训练系列讲座写作.ppt

,新四级训练系列讲座 写作,Four levels,14 points. 切题. 表达思想清楚, 文字通顺,连贯性好.基本无语言上错误,仅有个别小错. 11 points 切题.表达思想清楚, 文字通顺,连贯性好.但有少量语言错误. 8 points 基本切题.有些地方表达思想不够连贯,语言错误相当多,其中有一些是严重错误. 5 points 基本切题. 表达思想不清楚,连贯性差.有较多数为严重错误.,作文的命题思路,命题思路变化点评：四六级委员会作文命题是围绕“一个中心，（以学生生活为中心）两个基本点（情景作文出现和经典段落的重组）”来展开的。 目前命题思路有以下两大变化：,第一种思路:情景作文大量出现。 命题思路是强调英语的实用性，设立一个情景让你用所学的英语去处理一件假定的事情。 2001年6月的书信作文，写信给同学安排度假事宜 2002年1月的书信作文，写信给学校校长讨论食堂情况 2003年6月考察的是假设你见到车祸，然后进行描述,2003年12月的书信作文，写信给朋友选专业； 2004年6月假设你是一位导游，给外国游客介绍行程和介绍景点； 2005年1月假设你要去竞选学生会主席； 2005年6月假设你要描写一位心中的好老师。,第二种思路是： 把各种经典的段落进行排列和组合。 命题主要是把十种经典的段落进行自由组合，形成新的题目。,十大经典段落 1第一段：Introduction,现象现状描述段（03.1/98.1/. ） 图表描述段（02.6/91.6） 对立观点陈述段,2第二段：Body 利弊说明段 意义阐释段（概念，图表） 原因列举段 举例论证段 3第三段：Conclusion 归纳结论段 预测趋势段 建议措施段,比如2005年12月24日的考题： Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? 1名校校园正成为旅游新热点 2校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同 3我认为 这就是现象现状描述段，加上对立观点陈述段，最后加上自己归纳结论段落。,应对写作的具体措施,. 写提纲/主题句 迅速根据中文提纲写出每一段的主题句，并且根据提纲写出进一步的提纲（关键词即可），如具体的原因是什么？( 5分钟） 确定连接词 迅速根据你的提纲确定一套你觉得较有新意的连接词来串联自己提纲中的要素避免使用first, second, third 这一类的词（分钟）,应对写作的具体措施,. 巧妙地引出话题, 以精彩的第一句话吸引阅卷官的注意力. 在不涉及个人观点时避免使用In my opinion, I think 等短语.(2分钟) 1). There is a growing concern on campus love. 2). No one can deny the fact that sth is a popular topic 3) Nowadays ,an increasing number of people prefer to settle down in America. 4. 具体的写作（20分钟） 5 检查润色（2分钟）,应对写作的具体措施,6. 取得高分的六个避免 ）避免开篇的 with the development of the society. 2) 举例时的 for example 3) 谈因果关系时的 because， so 4) 谈个人观点时的 I think, in my opinion 5) 列举细节时的 单一句型 中式思维，避免出现 Women are half side sky这样的句子,举例时的经典句型,1.Take sth/sb as an example. 2. Cite sth/sb as an example 3. sth is a case in point 4. a case in point is sth / sb/that Young people are all pursuing personal happiness. She is an case in point. / She is no exception. 4. 关于自身的例句：I have had such experiences for many times.,表达有人“ 认为”时的句型,Sb believes that Sb argues that Sb holds firmly to the view that Sb maintains that,表达另一种不同观点时的转折连词,While On the contrary However In contrast,写作词汇匮乏时的应急措施,1试用笼统词 英语语言中有havetake make等笼统词，笼统词的重要特点在于意义广泛，搭配性强，构成词组后可以替代众多具体动词，虽然不能精确表达一个动作，却能大致表达意思。在一些具体动词写不出来时，用一些笼统词取代，也能收到异曲同工的效果。 例如：我经历了一个极其艰苦的年代。,）I experienced a terrible hard time. 改为: I had a terrible hard time, ）Do you understand my meaning, sir? 改为: Do you take my meaning, sir? ）I will preside over the meeting. 改为: I will take the meeting.,2联想有关词汇 当遗忘产生或遇到未曾学过的词时，应采取放射性思维，发挥想象力，想出与之有关的单词，利用语言的内在联系，多层次，多角度地运用语言。一般情况下，联想可按下列思路进行：1.联想同义词；2. 联想反义词。试看下列句子。 I had a nightmare last night. = I had a bad dream last night. Nightmare 使用频率不太高，因此不太好记。而其同义词 bad dream却容易记， 以后者取代前者丝毫不影响原句的意义。,3试用解释性语句 语言的功能在于表达，而表达的方式是多种多样的。当一个词影响到某个意思的完整表达时，我们可以用迂回的方式加以沟通。英语中多功能解释性语句就可以起到这一作用。 He is a dumb. = He is a person who cannot speak. He refused/declined/ rejected . = He said “no”.,使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式,1.表示原因 1)There are three reasons responsible for the situation. 2)The reasons for this are as follows. 3) There are three major reasons that can explain the situation. 4) There are three reasons that can account for the phenomenon. 5) The situations are due to a, b and c. 6) There are three reasons that contribute to the situation.,使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式,There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life. To begin with，peoples living standard has been greatly improved. Besides，most people are well paid and they can afford what they need or like. Finally, an increasing number of people prefer to enjoy modern life.,使用率最高 、覆盖面最广的基本句式,2.表示好处 1)It has the following advantages 2)It is beneficial to us. 3)It benefits us quite a lot. 4)It is of great benefit to us.,使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式,Books are like friends, which are very beneficial to us. They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore/consequently / accordingly / hence/ As a result，reading extensively is of great benefit to us.,使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式,3.表示坏处 1)It has more disadvantages than advantages. 2)It does us much harm. 3)It is harmful to us.,使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式,However，everything divides into two.Television can also be harmful to us.It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television.,使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式,4. 