin West，the father of American painting，showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age. But he did not know about brushes before a visitor told him he needed one. In those days，a brush was made from camels hair. There were no camels nearby. Benjamin decided that cat hair would work instead. He cut some fur from the family cat to make a brush. The brush did not last long. Soon Benjamin needed more fur. Before long，the cat began to look ragged(蓬乱). His father said that the cat must be sick. Benjamin was forced to admit what he had been doing. The_cats_lot_was_about_to_improve. That year，one of Benjamins cousins，Mr. Pennington，came to visit. He was impressed with Benjamins drawings. When he went home，he sent Benjamin a box of paint and some brushes. He also sent six engravings(版画)by an artist. These were the first pictures and first real paint and brushes Benjamin had ever seen. In 1747，when Benjamin was nine years old，Mr. Pennington returned for another visit . He was amazed at what Benjamin had done with his gift. He asked Benjamins parents if he might take the boy back to Philadelphia for a visit. In the city，Mr. Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings. The boy began a landscape (风景) painting. William Williams，a wellknown painter，came to see him work. Williams was impressed with Benjamin and gave him two classic books on painting to take home. The books were long and dull. Benjamin could read only a little，having been a poor student. But he later said，“Those two books were my companions by day，and under my pillow at night. ” While it is likely that he understood very little of the books，they were his introduction to classical paintings. The nineyearold boy decided then that he would be an artist. 文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了美国著名艺术家本杰明韦斯特是如何开始他的艺术生涯的。What is the text mainly about？ _C_ABenjamins visit to Philadelphia. BWilliams influence on Benjamin. CThe beginning of Benjamins life as an artist. DThe friendship between Benjamin and Pennington. 解析：主旨大意题。文章从本杰明在六岁时自制画笔作画写起，到后来利用专业工具作画，再到知名画家送给本杰明书籍，都是在讲述本杰明是如何一步步走上艺术之路的。故选C。What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 suggest？ _D_AThe cat would be closely watched. BThe cat would get some medical care. CBenjamin would leave his home shortly. DBenjamin would have real brushes soon. 解析：推理判断题。由前文可知，本杰明在没有专业画笔之前是用猫的毛制作画笔的。画线句的字面意思是“猫的命运将会得到改善”。由该段后文可知，本杰明的表兄送给了他专业的颜料和画笔。由此可推知D项与画线句的意思相符。What did Pennington do to help Benjamin develop his talent？ _B_AHe took him to see painting exhibitions. BHe provided him with painting materials. CHe sent him to a school in Philadelphia. DHe taught him how to make engravings. 解析：细节理解题。短文第四段提到“He was amazed at what Benjamin had done with his gift. ”，接着下一段又谈到“. . . Mr. Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings. ”，由此可知，潘宁顿送给本杰明绘画材料来帮助他发展艺术才能，故选B项。Williams two books helped Benjamin to _D_. Amaster the use of paintsBappreciate landscape paintingsCget to know other paintersDmake up his mind to be a painter解析：细节理解题。由文章最后两句“While it is likely that he understood very little of the books，they were his introduction to classical paintings. The nineyearold boy decided then that he would be an artist. ”可知，这两本书是他通往古典绘画的指引，也帮助他下定决心成为一名画家，故选D项。D(2017年11月浙江，B)Its surprising how much simple movements of the body can affect the way we think. Using expansive gestures with open arms makes us feel more powerful，crossing your arms makes you more determined and lying down can bring more insights(领悟). So if moving the body can have these effects，what about the clothes we wear？ Were all well aware of how dressing up in different ways can make us feel more attractive，sporty or professional，depending on the clothes we wear，but can the clothes actually change cognitive(认知的) performance or is it just a feeling？Adam and Galinsky tested the effect of simply wearing a white lab coat on peoples powers of attention. The idea is that white coats are associated with scientists，who are in turn thought to have close attention to detail. What they found was that people wearing white coats performed better than those who werent. Indeed，they made only half as many errors as those wearing their own clothes on the Stroop Test (one way of measuring attention ). The researchers call the effect “enclothed cognition”，suggesting that all manner of different clothes probably affect our cognition in many different ways. This opens the way for all sorts of clothesbased experiments. Is the writer who wears a fedora more creative？ Is the psychologist wearing little round glasses and smoking a cigar more insightful？ Does a chefs hat make the resultant food taste better？From now on I will only be editing articles for PsyBlog while wearing a white coat to help keep the typing error count low. Hopefully you will be doing your part by reading PsyBlog in a cap and gown (学位服). 文章大意：本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了“具衣认知”理论，该理论认为人们的衣着会影响人们的认知表现。What is the main idea of the text？ _C_ABody movements change the way people think. BHow people dress has an influence on their feelings. CWhat people wear can affect their cognitive performance. DPeople doing different jobs should wear different clothes. 