江苏2018年高考英语复习增分篇专题巧突破专题四任务型阅读讲义.docx

专题四 任务型阅读 江苏高考任务型阅读近五年考情统计年份标题词数阅读文体2017Population Change488说明文2016An Extension of the Human Brain430说明文2015What News Stories Do You Read？411说明文2014What Is Peer Pressure407议论文2013Quiet Virtue: The Conscientious414说明文命题者说从上表可以看出，近五年任务型阅读文章的体裁以说明文为主，偶有议论文出现，词数在400500之间，一般都比较难。这类文章结构清晰，很容易把握文章脉络。在题材的选取上更加富有时代气息，更加贴近考生的实际生活。2017年江苏高考任务型阅读“难度依旧”，是全卷中难度最大的题。要想任务型阅读得高分，考生必须具备极强的信息转换和概括能力！在复习中，要注意以下几点：1注意对词义和词性转化的积累，提高对固定搭配的敏感度。2重视对句子、段落与文章之间的逻辑关系的剖析，多进行概括总结题的训练。3熟读课文和历年高考真题中的任务型阅读、完形填空和阅读理解经典篇目，培养对原汁原味文章深入理解的语感。感悟真题(2017江苏高考)请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。每个空格只填一个单词。Population ChangeWhy is the worlds population growing? The answer is not what you might think. The reason for the explosion is not that people have been reproducing like rabbits, but that people have stopped dropping dead like flies. In 1900, people died at the average age of 30. By 2000 the average age was 65. But while increasing health was a typical feature of the 20th century, declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st.Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays. Furthermore, around 50% of the worlds population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level (i.e. 2.1 births per woman) and almost all developed nations are experiencing subreplacement birth rate. You might think that developing nations would make up the loss (especially since 80% of the worlds people now live in such nations), but youd be wrong. Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too, which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China, for instance. What does it imply? First, China needs to undergo rapid economic development before a population decline hits the country. Second, if other factors such as technology remain constant, economic growth and material expectations will fall well below recent standards and this could invite trouble.Russia is another country with population problems that could break its economic promise. Since 1992 the number of people dying has been bigger than that of those being born by a massive 50%. Indeed official figures suggest the country has shrunk by 5% since 1993 and people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961. Why is this occurring? Nobody is quite sure, but poor diet and above all longtime alcoholism have much to do with it. If current trends dont bend, Russias population will be about the size of Yemens by the year 2050.In the north of India, the population is booming due to high birth rates, but in the south, where most economic development is taking place, birth rate is falling rapidly. In a further twist, birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas. In total, 25% of Indias workingage population has no education. In 2030, a sixth of the countrys potential work force could be totally uneducated.One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration. As for the USA, it is almost unique among developed nations in having a population that is expected to grow by 20% from 20102030. Moreover, the USA has a track record of successfully accepting immigrants. As a result its likely to see a rise in the size of its workingage population and to witness strong economic growth over the longer term. 答案与解析语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界人口变化的趋势及其原因，并分析了几个国家存在的人口问题。1lower信息概括题。根据第一段最后一句中的“declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st”与第二段第一句“Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays.”可知，21世纪的出生率要比以前低很多，故答案为lower。2size/scale信息概括题。根据第二段的“almost all developed nations are experiencing subreplacement birth rate”和“Declining birth rate is a major problem .work force within a few decades.”可知，发达国家保持人口的现有规模也是困难重重。size/scale表示“尺寸，大小，规模”，符合文意。3immediate信息转换题。根据第二段最后一句中的“which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades”可知，在发展中国家，出生率下降的影响是灾难性的，但不会立即显现出来，而要等到几十年之后，故答案为immediate。4economic直接信息题。根据第三段最后一句“Second, if other factors such as technology .this could invite trouble.”以及第四段第一句“Russia is another country with population problems that could break its economic promise.”可以看出人口与经济的发展是密不可分的，人口出生率的下降也必将给经济的发展带来压力。