必要、困难、方便、可能 1)It is important(necessary，difficult，convenient， possible)for sb.to do sth. 2)We think it necessary to do sth. 3) The chances of doing sth is slim. Chances are that sb will do sth. Sb is very likely to do sth.,使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式,4.表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能 1)The bicycle is of importance for us. 2)The bicycle plays an important role in our life. 3)The bicycle, environmental friendliness vehicle, plays an important role in our life.,使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式,Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government in schools or in business.Soon， computers will be found in every home，too.We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.,可能性 Chances are that sb will do sth Chances of doing sth is slim. sb is very likely to do sth It is likely for sb to do sth,使文章精彩的插入语,所谓插入语，英语中有两种形式。一种是有两个逗号之间引起的成分称之为插入语；第二种是有两个半破折号引起的成分称之为插入语。 突出主语,使用同位语或非限制性定语从句 如：）Jinan, the Spring City, is a famous tourist city. ） He, who would like to play basketball, is a good student.,使文章精彩的插入语,使文章精彩的插入语,解释作用 People, especially students, should work hard.,1.句子成分残缺不全,We always working till late at night before taking exams. （误） We are always working /We always work till late at night before taking exams （正） We should read books may be useful to us. （误） We should read books which may be useful to us. （正）,2.句子成分多余,This test is end， but there is another test is waiting for you. （误） One test ends ， but another is waiting for you.（正） The driver of the red car was died on the spot. （误） The driver of the red car died on the spot. （正）,3.主谓不一致,Someone/Somebody think that reading should be selective.（误） Some think that reading should be selective.（正） My sister go to the cinema at least once a week.（误） My sister goes to the cinema at least once a week.（正）,4.动词时态、语态的误用,I was walking along the road， and there are not so many cars on the street. （误） I was walking along the road and there were not so many vehicles on the street. （正） We have little time to read some books which we interest. （误） We have little time to read some books in which we are interested. （正） I am a student who has studying in the college for two years. （误） I have been studying in the college for two years （正）,5.词类混淆,It is my point that reading must be selectively.（误） In my opinion ， reading must be selective. （正） Honest is so important for every person. （误） Honesty is so important for everyone. （正） The old man was hit by a car when he across the street. （误） The old man was hit by a car when he was crossing the street. （正）,6.名词可数与不可数的误用,Too much tests are disadvantage for students study. （误） Too many tests are disadvantageous to students. （正） In modern society ，people are under various pressures （误） In modern society ，people are under various kinds of pressure.,7.动词及物与不及物的误用,The traffic accident was taken place at the junction of two highways. （误） The traffic accident took place at the junction of two highways. （正） Because of his excellent performance， the boss rose his salary. （误） Because of his excellent performance， the boss raised his salary. （正）,8.介词to和不定式符号的混淆,Too many tests will do harm to cultivate our independent thinking.（误） Too many tests will do harm to the cultivation of our independent thinking. （正） All these contributed to solve the serious problem. （误） All these contributed to the solution to the serious problem. （正）,9.情态动词的误用,It may not good to our health.（误） It may be not good to our health. （正） They should spent much time.（误） They should spend much time.（正）,10. There be句型的误用,There exists some new problems such as being dishonest. （误） There exist/arise some new problems such as being dishonest.（正） There are many way to solve the tuition and fees of college education.（误） There are many ways to raise the money for the tuition and fees for college education.（正）,11. 动宾搭配不当,We must pay attention to it and make solutions to the problem.（误） We must pay attention and find a solution to the problem. （正） It also may help you to make success. （误） It may also help you succeed/obtain your goal.（正）,12. 根据中文逐字硬译,If someones family situation is not well， he can apply for loan to bank.（误） If ones family is not well off， he can apply to the bank for a loan. （正） Let alone touch the outside world of campus/keep a good body health（误） Let alone get in touch with the world outside of the campus/keep fit（正）,）对比选择型,首先摆出两种观点或做法，然后要求作者比较，最后要求作者表明自己的观点，做出选择。