改善管理方法控制猪的传染性疾病.ppt

Control of infectious porcine diseases by improving management methods 改善管理方法控制猪的传染性疾病,Andrew J Taylor BA VetMB MRCVS Veterinary Consultant 兽医顾问 British Pig Association/ 英国猪协会 British Livestock Genetics Consortium Ltd United Kingdom 英国家畜遗传协会,Introduction 引言,Emergence of new diseases in UK in 1990s forced reassessment of production systems. 20世纪90年代在英国出现的新的猪病迫使人们重新评估现有的生产系统. Where vaccines not available, eg PMWS/PDNS, must improve management methods to control disease 如果没有疫苗, 如PMWS/PDNS，必须采用改进管理方法来控制疾病,Even where vaccines are available, eg PRRS, use without improved management may not work 即使有了疫苗,如 PRRS,离开了管理仍然可能不起作用 This presentation will cover the basic methods that ALL herds should adopt to help control infectious diseases 本文将涵盖各种基本方法,所有的畜群都可采取这些方法帮助控制传染性疾病 Because each outbreak is different, methods used must be adapted to circumstances on each individual farm 因为每次疾病爆发的情况不同,每个场必须针对各自情况采用合适的方法,Principles of disease control 疾病控制的原则,Must decide whether objective is to “control” the clinical disease, ie live with it, or to eradicate it 必须明确目标是为了“控制”疾病，即与它共存，还是要根除疾病 Integral part of control measures is usually a reduction in pig numbers in a structured way: 总的来说，控制措施通常是以合理的方式减少猪只数量 To break cycle of infection 切断传染通径 To allow proper disinfection of facilities 对设备进行正确的消毒,Can achieve this partial depopulation by a break in farrowing, which creates a “bubble” that can be walked through the system, eliminating virus from the farm 通过中断产仔来实现部分消除，它产生一个可以在系统中游动的“泡沫“，清除场内的病毒 Total depopulation is only feasible in small herds 只有在小群中才可能实现完全根除,Transmission of disease 疾病的传播,By direct contact between pigs 通过猪只 间的直接接触 Nasal secretions, saliva, faeces, urine 鼻腔分泌物、唾液、粪便、尿 Permanently populated houses maintain disease 长期饲养的圈舍携带疾病 Infectious agent may cross placenta during pregnancy, producing piglets infected at birth 在妊娠期通过胎盘垂直传播，出生小猪携带疾病,Movement of carrier pigs into and within farm 病原携带猪只在场内的流动或由外部引入 Mechanical means eg vehicles, equipment, boots, clothing, vectors (insects, rats, mice, birds) 机械传播，如车辆、设备、鞋子、衣服、带菌者(昆虫、大鼠、小鼠、鸟) Airborne transmission 空气传播 Wildlife eg ducks 野生动物，如鸭子 Artificial insemination if boar infected 用染病公猪的精液输精,Principles of disease control 疾病控制的原则,Whichever control method is used, must have stringent biosecurity procedures to prevent disease being brought into herd: 无论用哪一种控制方法,必须有严格的生物安全程序, 以防止疾病的进入 Transport - pigs, feed, bedding 运输 猪、饲料、草垫 Visitors 参观者 Protective clothing 防毒服装 Source of feed and bedding 饲料和草垫的来源 Water supply 供水 Vectors 带菌者 Human food 人员食物 Disposal of dead animals 死亡动物的处理,Principles of disease control 疾病控制的原则,Must establish adequate isolation facilities: 必须建立充足的隔离设施： Must be off-site, or at least well separated from main buildings 必须异地建造, 或者至少远离主要建筑物 Large enough to accommodate sufficient replacement breeding stock on an all-in, all-out basis 有足够的空间，可以在全进全出的基础上饲养替代种畜 Must be managed by staff who do not work on main farm 管理人员不可在主场工作 Period of quarantine must be minimum of 63 days 隔离期最少要63 天,Principles of disease control 疾病控制的原则,Purchased stock must come from high health status units - no point in exposing herd to any more infections 必须在高度健康的单位购买种畜，与疾病感染的猪群隔绝 If concerned that incoming gilts and boars may succumb to