2019高考英语语法突破四大篇第二部分专题2形容词和副词讲义.docx

专题2形容词和副词框架结构图形容词和副词的功能1.形容词的功能：形容词主要是用来修饰名词或代词，说明事物或人的性质、特征、状态，在句中：作定语修饰名词或代词，说明其性质、特征等；作表语与连系动词构成系表结构，说明主语的性质或特征；作补足语说明宾语或主语的性质、状态或特征；作状语主要表示原因、伴随等。作独立成分。2.副词的功能：副词作状语说明动作性质或状态的特征，常用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语及整个句子等。形容词和副词的核心考点1.形容词和副词的位置形容词是用来修饰名词的，常被放在名词前作定语，或放在系动词后面作表语。而副词则是用来修饰形容词、动词、其他副词或者句子的，一般位于形容词之前，动词之后或句子之首。以下属几种特殊情况，须牢记：(1)形容词短语作定语，须后置。a task difficult to finish(2)表语形容词(afraid，alike，alone，asleep，awake，alive等)作定语，须后置，如a man alive。有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well，faint，ill只作表语；sick既可作表语又可作定语。ill如果不是表示身体或精神上“不适的”“不健康的”“有病的”等，而是表示类似bad(不好的)的意思时，通常只作定语。Hes been ill since then.By ill luck，my flight had been cancelled.(3)形容词用作定语，修饰由不定代词one，no，any，some和every构成的复合词如anything，something等时，通常后置。I have something important to tell you.(4)else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。(5)enough修饰名词前置或后置均可；修饰形容词、动词或副词时，必须后置。(6)几个副词并列作状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式地点时间。We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.(7)频度副词如often，always，usually等放在be动词后，行为动词前。(8)副词作定语，须后置。The person there is waiting for you.(9)几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序通常为：限定词(包括冠词、所有格、人称代词、指示代词、数词等)观点词(品质、状态，即表示好、坏、美、丑等的词)形状或样式词(大小、长短或高低词)年龄或新旧词颜色词产地或来源词材料或种类词用途词名词。a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella(10)以-ly结尾的词性辨析。下列单词以-ly结尾，但却是形容词而非副词：lively，lonely，lovely，deadly，friendly，ugly，silly，likely，brotherly，timely等。表原意(无-ly)和引申意(有-ly)的副词：有无-ly意义大不相同的副词：2.形容词和副词的比较等级(1)原级的构成和用法。构成：形容词、副词的原级即本身。用法：表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时，用“as原级形容词/副词as”的结构；表示双方不相等时，用“not so/as原级形容词/副词as”的结构；表示一方是另一方的若干倍时，用“倍数as原级形容词/副词as”的结构。Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu.Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you.This building looks not so/as high as that one.This room is three times as large as that one.(2)比较级和最高级的构成。掌握比较级和最高级的变化规则，熟记少数不符合规则的特殊形容词和副词。(3)比较级的用法。表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级than”的结构表示。This picture is more beautiful than that one.表示一方不及另一方时，用“less原级than”的结构表示。 This room is less beautiful than that one.表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如even，a lot，a bit，a little，still，much，far，yet，by far等修饰。He works even harder than before.注意：(A)英语的比较级前如无even，still或yet等时，译成汉语时可用“较”或“一些”或不译出，一般不可用“更”。She is better than she was yesterday.她今天身体好些了。Please come earlier tomorrow.请明天早点来。(B)by far通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时，一般放在比较级的后面，如在前面，应在二者中间加“the”。He is taller by far than his brother.He is by far the taller of the two brothers.表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用“the比较级(主语谓语)，the比较级(主语谓语)”的结构(意为“越就越”)。The harder he works，the happier he feels.不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级and比较级”的结构。The weather is getting colder and colder.某些以-ior结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than。这些词有inferior(劣等的，次的)，superior(较好的，优于)，junior(资历较浅的)，senior(资格较老的)，prior(在之前)等。He is superior to Mr Zhang in chemistry.在比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常用that(those)，one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物，one既可指人又可指物；that可代替单数可数名词(相当于the one)和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词。The book on the table is more interesting than that(或the one) on the desk.Im afraid Alices the only one who can do it.倍数表达法。(A)A is three(four，etc.) times the size(height，length，etc.) of B.The new building is four times the size (the height) of the old one.(B)A is three(four，etc.) times as big(high，long，etc.) as B.Asia is four times as large as Europe.