5old/older信息转换题。根据第三段第一句中的“A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China”可知，中国的青壮年劳动力可能会大幅度减少，即劳动力老龄化，故答案为old/older。6earlier信息转换题。根据第四段中的“people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961”可知，俄罗斯人的寿命比1961年短了许多，即很多人早逝，故答案为earlier。7living/life信息概括题。根据第四段中对俄罗斯人的不良饮食习惯和酗酒的描述可以看出，他们的生活方式需要改变。way of living/life“生活方式”。8equality信息概括题。根据第五段中对于印度人口出生率以及经济发展与教育的关系的叙述可以得出这样的结论：印度若能实现公民受教育机会的平等化，它的经济会有大的增长。equality“平等”，符合文意。9immigration直接信息题。根据最后一段第一句“One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration .by 20% from 20102030.”可知，通过移民这种方法美国在2010年至2030年中将使人口增加20%。10compensate信息概括题。根据最后一段的最后一句“As a result its likely to see a rise .growth over the longer term.”可知，移民可能会带来劳动力人口的增加和经济的迅速增长，从而弥补青壮年劳动力的缺乏。compensate“补偿，弥补”，符合文意。把握考情任务型阅读题在测试考生阅读理解能力的基础上，对阅读信息进行二次加工，归纳要点，筛选、整合和综合概括零散信息，以表格的形式侧重考查考生的单词拼写、词性转换、句式转换、段落归纳等综合能力。特别要求考生掌握文章大意和分析文章结构、提纲和框架。该题型有如下特点：1题型结构任务型阅读由两部分组成：阅读材料和表格。它要求考生通过阅读所给材料，填写完成表格中空缺的信息。阅读材料为一篇词数在400500之间的文章，在文章后设10道小题，每小题只填一词，所有题目都呈现在表格中。2题目类型任务型阅读设题灵活，主要考查以下三种题型。(1)直接信息题。这类题目考查考生基础，考生可以一边阅读一边从文章中直接找出答案。(2)信息转换题。这类题目主要考查考生的语法与词汇知识，如同义词转换、实词(名词、动词、形容词、副词)之间词性与词形转换等。(3)信息概括题。总结性词汇类题目主要考查考生的信息筛选能力和语言概括能力。归纳词类考题信息隐藏在某个语句、段落甚至整篇文章中，要求考生有较强的归纳概括能力，同时要有很好的词汇功底。任务型阅读的读文方式有多种，下面介绍一种既能提高解题速度又能提高读文针对性的技巧，供大家在今后的解题中尝试运用。第一步：扫读表格把握表格结构，理清层次关系扫读表格，分析表格的设计结构，理清其显示的层次关系，初步了解文章的发展脉络及大体内容，同时，根据语法知识初步判断空缺位置所需词语的词性变化及形式要求。建议先看表格，这样我们就可以根据表格的内容了解文章的大意和行文结构。1表格的一般结构(1)全文的标题：全文的标题一般放在第一行，理解文章的标题有助于把握全文的主旨大意，阅读时要多加关注。(2)各段的大意：表格的左栏一般为文章各段的大意，利用表格与文章顺序的一致性有助于锁定解题的信息区间。(3)对各段内容的详细阐述：表格的右栏一般是对左栏各段大意的进一步阐述，其中的表述一般为文章各段内容的转换和概括。2阅读表格的关注点(1)要特别注意表格前的小标题，它通常就是段落和表格的主题句。读懂了表格标题有助于理解短文及表格的大意、了解表格结构和题目的设置。(2)另外，要关注各段的大意，理解文章的结构和层次关系，把握文章的脉络和行文线索。第二步：略读文章速读全文，把握大意，理清文章结构理清表格结构之后，结合表格框架结构速读全文，尤其是每段的第一句话，即topic sentence和首尾段落，理清文章的写作思路和基本结构，以便加深对文章内容的了解。同时文章的结构往往也是很重要的设题线索。表格项目一般就是根据文章的结构而设计的。只有读懂了文章，才能顺利地在表格中填出相应的信息。一、任务型阅读三大题型解题技巧1直接信息题这类题目要求考生能快速在文章中查找相关细节，锁定信息来源，并用文章中的词来填空。解题时可采用下列步骤：典例(2016江苏高考)Other people can help us compensate for our mental and emotional deficiencies (欠缺), much as a wooden leg can compensate for a physical deficiency. To be exact, other people can extend our intelligence and help us understand and adjust our emotions. When another person helps us in such ways, he or she is participating in what Ive called a “social prosthetic (义肢的) system.” Such systems do not need to operate facetoface, and its clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems. Its already a big bank of many minds. Even in its current state, the Internet has extended my memory and judgment.The (71) _ can help make up for our mental and emotional deficiencies as a wooden leg can compensate for a bodily deficiency.分析：第一步：根据题干中的“can help make up for our mental and emotional deficiencies”可以确定命题区间为第一段。第二步：根据第一段的内容，特别是“Such systems do not need to operate facetoface, and its clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems.”可以确定“互联网正在扩大我自己的社会修复系统的范围”，就像假肢能弥补身体的缺陷一样。第三步：确定答案为Internet。2信息转换题这类题型无法从原文中找到原词或完全一样的原句，这需要我们对文章进行加工或变通。这些变通大多与语法知识有关，也有些与短语搭配和固定句型有关。信息转换题也和直接信息题一样，首先要找到文中与表格中相对应的信息。解题时可采用以下三个步骤：典例(2016江苏高考)Regarding memory: Once I look up something on the Internet, I dont need to keep all the details for future use I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so. More generally, the Internet functions as if it were my memory. This function of the Internet is particularly striking when Im writing; Im no longer comfortable writing if Im not connected to the Internet. Its become natural to check facts as I write, taking a minute or two to dip into PubMed, Wikipedia, or other websites.On the Internet, we could quickly and easily locate the details, and check facts, without (73) _ them in mind.分析：第一步：题干中的“we could quickly and easily locate the details”与文章第二段中“I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so”意思相近，因此可以定位到这一段。第二步：根据第二段中的第一句“Once I look up something on the Internet, I dont need to keep all the details for future use”可以确定关键信息词是keep。第三步：因为题干上要填写的单词前面是介词without，所以确定答案填keep的动名词形式，即：keeping。