diseases already on the farm, can expose them to those endemic diseases by mixing with home-bred gilts whilst in isolation 如果使引入的母猪或公猪适应场内已经存在的疾病，可把他们与本场的母猪隔离混养 Exposure during first 15 days allows time for incoming animals to develop infection with at least 30 days recovery time from infection 前15天，为引入动物的感染期，从感染到恢复至少30天,Principles of disease control 疾病控制的原则,Most important control method of all is to stop, or at least limit, spread of disease within farm 最重要的控制方法是停止或者至少限制疾病在场内蔓延 Must raise management standards on the farm if successful control is to be achieved 如果要取得成功的控制，必须提高场的管理标准 Four Golden Rules : 四条黄金原则： Limit pig-to-pig contact 限制猪只间接触 “Stress” is a killer 应激是一杀手 Good hygiene 好的卫生条件 Good nutrition 好的营养,Disease control - Four Golden Rules 疾病控制- 四条黄金原则,1. Limit pig-to-pig contact 限制猪只间的联系 Infection can be spread around farm by pig-to-pig contact 疾病可以通过猪只间的接触传播 Limit pig-to-pig contact and prevalence of disease will be reduced 限制接触可减少疾病的流行 Pig-to-pig contact can be indirect: 猪只间的接触可能是间接的 Needles 打针 Surgical instruments 手术工具 Equipment 器械设备 Manure 粪便 People 人员 Vectors such as flies, rats, mice, birds 带菌者 例如苍蝇、耗子、老鼠、鸟类,Disease control - Four Golden Rules疾病控制- 四条黄金原则,2. “Stress” is a killer 应激是 杀手 Stressed animals are more likely to become diseased 应激的动物很容易生病 Exposure to micro-organisms can cause major stress to immune system 接触微生物会给免疫系统造成重大的压力, If immune system is over-activated, viruses and bacteria may produce disease 如果免疫系统超负荷运转,细菌和病毒就可能造成的疾病 THINK - if a procedure causes pigs to become stressed, ask “Can this be done in a less stressful way?” 如果一项措施会猪带来应激，要考虑能否采用其他产生较少应激的方法达到同样的目的,Disease control - Four Golden Rules 疾病控制- 四条黄金原则,3. Good hygiene 好的卫生条件 There is no substitute for good hygiene and biosecurity measures 没有任何东西可以替代良好的卫生和生物安全措施 Cleaning and disinfecting buildings WILL make a difference 对建筑物清洁和消毒会产生效果 Do not spread disease by needles and other instruments 杜绝针头和其他工具传播疾病,Disease control - Four Golden Rules 疾病控制- 四条黄金原则,4. Good nutrition 充足的营养 Good nutrition is not only important for growth but also for development of the immune system 营养好,不仅是生长所需,而且对免疫系统发育也有重要作用 Colostrum provides protection against diseases present on the farm 初乳提供保护能力,防止仔猪感染本场现有的疾病 Important to ensure that piglets get as much colostrum as possible during first 12 hours of life 确保仔猪在出生后12小时内吃到尽可能多的初乳 Provide high quality diets, especially after weaning 提供高品质的日粮,特别是在断奶以后 High levels of anti-oxidants in weaner diets may help strengthen immune system 在断奶仔猪饲料中提供高水平的抗氧化剂,有助于增强免疫系统,Management practices you MUST aim to achieve 必须采取的管理办法,1. All-in, all-out 全进全出制 Infectious agents pass from pig to pig 传染源可在猪只间传播 All-in, all-out limits that risk 全进全出制 防止这种冒险 Apply at each stage of cycle: 应用于每一循环的各个阶段： Farrowing 产仔 Weaning 断奶 Growers and rearing 生长与育成 Finishers 育肥 Must be NO mixing of batches throughout the system 整个系统各批次间不能有交叉 Pigs that have not performed as well as rest of group must NOT be held back into next batch 未达标的猪只不能保留混入下一批次 Staff must work from youngest to oldest animals 工作人员必须跟随动物流动,Management practices you MUST aim to achieve 必须采取的管理办法,2. Batch production 分批生产 To achieve the batch segregation that is needed for an all-in, all-out policy using traditional weekly system is often