(C)A is three(four，etc.) times bigger(higher，longer，etc.) than B.Your school is three times bigger than ours.注意：用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double。(4)最高级的用法。三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three.He works (the) hardest in his class.最高级可被序数词以及much，by far，nearly，almost，by no means，not quite，not really等词或短语修饰。This hat is by far/much/nearly/almost/not really/by no means/not quite the biggest.表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent，extreme，perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时，被修饰的词往往省略。He is the tallest (boy) in his class.作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。Of all the boys he came (the) earliest.否定词比较级最高级He has never spent a more worrying day.(5)形容词和副词前面使用冠词的情况。形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词，副词最高级前可不加冠词。形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词，或不加冠词，不表比较，表示“非常”。He is a most clever young policeman.(a mostvery)The film is most interesting.(mostvery)表示两者间“较的一个”，比较级前加the。Who is the older of the two boys?在“the比较级.，the比较级.”结构中，可用省略形式。The more，the better.(6)由as组成的形容词或副词短语。as much as不可数名词数量多达Each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons.She could earn as much as 100 dollars a week.as many as可数名词复数数量多达I have as many as sixteen reference books.as early as早在As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island.as far as远到；就而知(论)We might go as far as(远到) the church and back.As far as I know(据我所知)，he has been there before.may(might，could) as well不妨，不如Then you might as well stay with us here.as.as one can尽某人所能的He began to run，as fast as he could.as.as possible尽可能的Just get them to finish up as quickly as possible.3.几组重要的词语辨析(1)very和much的区别。可分等级的形容词和副词前使用very不用much。表示状态的分词形容词前用very。如a very frightened boy，a very tired child，a very complicated problem。一般情况下，以-ing，-ed结尾的分词形容词多用much，very much，greatly等修饰。We were greatly shocked by the news about Tom.I was much amused by Jacks attitude.已转化为形容词的现在分词前用very。如：very interesting/worrying/exciting。too前用much，a lot或far，不用very。如：You are much/far/a lot too nice.另外，在too many/much，too few/little前可用far。Theres far too little opportunity for adventure these days.Weve got far too many eggs and far too few egg cups.关于原级形容词要记住下列固定的修饰结构：(A)修饰“绝对”意义的形容词，一般不用very，而用quite，completely，well，entirely。如：quite wrong(mistaken，sure)，completely dead，quite impossible，quite perfect等。(B)修饰以a-开头的形容词，多有特殊的修饰词：quite alone，very much alone，wide awake，fast asleep，very much afraid。(C)修饰一些特殊形容词的修饰语有：be well worth，much the same，freezing cold，quite different，terribly cold/frightening。(2)so.that.与such.that.的区别。注意：下列结构中只能用so不可用such：当名词前有many，much，little，few等表示“多、少”的词修饰时，如so much progress，so many people，so little food，so few apples等。但当little表示“小”时用such，如：These are such little boys that they cant dress themselves.下列短语中so的用法是错误的：so a difficult problem，so difficult problems，so hot weather。(3)其他几组词的辨析。ago，before：ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”；before指以过去或将来的某时刻为起点的“以前”。泛指“以前”用before而不用ago。already，yet，still：already表示某事已经发生；yet表示期待某事发生；still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句。too，also，either：too和also用于肯定句，too多用于口语，also多用于书面语；either用于否定句。good，well：与good不同的是，well作形容词用，只能在系动词后作表语，表示“身体状况好的”；well还可作副词修饰动词。quick，fast：作形容词皆表示“快的”。fast多指运动的物体，含持续的意思；quick多指一次动作的敏捷、突然，而且持续的时间较短。real，true：作形容词皆表示“真的”。real强调真实存在的而不是幻想的，在句中常作定语；true指与事实标准和实际情况相符合，在句中作表语或定语。hard，difficult：均表示“困难”，但hard通常指体力上困难；difficult则指智力或技能上的困难，困难程度大于hard。它们都可作定语和表语。1.搭配错误2.汉语干扰，词性混乱(1)形容词误作动词(误)He eager to know everything about China.(正)He iseager to know everything about China.