附：信息转换常用词句1belong to the club a member/one of the members of the club2object to be opposed to oppose3dont respond to . make no response to . say nothing in response to .4accompany sb. keep sb. company5accuse . of . charge . with .6cant help/choose but do . have no alternative/choice but to do .7apply to . make an application to .8an approach to doing a way to do/of doing9approve of subscribe to be in favor of support10be beneficial to be of benefit to benefit 11be bored with be tired of be fed up with12do sth. with caution do sth. cautiously13Its likely that . The chance is that ./Chances are that . There is a chance (are chances) that .14compared to/with . in comparison with .15congratulate sb. on sth. show/express congratulations to sb. on sth.16as a result in consequence17consist of be made up of be composed of18agree with correspond with/to be consistent with19face sth. be faced with sth.20be merciful to have mercy on show mercy to21a little slightly22thank sb. be grateful to sb.23draw near be around the corner24occur to sb. strike sb.25delay put off postpone26deliberately on purpose by design27look like sb. resemble sb.28make a summary of .summarize .29be superior to be better than30tend to do . have a tendency to do .3信息概括题这类题目难度大、要求高、得分低，考生要在透彻理解文章的基础上，根据文中相关信息综合分析后提炼出新词。此类题目主要分为两种类型：(1)总结性词汇。设题大多数情况下是概括文章的标题、段落大意、事件过程、文章的目的、意义以及得出的结论等。解题关键(2)归纳词。有的题目在原文中可能找不到具体的信息句。这就要求我们首先要确定信息区域，然后对该区域进行认真地分析归纳。解题关键注意信息概括题有时必须结合表格本身才能正确解答。典例1(2017江苏高考)Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays. Furthermore, around 50% of the worlds population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level (i.e. 2.1 births per woman) and almost all developed nations are experiencing subreplacement birth rate. You might think that developing nations would make up the loss (especially since 80% of the worlds people now live in such nations), but youd be wrong. Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too, which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.It would be difficult for developed countries to maintain the (72)_ of population.分析：第一步：根据题干大意可定位到文章第二段。第二步：根据第二段内容，特别是“almost all developed nations are experiencing subreplacement birth rate”和“Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too, which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.”可知，发达国家保持人口的现有规模也是困难重重。size/scale表示“尺寸，大小，规模”，符合文意。第三步：确定答案为size/scale。典例2(2017江苏高考)In the north of India, the population is booming due to high birth rates, but in the south, where most economic development is taking place, birth rate is falling rapidly. In a further twist, birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas. In total, 25% of Indias workingage population has no education. In 2030, a sixth of the countrys potential work force could be totally uneducated.Leaving aside the birth rate issue, Indias economy may take off when the country achieves (78)_ of educational opportunity.分析：第一步：根据题干中的“Indias economy”以及“educational”，可以定位到文章第五段。第二步：根据第五段中对于印度人口出生率以及经济发展与教育的关系的叙述可以得出这样的结论：印度若能实现公民受教育机会的平等化，它的经济会有大的增长。第三步：确定答案为equality。附：信息概括常用词1原因与结果：reason (for), result; cause (of), consequence2异同点与优缺点：difference, similarity; advantage, disadvantage3功能：function4观点与态度：opinion, view (on/about), viewpoint, idea; attitude (to/towards) 5评论与评价：comment (on), remark (on/upon), assessment6方式与方法：means, way, method (of); solution, approach (to doing sth.); (take) measures (to do sth.)7目的：purpose, aim, goal8积极与消极：positive, negative9建议：advice, suggestion, tip10概括与总结：summary, conclusion11特点：feature, characteristic12种类：kind, type, category, class13精神上与身体上：mentally, physically14影响：influence, impact, effect (on)15情形，状况：situation, condition16方面与项目条款：aspect, item17材料：materials18知识与消息：knowledge, information19日程计划：schedule, agenda20百分比：percentage21性别：sex22年龄：age23(不)熟悉：familiar/unfamiliar24个人，个人的：individual25细节：description, detail26文化：culture27责任：(take) responsibility28贡献：(make) contributions (to) 29重要：value, importance, significance30比较：contrast, comparison31时期：period, time32存在：existence, exist33人口：population34天气与气候：weather, climate35位置：location36主题：theme37背景：setting, background38情节：plot39高潮：climax40反对者与支持者：opponent, supporter二、解题时应注意的几个问题在解答信息转换题和信息概括题时要注意以下几点：1字母大小写。2名词的数和格。3动词的形式。4形容词、副词的比较级、最高级。5动词或名词与介词的习惯搭配。