difficult because of housing limitations 由于畜舍的限制，传统的以周为单位的生产模式往往很难实现全进全出制所需要的批次隔离 Changing to batch farrowing creates large enough batches 改为批次产仔以使每个批次可以足够大,A three-weekly batch system has been proven to work: 每3周为一批次的系统被证明是有效的: Larger batch sizes allows better batch segregation 每批的数目越大越易于实现批次隔离 It fits the sows natural 3 week cycle and is easier to manage 符合母猪3周为一情期的自然规律，易于管理 A 21-week production cycle allows weaning at 4 weeks, which is preferable 21周的生产循环，仔猪在产后4周断奶，是比较理想的 Allows weekly segmentation of labour to cover intensive tasks such as service, farrowing, weaning, cleansing and disinfection 便于每周劳力的精细分工，诸如：服务、产仔、断奶、清洗和消毒,Management practices you MUST aim to achieve 必须采取的管理办法,3. Limit mixing of pigs to absolute minimum 最大限度地限制猪只混养 Mixing pigs increases pig-to-pig contact and places pigs under stress 混养增加猪只间的接触，并使其处于紧张状态 If possible, maintain pig groups from weaning to finishing 可能的话，从断奶到肥育维持猪只分组不变 Wean all piglets on same day; keep litters as family groups 仔猪在同一天断奶，保持每窝为一小组 If must have larger groups, mix minimum number of litters 如果必须将不同窝的猪混合组成较大的组，要使窝数达到最小,Keep growers/rearers in same established group. 保持生长猪/育成猪始终在同一个小组中 Better to split each group down to form smaller groups rather than mix pigs to produce desired group size 最好是通过将每组分成小群，来达到预期的小组规模，而不是通过猪只混合的方法 For finishing, pigs should arrive as an established group. 同组的猪只应同时进入肥育期 Split groups down if needed to match accommodation 为了适应畜舍可把组细分 Do not mix groups to increase group size 不要混合组来增加组的大小 Must be no mixing of batches at any part of the system 在系统的每个部分杜绝不同批次间的混养,Management practices you MUST aim to achieve 必须采取的管理办法,4. Apply strict cleaning and disinfection procedures 严格执行清洗及消毒程序 Most infectious agents survive in waste organic matter 大多数传染源生存于有机废物中 If pens are not fully disinfected, disease passes to next group of pigs 如果猪圈消毒不完全, 疾病会传给下一组猪只 Cleanse and disinfect immediately after pigs are moved out: 猪迁出后要立即清洗、消毒 Soak with water, to make removal of organic material easier 用水浸泡,使有机物质容易清除 Pre-clean with water 先用水冲洗 Clean with detergent 用清洁剂清洗 Rinse with water 用水漂净 Disinfect 消毒 Allow to dry out completely before next batch of pigs moves in 在下一批猪移入之前，使其完全干燥 Provide disinfectant foot dips at all entry points 在每个入口处放置脚底消毒池,Management practices you MUST aim to achieve 必须采取的管理办法,5. Good colostrum management at farrowing 在产仔时管理好初乳 Vital that piglets get good colostrum intake, ideally within 6 hours of birth 重要的是仔猪有好的初乳摄入，最好在出生6小时内 Some sows may have no antibodies so consider the “cross fostering” technique, ie swapping litters within 6 to 12 hours of farrowing (must allow newly born piglets to have at least one feed from their natural mother) 有些母猪可能没有抗体,要考虑“寄养”技术,就是在6至12小时内交换仔猪(新生小猪必须从其生母那里至少饲喂一次),Management practices you MUST aim to achieve 必须采取的管理办法,6. Stop cross-fostering after 24 hours 出生24小时后停止寄养 Absorption of antibodies stops after 24 hours 24小时后抗体的吸收停止 Cross-fostering after 24 hours may help to spread virus and should be avoided where possible 24小时后寄养可能有助于病毒的传播，应当尽可能的避免,Management practices you MUST aim to achieve 必须采取的管理办法,7. Solid partitions between pens 圈舍间实体隔离 Open partitions allow pig-to-pig contact 开放式隔离易发生猪只间接触 This allows spread of infectious agents 易发生病源体的传播 Where pens of pigs are