,一.议论文,Type One 1表明一方观点及理由； 2. 表明另一方观点及理由； 3. 表明个人观点、看法、做法,对比选择型,Type Two 1.表明双方观点 2.指出双方观点的理由； 3.表明个人观点、看法、做法,对比选择型,Type Three 1.表明双方观点 2.表明个人观点（二者取其一 )； 3.表明个人态度、做法,对比选择型,Type Four 1.引言, 点出主题 2.摆出双方观点及理由 3.表明个人观点、看法、做法,对比选择型,As regards _， there is a heated discussion among the general public in our society. A majority of people argue that _. Other people, however, maintain that _. As far as Im concerned, I prefer the former (latter) idea. To begin with, _. Whats more, _, Thirdly, _. Finally, _. In conclusion, I do hope that people should make every effort to take advantage of _ rather than quarrelling over its shortcomings.,模板一,Nowadays, has become a popular concern for . Should we object to it? Or accept it? Different people have different ideas. Some people are strongly against . They argue that . Other people, however, do not agree. In their view, they think that 。 For my part, I prefer the former idea（latter idea). For one thing, _. For another, _. Therefore, _.,模板二,Recently, there is a heated debate over . Many people take it for granted that . However, others hold the opposite opinion that . Those who hold the first opinion suggest that . In their view, . However, as to the supporters, they argue that 。 As for as Im concerned, I prefer the former idea, On the one hand, . Besides, . On the other hand, . In short, . Therefore, .,模板三,There is a heated debate over . It is commonly accepted that . In contrast, other hold that Those who hold the first opinion suggest that . In their view, . However, others think that . They argue that 。 Considering one after another, I stand on the side of the former（latter) opinion. First of all, _.Furthermore, _. Thirdly, _. Therefore, I believe that _.,模板四,对比式 模式5 Some people are inclined to A for the following reasons. Firstly , _. Besides , as we often observe, _. Other people , however, prefer B. They think _. Whats more, _. To me, A is more attractive in that B is the following items that cant be compared with A. Clearly, B_. And my personal experience certainly drives me to choose A.,模式 6 Nowadays, _ become popular in our daily lives. But _? Generally , there are two opinions toward it. One opinion is that _ because _. The other is _. People who hold it argue that _, consequently _. In conclusion, I may say that _. Because _. In a word _.,模式 7 At present, quite a few people think _. It sounds good because_. Therefore ,_. On the contrary, there is a famous saying that_. To my knowledge,_. Besides , it should be always remembered that _.,Training,My Opinion on Campus Love,Outline,1) 目前大学校园普遍流行campus love；. 2) 不同的人有不同的观点和理由； ）我的看法和理由,Nowadays, how to handle campus love has become a popular concern for college students, their parents as well as college teachers. Should we object to it? Or accept it? Different people have different ideas.,Some people are strongly against campus love. They argue that if students fall in love, they will be greatly distracted from their study. However, other people do not agree. In their view, they think that modern society is an open society, so does the campus. Why not let the your lovers to gain a sort of experience for their future marriage while they are in a comparatively pure circumstance?,As far as Im concerned, I prefer the former idea. For one thing, more and more uncertainties will challenge the innocent lovers after their graduation. For another, love means responsibility, tolerance, mutual-understandingetc. Young lovers are not mature enough to take on all these.,Therefore, campus lover is a demanding romance. Be sure that you are ready for everything before you make your decision. (166),Should Men and Women be Equal,There is heated debate over whether men and women should be equal in this world. Most people take it for granted that men is superior to women. They maintain such an idea because the phenomenon all over the world show men make up most proportion of the workforce, and most women just stay at home for housework and take care of children. Whats more, the leaders of companies are largely men. People , naturally , are under the illusion that men have special talent for politics and economy.,In contrast , people who advocate human right argue that womens talent are as good as men. There is every indication that they have their abilities to compete with men. In their view, women can do very well provided there is no gender discrimination. In addition, they will take advantage of their potentials if they are offered the same opportunities as men, even better in some fields. Wu Yi, the vice-chairman of our country, is a case in point.,As for me, I hold the idea that men and women should be equal. Both of them are created equal. In addition, it turns out that women are as distinguished as men in some field from politics, management to science.,）阐述性论说文,Why I attend CET-4 Test? Why I Came to College? 