(2)形容词与名词混淆(误)The sport teaches us the important of obedience.(正)The sport teaches us the importance of obedience.(3)形容词与副词混淆(误)Unfortunate，many people are ignorant of it.(正)Unfortunately，many people are ignorant of it.3.比较级的错误表达(误)The sea level is rising moreandmorehigh.(误)The sea level is rising moreandmorehigher.(正)The sea level is rising higherandhigher.考向1词形变换之形容词.单句语法填空1.Running is cheap，easy and its always energetic(energy).(2018全国)解析连系动词is后接形容词作表语，故填energy的形容词形式energetic。2.According to the World Bank，China accounts for about 30 percent of total global(globe) fertilizer consumption.(2018全国)解析fertilizer consumption是名词短语，故应该用形容词修饰。故填global。3.The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be affordable(afford) but doing this most days adds up.(2018浙江)解析根据前面的be可知，此处是系表结构，应用形容词；根据eating out once or twice a week并结合常识可知应是“付得起(affordable)”。4.Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food.However，be careful(care) not to go to extremes.(2017全国)解析be之后接形容词作表语，care的形容词形式是careful。5.The Central London Railway was one of the most successful(success) of these new lines，and was opened in 1900.(2017全国)解析“one of the形容词最高级可数名词复数”表示“最的之一”，此处应填success的形容词形式successful。6.But something made her look closer，and she noticed a shiny/shining(shine) object.(2017浙江)解析空格处修饰名词object，故用形容词。shine的形容词形式为shiny或shining，意为“闪闪发光的”。7.She was a very caring/careful(care) mother.For 25 days，she never left her baby，not even to find something to eat！(2016四川)解析空格处修饰名词mother，故用形容词。care的形容词是caring(照料他人的)或careful(细心的)。在此，两个形容词在语意上都能讲得通。8.As natural(nature) architects，the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.(2015全国)解析修饰名词architects，故要用形容词形式。.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.I felt that their life had improved.(2018全国)解析feel在此处是连系动词，后接形容词作表语。2.I was afraid to speak in front of a group of people.(2018全国)解析句意为：我不敢在一大群人面前说话。这里没有比较的意味，故把larger改为large。3.It was a relief and I came to a stop just in the middle of the road.(2017全国)解析此处stop是名词，名词前用形容词修饰，所以把suddenly改为sudden。4.I enjoyed studying kinds of cars and planes，playing pop music，and collecting the latest music albums.(2017全国)解析形容词修饰名词kinds。5.At one time，I even felt my parents couldnt understand me so I hoped I could be from them.(2016全国)解析此处应用形容词作表语。6.Lots of studies have shown that global warming has already become a very problem.(2015全国)解析名词前应该用形容词作定语。故seriously应改为serious。7.I thought the biscuits were really .(2015陕西)解析句意为：我认为饼干真的很好。good作形容词，意为“好的”，而well作形容词意为“健康的，适宜的”。由句意可知此处应用good。考向2词形变换之副词.单句语法填空1.A taste for meat is actually(actual) behind the change：An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens，pigs，and cattle.(2018全国)解析句意为：对肉的需求实际上是这种变化的背后原因。句子结构完整，用副词修饰整个句子。故填actually。2.Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly(fair) unpleasant for the passengers，with all the smoke and noise.(2017全国)解析所填词修饰形容词unpleasant，故用fair的副词形式fairly。3.It is certainly(certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.(2017全国)解析此处应该用副词来修饰形容词fun。certain的副词形式为certainly。4.From tomorrow，I will be their UK ambassador.The title will be officially(official) given to me at a ceremony in London.(2016全国)解析修饰谓语动词应当用副词。5.Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which gradually(gradual) turned into chopsticks.(2016全国)解析此处应用副词修饰动词。6.Chinese scientists recently(recent) had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby.(2016四川)解析空格处修饰动词短语had a chance，应用副词。recent的副词形式是recently。7.Abercrombie & Kent，a travel company in Hong Kong，says it regularly(regular) arranges quick getaways here for people living in Shanghai and Hong Kong.