国家环境法律责任论文：论国家国际环境法律责任.doc

国家环境法律责任论文：论国家的国际环境法律责任【中文摘要】国家责任制度是现代国际法的一项重要制度。作为与环境有关的国家环境法律责任对保障国际环境法的有效实施具有十分重要的作用。本文的就在于阐述国家因其违反国际环境义务而产生的国家责任的基本规则,重点是认定国家环境责任产生的一般条件、国家环境责任的内容及其实现。国家环境责任是一般国家责任制度在国际环境法领域的应用,同时国际环境法领域的国家责任制度也丰富和完善着一般国家责任制度的内容。当代国家责任法的编纂和最新发展的最重要的成果就是国际法委员会2001年的国家对国际不法行为的责任的条款草案和关于危险活动领域造成跨界损害的国际责任的相关条款草案。国家责任包括国家的环境法律责任都是由国家违反其国际义务的行为,也即国家不法行为引起的法律后果。只不过国家环境责任的起因是国家实施了违反国际环境义务的国家环境不法行为。如同国家责任,国家的国际环境责任也是具有民事责任、刑事责任性质的,以民事性质的责任为主,刑事责任性质的责任则处于补充的地位。国家对其违反国际环境义务造成的损害予以补救的责任通常是通过民事性质的停止不法行为,进行赔偿的方式实施的。根据不同的标准,可以对国家环境责任进行不同的分类。本文以责任的性质和不法行为的构成要素的不同为标准,将国家环境责任分为一般国家环境责任、国家环境损害责任、国家环境刑事责任。一国的国际环境不法行为引起该国的国家环境责任。因此分析国家环境不法行为的构成对于国家环境责任的产生具有决定性意义。国家环境不法行为首先是归因于国家的违反其国际环境义务的行为。不法行为必然造成某种法律损害,所以法律损害也是国家不法行为的构成要素。主观过错则因国家环境责任的归责原则不同,并不是必备构成要件。国家环境责任以国家环境不法行为为前提,当存在阻却国家环境行为不法性的事由时,便不会构成国家环境不法行为,也就不会产生国家环境责任。因此,一定意义上,阻却国家环境行为不法性的事由也是阻却国家环境责任产生的事由。这些阻却行为不法性的情形不同于责任的免除事由,它们是国家环境行为的一部分,发挥着促使国家环境不法行为构成不完备的作用。国家环境不法行为违反了国家的国际环境义务,需要承担“第二性的义务”。国家根据国家环境责任性质的不同,其责任承担方式存在差异。民事性质的国家环境责任包括停止不法行为、保证不重犯和充分赔偿等,国家的环境刑事责任的承担方式则可以采取限制主权、国际制裁和惩罚性赔偿等方式,但国家刑事环境责任的承担不妨碍其承担民事的赔偿责任。国家环境责任的最终落脚点要在于此种责任的实现。法律责任的实现既包括积极实现也包括消极实现。前者是责任人实际将法律责任的内容变为现实,这种途径可以是协商式的外交途径也可以是司法途径。后者则指国家环境责任的免除。本文在对国家环境责任的分类,对国家环境不法行为的构成及阻却国家环境行为不法性的事由等的论述上具有创新之处。【英文摘要】State legal responsibility is an important regime in international law. It is crucial to protect international environment. The article is aimed at narrating the fundamental rules of state responsibility aroused from state violation of environmental obligations.State environmental responsibility is a kind of implement of common state responsibility. At the same time it also implements common state responsibility. The mordent results of common state responsibility are 2001 common state responsibility for its wrongful acts and related draft articles on state responsibility raised from transboundary damage in dangerous activities.All the state responsibility is caused by its wrongful acts, that is to say, legal consequences caused by its wrongful acts. The different is state environmental responsibility is caused by state wrongful act violating its environmental obligations. As state responsibility, environmental responsibility also has civilian character as well as criminal character. The damage caused by state wrongful acts is usually complemented by stopping wrongful acts and giving compensation. According to different criteria, state environmental responsibility can be divided into different catalogues; they are common wrongful acts environmental responsibility, state damage responsibility and state criminal environmental responsibility.A state environmental responsibility is caused by its wrongful environmental acts. As a result, it is significant to analyze the composition of state environmental wrongful act. Firstly, it is an act that can be subject to the state. A wrongful act is bound to cause certainty damages, so legal damage is also an element of a wrongful act, so as to subjective fault.State wrongful act is the premise as to the State environmental responsibility, and its wrongfulness could be resisted by resistant reasons, and as a result, there emerges no State environmental responsibility. So, to some extent, the reasons preclude the wrongfulness of state environmental act are also the reasons to preclude the emerge of State environmental responsibility. These resistant wrongfulness reasons to state environmental act are different from responsibility exempt reasons; the formers consist of state environmental act, and play a role in the incomplete of the constitution of State environmental wrongful act.State environmental wrongful acts violate the states international environmental obligations, which need to undertake “the secondary duties”. The state, according to the different nature of state environmental responsibility, should undertake the responsibly in different modes. State environmental responsibility of civilian characteristic include stopping illegal behavior, guaranteeing not repeating and full compensation; the states environmental criminal responsibilities may be undertook by sovereignty limitation international sanctions and punitive compensation, but the undertaken of states criminal environmental responsibility dont hinder the undertaken of state civil compensation liabilitiesThe ultimate foothold of State environmental responsibility lies in the realization of such liability. The realization of the legal responsibility can be achieved in positive way and negative way. The former refers to the transformation of legal responsibility from content into reality, which approach can be consultation diplomacy approach and also be judicial way. The latter means the exempt of state environmental responsibility.In this paper, the innovation is expressed in the classification of state environmental responsibility, the composition of state environmental wrongful act and the resistance reasons to state wrongful act.【关键词】国家环境法律责任 国家环境不法行为 国家环境义务【英文关键词】State environmental responsibility State environmental wrongful act State environmental obligation【目录】论国家的国际环境法律责任中文摘要4-6Abstract6-71 引言11-132 国家的国际环境法律责任概述13-262.1 国际法中的国家责任13-182.1.1 国家责任14-152.1.2 国家责任法的编纂和逐渐发展15-182.2 国际环境法中的国家责任:国家环境责任18-212.2.1 国家责任与国家环境责任18-192.2.2 国家责任法与国际环境责任制度19-202.2.3 国家环境责任对国际环境法的重要意义20-212.3 国家环境责任的概念和性质21-242.3.1 国家环境责任的含义21-222.3.2 国家环境责任的性质222.3.3 国家环境责任的分类22-242.4 国家环境责任的产生24-263 国家环境不法行为的一般构成要件26-433.1 可归因于国家的行为27-303.1.1 国家的国际环境责任主体资格27-283.1.2 可归因于国家的行为28-293.1.3 一国对他国国际不法行为的责任29-3