separated by open partitions, change to solid partitions 把圈舍间的开放式隔离变成实体隔离,Management practices you MUST aim to achieve 必须采取的管理办法,8. Lower stocking densities at weaning 断奶时，保持舍内较低的猪只密度 The lower the stocking density, the less the pigs are stressed 密度越低，猪的应激越小 Less stress equals healthier pigs 小的应激等价于好的健康 In UK, recommended stocking rates are: 在英国，推荐的密度 Weaners to 22 kg 0.3 sq.m. per pig 从断奶到22kg 0.3平方米/头 Growers/Rearers to 50 kg 0.6 sq.m. per pig 生长至50kg 0.6平方米/头 Finishers 育肥 0.75 sq.m per pig 0.75平方米/头,Management practices you MUST aim to achieve 必须采取的管理办法,9. Increase access to feeders 增加饲喂点 If piglets have to fight for food, this increases stress levels 如果小猪为了争抢食物而打架，会增加应激水平 Improved access reduces need to fight for food 增加饲喂点减少争抢食物 Allow minimum 7 cms per weaner piglet 每头断奶仔猪至少有7cm的空间 Even older pigs should have sufficient feeder space that they can all feed at once 即使较大的猪也要保证有充足的进食空间，保证它们能同时吃到食物,Management practices you should try to achieve 要努力实现管理办法,10. Good nutritional diet 良好的营养 Food intake usually drops at weaning, increasing stress 通常在断奶时食物摄入量下降, 增加应激 Developing immune system requires good supply of nutrients 免疫系统的完善需要良好的营养供给 Higher quality diets should be used after weaning to counteract stress of weaning 断奶后供给优质饲料，以减少由于断奶造成的应激 Food should be changed frequently to ensure it is fresh 经常更新饲料，保持新鲜 Must be easy access to clean water at all times 在任何时候都能方便的喝到清洁的水 If you wont drink the water, why should you expect the pigs to drink it! 如果你不喝这样的水，为什么要求猪喝呢？,Management practices you should try to achieve 要努力实现的管理办法,11. Improve temperature and ventilation control 提高温度和通风的控制能力 Chilling causes stress, reduces immunity and increases risk of infection 寒冷引起应激，降低免疫力,增加感染危险性 Limit temperature variations to which pigs are exposed 减少猪生存环境的温度变化 Temperature should allow pigs to be comfortable at all times 保持猪生活的最适温度 Ensure houses are warm enough for newly weaned pigs 确保刚断奶仔猪的适宜温度,Improving air flow within a building will help to reduce toxic gases, reducing stress on the respiratory system 改善畜舍内通风有助于减少有害气体对呼吸道系统刺激 Recommended maximum levels:推荐的最大水平 Ammonia 氨 10 ppm Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 0.15% Eliminate draughts - particularly chilling and stressful 消除寒冷气流和有刺激性的气流 Minimise dust levels 减少灰尘,Management practices you should try to achieve 要努力实现的管理办法,12. Limit group sizes 限制每组猪的数量 The fewer the pigs in a pen, the smaller the chance of pig-to-pig spread of disease 一个圈内的猪越少，个体间传播疾病的机会越少 Recommended group size is one litter 建议每窝为一组 To create bigger groups, it is necessary to mix pigs - remember Rule 3! 如果必须混合不同窝的猪来组成较大的组，谨记原则3,Management practices you should try to achieve 要努力实现的管理办法,13. Stop teeth clipping at farrowing 断奶时不要剪牙 Is it really necessary to clip teeth? 有没有必要剪牙？ It may only help to spread disease 它可能只会起到传播疾病的作用 Many UK breeders no longer clip teeth 许多英国饲养者不再剪牙 They use the time saved to implement some of the other recommended practices 他们用节省下来的时间来执行其他一些建议措施,Management practices you should try to achieve 要努力实现的管理办法,Implement strict hygiene measures 严格执行卫生措施 Ensure good hygiene standards when injecting, tail docking 在注射、段尾时保证良好的卫生标准 Use new needles between litters 不同窝之间更换针头 Disinfect instruments between pigs 不同猪之间要消毒器具 Have a number of instr