(2015全国)解析空格处修饰谓语动词arrange，要用副词形式regularly。8.Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat slowly(slow)during cool nights，thus warming the house.(2015全国)解析修饰谓语动词give out，因此要用副词形式。9.He owned a farm，which looked almost abandoned.Luckily(lucky)，he also had a cow which produced milk every day.(2015广东)解析第二句句意为：幸运的是，他还有一头奶牛，每天都能产奶。luckily adv.幸运的是，这里用副词修饰整个句子。.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.，I raised my hand.(2018全国)解析此处要用副词在句中作状语修饰整个句子，故把immediate改为immediately。2.The first time I went there，they were living in a small house with dogs，ducks，and other animals.Last winter when I went again，they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chickens.(2018全国)解析去乡下看望爷爷奶奶，应该是“远指”而非“近指”，故把here改为there。3.Instead，he hopes that his business will grow .(2016全国)解析修饰谓语动词用副词。4.Dad and I were worried.(2015全国)解析worried为形容词化了的过去分词，修饰形容词应该用副词，所以将terrible改为terribly。5.On the left-hand side of the class，I could see the football field.(2015浙江)解析修饰动词see要用副词，故将easy改为easily。考向3形容词和副词的比较等级.单句语法填空1.There could be an even higher(high) cost on your health.(2018浙江)解析“副词even比较级”表示“更”，强调程度。2.According to a review of evidence in a medical journal，runners live three years longer(long) than non-runners.(2018全国)解析医学报告显示：经常跑步的人比不跑步的人多活三年。根据than可知用比较级，故填longer。3.As a result，people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.Even worse(bad)，the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.(2017全国)解析根据语境可知，此处表示程度的加深，所以用比较级形式。even worse更糟的是，可以看作固定搭配。4.Sixteen years earlier(early)，Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring to cook a meal.(2017浙江)解析sixteen years earlier意为“早在16年前”。5.If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work，you should take a step back and identify(识别) those of greater(great) and less importance.(2016全国)解析根据后面的and less可知，此处也要用比较级形式。.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.They often get up and water the vegetables together.(2017全国)解析此处叙述他们经常早起这一事实，没有比较的意思，故不用比较级。2.They were also the best and years in my life.(2016全国)解析与前面的best并列，此处应用最高级。3.The dishes that I cooked were Moms .(2016四川)解析favorite没有比较级和最高级。4.My mum makes the biscuits in the world，so I decided to ask her for help.(2015陕西)解析前面有定冠词the，后面有表示范围的in the world，所以应该用形容词的最高级，故将better改为best。考向4易混淆形容词、副词与特殊结构中的副词.单句语法填空1.Pahlsson screamed so loudly that her daughter came running from the house.(2017浙江)解析分析句子结构可知，so与后面的that构成句型so.that.，意为“如此以至于”。so修饰副词loudly。2.It was raining lightly when I arrived in Yangshuo just before dawn.But I didnt care.A few hours before/earlier，Id been at home in Hong Kong，with its choking smog.(2015全国)解析由语境可知，几个小时之前我还在香港的家中，由此可知before/earlier符合句意。.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left.(2017全国)解析这句话中含有so.that.(如此以至于)结构，故much在此处是多余的。2.A few minutes ，the instructor asked me to stop the car.(2017全国)解析“一段时间later”表示“多长时间之后”，是固定用法。3. rare animals are dying out.(2015全国)解析animals为可数名词复数形式，所以用many修饰；much只能修饰不可数名词。故将Much改为Many。4.He liked it so very much that he quickly walked into the shop.(2015全国)解析此处为so.that.句式，所以much前用副词so修饰。故删除very。5.Nearly five years ，and with the help of our father，my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes(圣女果) in our back garden.(2014新课标全国)解析相对于说话时以前用ago；相对于过去的某个时间或动作之前才用before。故将before改为ago。6.As a result，the plants are growing .(2014新课标全国)解析somewhere意为“某处”，而句意为“植物到处生长”，故somewhere应改为everywhere。7.The early morning barking has been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby.，Cleo tends to bark an average of six hours a day.(2014辽宁)解析此处表示“此外，而且”，应用besides。beside在旁边。8.We dont need to do so homework.(2014新课标全国)解析homework是不可数名词，修饰不可数名词用much不用many。.