对策: 正面阐述作者自己的观点和理由,It is becoming increasingly common that lots of students do not think spelling is the major point of mastering good English. Through talking with them, I am aware of the fact that common thinking leaded to this phenomenon is that, the students only want to get good scores from their tests, which Grammar skills are required more than spelling. Do not mention that some of the students only want to improve their spoken English to communicate, for a simple reason that this can make them sound cool.,Different words stands for different meanings. As we are going to use English in our daily life, to understand different signs and ads, even when we are reading news papers, good spelling skills ensure us to get the correct informations and prevents misunderstandings from happening. The most important point that students might not see is that spelling skill can make them pronounce well, because different pronunciation comes from different spellings.Therefore, I suggest all students to pay attention to all the parts of English; this is the only way to make our English perfect.,二. 解释性论说文,Two-day weekend Practice makes perfect 对策:1). 解释某一事物如谚语,政策 2).重要性, 必要性, 危害性 3).实际运用,解释性论说文模式,模式1 A famous saying goes that _. It means that_. I have had such experiences for many times. _. Its also the same in _. Another case in point is _, _. I like the saying _, which encourage me _.,模式 2 _means _. A good example of this saying is _. _, but without _, you can never _. Moreover, _. The only way to solve this problem is to _. Another example _. Only when you _ can you_.,practice,More haste, Less speed 1) explain the idiom 2) give examples to support your view 3) offer a brief summary of what you have discussed in the former paragraph.,More haste, Less Speed A famous proverb goes that more haste, less speed. If you emphasize only on speed but ignore the quality of your work, you will get the opposite effect.,Second explanation of the proverb: The more hasty you are, the slower you achieve completeness and success In short, haste makes waste.,Suppose that you are preparing for your final examination. The fact that you have no enough time makes you very worried ,consequently all your efforts lead to nothing because you do it in such a haste. Another case in point is “Great Leap Forward”, Chinas socialism construction in 1950s. The leaders at that time wished to realize communism in a shorter period time. However, the economy was totally damaged due to the mistake in the policy.,In conclusion ,whatever you do, please remember the saying more haste, less speed. If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you are most likely to benefit a lot from it.,三：问题解决型,首先提出一种社会问题或现象，然后要求作者分析这一问题，提出解决的方法，最后表明态度，总结。,解决办法式 模式1 In recent years, we have to face a problem that_. People have figured out many ways to solve this problem. Firstly _. Though this method has its good sides like that it can _, one of this bad sides it brings about is that _. Besides , _ is another means. But it also has its advantages and disadvantages. On one hand, _. On the other hand_. All in all, the solutions may not bring the perfect result, but as long as we do _it with our brains and hands, we one day resolve this problem.,In recent days, we have to face a problem-A, which is becoming more and more serious. -(说明A的现状)。 Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, -(解决方法一). For another -(解决方法二). Finally, -(解决方法三)。 Personally, I believe that -(我的解决方法). Consequently, Im confident that a bright future is awaiting us because -(带来的好处)。,模式2 There are many ways to _. To begin with,_. Besides , _. Finally,_. As to me, the second way fits me, and the reasons are as follows. For one thing,