hypertension(2)课件

,Treatment of Hypertension,Jai Radhakrishnan, M.D. Division of Nephrology,Based on the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection ,Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-7),Objectives,Define hypertension Principles of treatment Special groups,Blood Pressure Classification,Why Treat Hypertension ?,To decrease: Cerebrovascular Accidents 35-40% Coronary events 20-25% Heart failure 50% Progression of renal disease Progression to severe hypertension All cause mortality,Awareness, Treatment and Control of Blood Pressure 1976-2000 (NHANES),Factors to Consider in Treating Hypertension,Repeat readings r/o secondary causes Estimate CV risk status Co-morbid conditions Lifestyle changes Drugs,“Secondary” Hypertension,Difficult to control Sudden onset of HTN Well controlled- difficult to control Severe hypertension History/physical/labs,Initial Workup of Secondary HTN,Renal parenchymal disease UA, spot urine protein/creatinine, serum creatinine, USG. Renovascular Captopril scan Coarctation Lower Extremity BP Primary aldosteronism Serum and urinary K Plasma renin and aldosterone ratio Pheochromocytoma Spot urine for metanephrine/creatinine,Laboratory Tests in Uncomplicated HTN,ECG Urine analysis Blood glucose, hematocrit Basic metabolic panel Lipid profile after 9-12 hour fast Urine microalbumin,Estimate Risk Status,Hypertension Smoking Obesity (BMI 30kg/m2) Dyslipidemia Diabetes Microalbuminuria or GFR 55 (men), 65 (women) Family history of CVD (Men 55, Women 65),Metabolic Syndrome,Target Organ Damage,Heart Disease CAD (Angina, myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Heart Failure Stroke/TIA Chronic kidney disease Peripheral arterial disease Retinopathy,Goals of Therapy,BP 50 years of age.,Lifestyle Modification,Drugs for Hypertension,Diuretics Thiazide Loop diuretics Aldosterone antagonists K-sparing Adrenergic inhibitors Peripheral agents Central (-agonists) alpha -blockers* beta-blockers Alpha+beta-blockers,Direct Vasodilators * Calcium channel blockers Dihydropyridine Non dihydropyridine ACE-inhibitors Angiotensin-II blockers,* Usually not monotherapy,Algorithm for Treatment of Hypertension,Not at Goal Blood Pressure (140/90 mmHg) (130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes or chronic kidney disease),Initial Drug Choices,Lifestyle Modifications,Classification and Management of BP for adults,*Treatment determined by highest BP category. Initial combined therapy should be used cautiously in those at risk for orthostatic hypotension. Treat patients with chronic kidney disease or diabetes to BP goal of 130/80 mmHg.,Heterogeneity of “Essential” Hypertension,Special Considerations,Compelling Indications Special populations,HTN with COPD and MI,A 55 year old patient with COPD and HTN (controlled with nifedipine) is admitted with severe chest pain x24 hrs. BP is 170/100 and she has a soft S3 gallop. ECG shows an anterior wall MI. She is not a candidate for thrombolysis. ECHO shows an ejection fraction of 35%. How will you manage her hypertension?,Compelling Indications for Certain Drug Classes,HTN with CAD,Beta blockers: cardioprotective (reinfarction, arrhythmias and sudden death) ACE inhibitors: MI with systolic dysfunction- heart failure and mortality improved,Renal Insufficiency,A 30 year old patient with IDDM is referred with difficult-to-control HTN on diltiazem and clonidine. Exam reveals BP=190/100 and 3+ edema. Labs: Creatinine = 2.2 mg/dL Serum K = 5.1 meq/L 24 hour protein = 5 g,Hypertension with Renal Insufficiency,Goal BP 2.5,A 40 year old previously healthy male is brought to the E.R. with 3 days of progressive shortness of breath and has experienced blurred vision in both eyes. Physical exam: Blood pressure 230/140. Lethargic. Eye exam: Papilledema Chest: Bibasilar crackles Cardiac: S1S2S4 Neuro: Bilateral upgoing plantars: Extr: 2+ edema Labs: K=3.4, BUN=35, Creatinine: 2.2 CXR: Pulmonary edema Urine: 10-15 red cells, 2+ albumin.,Hypertensive Urgencies and Emergencies,HYPERTENSIVE EMERGENCIES Require immediate blood pressure reduction (not necessarily to normal range) to prevent or limit target organ damage. HYPERTENSIVE URGENCIES Require reduction of blood pressure within a few hours,Emergencies & Urgencies,HYPERTENSIVE EMERGENCIES Require immediate blood pressure reduction (not necessarily to normal range) to prevent or limit target organ damage. HYPERTENSIVE URGENCIES Require reduction of blood pressure within a few hours,Parenteral Drugs For Treatment of Hypertensive Emergencies,VASODILATORS Nitroprusside Fenoldopam Nitroglycerine Enalaprilat Nicardipine Hydralazine,ADRENERGIC INHIBITORS Labetalol Esmolol Phentolamine,Pregnancy and Hypertension,A 24 year old primiparous woman is seen in the obstetric clinic at 30 weeks gestation. BP: 160/100, 2 + pedal edema Otherwise unremarkable physical exam. Urine shows 1000 mg of protein. Other labs: N After 2 days of bed rest BP remains 160-170/100,Drug Therapy of the Hypertensive Pregnant Patient,Methyldopa: Drug of choice. Beta blockers (not early pregnancy). Hydralazine is the parenteral drug of choice. Most agents if used prior to pregnancy may be continued (except ACE-I OR A-II BLOCKERS),Resistant Hypertension,Improper BP measurement Excess sodium intake Inadequate diuretic therapy Medication Inadequate doses Drug actions and interactions (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), illicit drugs, sympathomimetics, oral contraceptives) Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs and herbal supplements Excess alcohol intake Identifiable causes of HTN,Conclusions,The initial approach to hypertension should start with ruling out secondary causes, d