单句语法填空1.He spoke to me in English and started explaining his past life when he was healthy(health).2.It might have made it a little harder(hard) for everybody because it meant they had to turn around，but that didnt stop the kids in the class.3.Lost in the tune，he came suddenly upon a homeless(home) beggar lying in the midst of the sidewalk.He reached down，touched the beggars cheek，and left a 100-dollar bill to him.4.The more we do for the people，the happier(happy) well be.5.The lyrics of the songs make rap music truly(true) unique.6.Some politicians have been quick to describe the event as simple violent(violence) action.7.They were clearly(clear) long-standing customers，and I suppose they must have stayed faithful(faith) to him because he had promised to sell fruit of good quality.8.The conclusions are contained in the agencys latest(late) report.9.The teacher replied，“You tasted the water.I tasted the gift.The water was simply the container for an act of kindness and love.Nothing could be sweeter(sweet).”10.For some reason he sat beside Mary.Mary felt pleased(please)，because there were many empty seats in the room.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.That is too much for us，considering how the houses are.2.Dont panic or get out of line，and try to remain quiet and .3.，Cleo also has a gift for painting.4.No one in the carriage had spoken to or even noticed the ticket-owner before.5.My uncles jumped up and shot their arrows at the bird.6.I remember my grandfather very .7.To make matters ，now I have to share a room with my younger sister，Maggie.8.I am awfully ，but I know Ill never fall asleep.9.Today we had a chemistry test.I found the test ，but I tried hard to do it.10.After waiting for about half an hour，I was beginning to get .语法填空(形容词和副词专练)I dont think there is much 1.difficulty(difficult) in learning English well，because as long as you master the method and work hard，you can make progress 2.rapidly(rapid).I believe that the 3.harder(hard) you work at your study，the greater progress you will make.For example，Li Ping，a friend of mine，is the 4.most hard-working student in our class，and he gets 5.higher(high) marks than any other student in our class in every English test.Led by him，all the students in our class are studying English harder 6.than before.As a result，in the 7.latest(late) English test，our class was the 8.better(good) of the two classes taught by our English teacher，and the number of students who got excellent marks is twice 9.larger(large) than that of the other.10.Therefore，all of us should study hard no matter what we learn.单句语法填空(一)1.Ron had a successful(success) career and worked for Ford before retiring and leading a relaxed life.2.The Palace Museum has a collection(collect) of 96 million pieces of ancient Chinese art works.3.It was a bad night for Louis.His research in the neighboring town took longer(long) than he had expected.4.That night，I fell asleep with a new appreciation(appreciate) for my mother and her caring hands.5.If we carry our burdens all the time，sooner or later，as the burden becomes increasingly(increasing) heavy，we wont be able to carry on.6.He didnt put the things where they belonged，for which reason he got his punishment(punish).7.As they couldnt play outdoors，they were unhappy(happy)，and some even got into fights from time to time.8.The university is very famous，so there are a lot of applicants(applicant) who want to be admitted to it.9.My aunt advised sending me to the hospital，and the treatment she provided gave my parents valuable(value) time to take me to