6时态、语态、主谓一致、第三人称等。7格式一致。表格内容的同一级要用相同的形式。例如：In the arrival statement, the Prime Minister said he is looking forward to the meeting with Singapore on ways to deepen East Asia cooperation between two nations so as to_contribute to the building of a peaceful, harmonious relationship.Thesignificanceof the visitDeepening East Asia cooperation between two nationsContribute to the establishment of a peaceful, harmonious relationshipContribute应改为Contributing，与上栏Deepening形式一致。.完成下列表格，使左右栏意义一致(限填一词)1people who lack sleeppeople lacking sleep2as summer approacheswith summer approaching3a country which has a long historya country with a long history4find out the reasons for their failure in the testfind out why they failed the test5besidesin addition to/as well as6be accused ofbe charged with7have the same interest as youshare your interest8cause thousands of deathsclaim thousands of lives9a team made up of 12 boysa team consisting of 12 boys10succeed in passing the testmanage to pass the test11lead to serious accidentsresult in serious accidents12not having enough moneylack of money.同义句转换(限填一词)1Kate was born in China.Kates birthplace is China.2Tom couldnt agree with his bosss decision more.Tom supported his bosss decision.3The lady was not happy.The lady was unhappy.4As we all know, if someone wants to pass this exam, he ought to prepare for it well.Good preparation is key to passing this exam.5Email has also changed the speed with which we exchanged information. In minutes, you can contact another person.Email has also enabled us to exchange information at higher speed than traditional communicative methods.6In minutes, you can get in touch with another person who shares your love of kites or stamps.Within a short time, it lets you contact another person who has the same interest with you.7It was not a pleasant experience for them.For them, it was a(n) unpleasant experience.8At first, some experts didnt agree with the idea.Some experts disagreed with the idea in the beginning.9It will not be harmful to your relationships with others.It will be harmless to your relationships with others.10In some fields, women still have no equality as in the past.In some fields, there still exists inequality for women.11Such behaviors are considered not appropriate in public.Such inappropriate behaviors are not allowed in public.12In general men are not aware of this problem as women.Men should raise the awareness of this problem in general.13The more one knows about pollution, the more one can do for our environment.One should have a good knowledge of pollution to contribute to the environment.14Keeping silent can actually make your anger longer.Keeping silent may not help and can lengthen your anger.15Remember gym is not your only choice.You can try other activities besides going to the gym.16Its necessary to make use of every opportunity to practice more.We need to take advantage of every opportunity to practice more.17It is concluded that talking on a cellphone while driving is as dangerous as drunk driving.What can be concluded from the study is that the effects of using a cellphone while driving is equal to drunk driving.18Older people who suffer health problems still say they are OK.Older people suffering health problems feel good about themselves.19Let your friends know your ideas, and you neednt force them to follow the ideas.You can let your friends know your ideas without forcing them to follow the ideas.20Some researchers have made a survey in which 200 housewives were involved, finding that they have greater ambitions for career.Some researchers have made a survey involving 200 housewives and found that they still want to work.根据材料或表格提示完成下列表格(限填一词)1A great number of doctors say that food programs need to pay more attention to children, especially the babies. It is high time that childrens diets should be improved. Diets should include foods rich in vitamin A and other useful vitamins and minerals.The waysto save childrenDiets should be improved.Diets should contain foods with rich vitamins and minerals.2Without proper planning, tourism can cause problems. For example, too