解析：考查主旨大意。根据文章第四段中的“The researchers call the effect enclothed cognition，suggesting that all manner of different clothes probably affect our cognition in many different ways”并结合全文可知，人们的衣着能够影响人们的认知表现，故C项能概括全文主旨。干扰项分析：文章第一段说明肢体动作会影响人们的思维方式，但这只是为了引入话题，并不是文章的主旨，故A项错误；文章第二段提出衣着会真正改变人们的认知表现还是这只是一种感觉的疑问，由第四段中的“suggesting that all manner of different clothes probably affect our cognition in many different ways”可知，衣着可能会影响人们的认知而不是感觉，故B项错误；第五段说明了“具衣认知”理论为各种以衣着为基础的实验打开了新的思路，但并不是说从事不同职业的人应该穿不同的衣服，故D项错误。Adam and Galinskys experiment tested the effect of clothes on their wearers _C_Ainsights BmovementsCattention Dappearance解析：考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Adam and Galinsky tested the effect of simply wearing a white lab coat on peoples powers of attention”可知，该实验主要测试的是穿着实验室白袍对人们的注意力的影响，由此选C项。How does the author sound in the last paragraph？ _B_AAcademic. BHumorous. CFormal. DHopeful. 解析：考查推理判断。作者最后一段提到从现在开始他要穿着白外套来编辑文章，以此来保持低的打字出错率，并希望读者穿着学位服阅读文章。因此，作者是在用幽默风趣的语言来表达自己和读者在现实生活中如何运用“具衣认知”理论，故选B项。E(2017全国，C)Some of the worlds most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO(United Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music，its significance，and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures. Despite the celebrations，though，in the US. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older，and the music has failed to connect with younger generations. Its Jason Morans job to help change that. As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz，Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz，make the music more accessible，and preserve its history and culture. “Jazz seems like its not really a part of the American appetite，” Moran tells National Public Radios reporter Neal Conan. “What Im hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black or white anymore. Its actually colorful，and its actually digital. ”Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. “The music cant be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move，because the way the world works is not the same，” says Moran. Last year，Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Wallers music for a dance party，“just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music，” says Moran. “For me，its the recontextualization. In music，where does the emotion(情感) lie？ Are we，as humans，gaining any insight(感悟) on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts？ Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context，” says Moran，“so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster. ”文章大意：本文介绍了举办第一届国际爵士乐日的宗旨、当前爵士乐面临的挑战以及如何让爵士乐重新流行的设想。Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day？ _D_ATo remember the birth of jazz. BTo protect cultural diversity. CTo encourage people to study music. DTo recognize the value of jazz. 解析：考查细节理解。根据第一段的第二句“UNESCO(United Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organization)recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music，its significance，and its potential as a unifying(联合)voice across cultures”可知，联合国教科文组织近来把4月30日设立为国际爵士乐日，旨在增强人们对爵士乐价值的认识，故答案为D。What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to？ _C_AJazz becoming more accessible. BThe production of jazz growing faster. CJazz being less popular with the young. DThe jazz audience becoming larger. 解析：考查词意猜测。根据语境可知，画线词that指代上段“Despite the celebrations，though，in the US. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older，and the music has failed to connect with younger generations”的内容，即爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。故选C。What can we infer about Morans opinion on jazz？ _C_AIt will disappear gradually. BIt remains black and white. CIt should keep up with the times. DIt changes every 50 years. 解析：考查推理判断。根据第五段的内容尤其是“It has to continue to move，because the way the world works is not the same”可知，由于时代在改变，人们的娱乐方式已经发生改变，所以爵士乐应该随着时代改变，才能吸引更多的听众。故选C。Which of the following can be the best title for the text？ _A_AExploring the Future of JazzBThe Rise and Fall of JazzCThe Story of a Jazz MusicianDCelebrating the Jazz Day解析：考查主旨大意。本文介绍了为保护爵士乐，联合国教科文组织设立国际爵士乐日。纵观全文内容尤其是第三至第六段中提到的杰森莫兰对爵士乐的看法及希望可知，A项“探索爵士乐的未来”作本文标题最佳。模拟题组A(2018福州市毕业班质检)Steve Brosnihan is the “resident cartoonist” at the Childrens Hospital，who wanders from room to room drawing and chatting and doing whatever else he can think of to cheer up the sick children. During one visit，he was saying good night to a teenage patient when he had a bright idea. Steve told the teenager to look out of the window after he left. Outside，Steve flickered(闪烁) his bike light up toward the hospital. To his surprise，the teen responded，flickering his own room lights right back. Every night after that，Steve flickered his light，and more and more kids flickered back. When he mentioned it to a friend working at a restaurant，the owner said he wanted in too. He started to flicker the restaurant sign for one minute every night at 8： 30. Soon enough，the customers started joining in with flashlights and cell phones. Almost_by_accident，_a_simple_action_was_changing_into_a_powerful_connection_between_local_people_and_sick_children. Now more than 20 groups are on board for the 8：30 pm. fli