大学英语专业语法课件3——限定词Determ.ppt

Lecture 3 Determiner,_ friends usually speak highly of him. A. His some B. Some his C His many D Many his Please send _ samples to London by air. A. these enough B enough these C. Five these D These five,Well concern ourselves with,Noun and Noun Phrase (an overview) Genitive Noun Determiner,Noun and Noun Phrase,Classification of nouns According to word formation: Simple nouns: man, cat, chair Compound nouns: greenhouse, landlord Derivative nouns: worker, examination According to lexical meaning: Proper nouns: names for a person, place or thing, e.g. China, New York, John Common nouns: individual, collective, material and abstract nouns, e.g. teacher, faculty, water, honesty According to grammatical form: Countable nouns: a car, two cars, Uncountable nouns: bread, milk, furniture, ,Noun and Noun Phrase,Functions of noun phrases: S, SC, O, OC, Appositive, Prep C, Adverbial, Conjunction Number forms of nouns: rules & exceptions (See section 4.2) Partitives - also called unit nouns, are commonly used to denote individuality of a whole unit nouns, e.g. a piece of information, a bottle of ink, a pair of glasses, a flock of birds, a herd of cattle, Note: For more details, read the course books by yourselves.,Genitive Noun,Case is a grammatical category. It denotes the changes in the form of a noun or a pronoun showing its semantic relations with other words in a sentence. (e.g. genitive case, nominative case, accusative case, etc.) In modern English, nouns do not have a complicated case system like that of Latin, German, or Russian. The different grammatical functions of English nouns in a sentence are mostly determined by word order. It is in this sense that the genitive case may be viewed as a relic of the old case system.,The Formation of Genitive Noun,a) Add s to singular nouns and plural nouns that do not end in s, e.g. Marys pen, Childrens Day b) Add an apostrophe () to plural nouns ending in s, e.g Teachers Day, ladies room,The Formation of Genitive Noun,c) Add s to the end of the compound nouns or to the end of a post modified noun phrase, e.g. his mother-in-laws death, someone elses opinion, the university of Minnesotas president d) In coordinate nouns, add s to each of the coordinate elements when denoting respective possession, and only to the last element when denoting common possession, e.g. Marys and John pens, Mary and Johns pen,The Formation of Genitive Noun,e) In “noun phrase + appositive(同位语)” construction, add an s to the end of the appositive, or both to the noun phrase and to the appositive, e.g. Basel the booksellers; Basels, the booksellers f) In Personal names ending in sibilant /z/, add s or only. But it can only be s when personal names end in other sibilant sound, e.g. Dickens / Dickenss works, Jones / Joness poems, Marxs Doctrine, Rosss dissertation,The meanings of Genitive Noun,Genitive is chiefly used to denote possession, and therefore is called possessive case. But genitive meanings are by no means restricted to possession. Observe the examples below, identify the semantic relations between the genitive nouns and its head nouns: (See Ex. 5A) Marys handbag Davids prompt reply The criminals punishment Mr. Smiths donation a summers day Two hours drive 300 kilometers distance 5 dollars worth of stamps,ownership,Subject-predicate,Verb-object,source,description,time,distance,value,The Genitive Noun and of-Phrase,Genitive nouns are sometimes interchangeable with of-phrases, e.g. Chinas foreign policy the foreign policy of China Newtons law the law of Newton The presidents arrival the arrival of the president But in some cases, we can only use genitive nouns instead of of-phrase, esp. in idiomatic expressions, e.g. childrens pictorial; a doctors degree; mens clothing; at ones wits end; at swords points; a hairs breadth; a wolf in sheeps clothing,The Genitive Noun and of-Phrase,However, we can only use of-phrases instead of genitive nouns in the following cases: when the noun is followed by a long modifier: The opinion of the chairman appointed a month ago; The suggestions of those present at the meeting; in the pattern “the + adj.” or when of-phrase an appositive: The income of the rich; The struggle of the exploited; The city of Rome,Independent Genitive,Sometimes, a genitive noun can be used independently, that is, without a following noun. This is known as independent genitive. Independent genitive can be used in the following situations: A) when the missing noun has occurred somewhere in the context, e.g. Your bike is somewhat similar to Johns. Teds was the most expensive car. B) when the missing noun refers to somebodys house or residence, e.g. Well have our party at Marys. The dentists is not too far away from the Metro station.,Independent Genitive,C) when the missing noun refers to church, school, or other public buildings, e.g. I have never visited St. Pauls (Cathedral) in London. He once studied at Merchant Taylors (School). D) when the missing noun refers to the commercial firms, e.g. Pickled vegetables are available at the grocers. Chinese toys are sold both at Smiths and Browns.,Double Genitive,The prepositional phrase (an of-phrase) that takes an independent genitive as complementation is called Double genitive, e.g. He is a friend of my fathers. (= He is one of my fathers friends.) Cf: He is a friend of my father. = He is friendly to my father. More examples: a portrait of Mr Browns a portrait of Mr Brown a criticism of Mr Hamiltons a criticism of Mr Hamilton,Double Genitive,Notes (A & B): A) the independent genitive in the of-phrase must carry definite / specific personal reference, e.g. a patient of the doctors *a patient of a doctors *an engine of the planes,Double Genitive,B) the noun phrase with a double genitive as post-modifier can take an indefinite determiner such as a(n), some, any, etc, or a demonstrative determiner such as this, that, which to convey emotional feelings, e.g. a daughter of Mrs Greens any/some daughters of Mrs Greens this brilliant idea of Davids that clever remark of your sisters this notorious scheme of your colleagues that iniquitous plot of the kings Which novel of Dickens Two novels of Dickens But not “ *the daughter of Mrs Greens ”,Determiner,Is the following sentence grammatical? Why? *Watch was lost. There are quite a number of ways to make it grammatical: This/That watch was lost. My watch was lost. Marys / Teds watch was lost. One watch was lost. Every watch was lost. No watch was lost. Neither watch was lost. Which watch was lost What do the above facts suggest? ? +,Determiner,N / NP,What influence does Det. have on the following N / NP?,It helps to determine the N/NPs reference and quantity.,How many / how much ?,What/Which/whose (thing / person) do you refer to?,Determiner,What are determiners? Words that precede any premodifying adjectives in a noun phrase and which denote such referential meanings as specific reference(特指), generic reference (类指), definite quantity or indefinite quantity are referred to as determiners. (reference & quantity) Determiners include: articles, possessive determiners, genitive nouns, demonstrative determiners, relative determiners, interrogative determiners, indefinite determiners, cardinal and ordinal numerals, fractional and multiplicative numerals, and other quantifiers.,Determiner,The choice of determiners is closely related to what might be called the three classes of nouns: singular countable nouns, plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns. The three classes of nouns demand appropriate determiners to collocate with. 1) determiners with all three classes of nouns: possessive determiners, genitive nouns and the definite article as well as some, any, no, the other, and whose, e.g. the / his / some car, the / his / some cars, the / his / some money. 2) determiners with singular countable nouns only: a(n), one, another, each, every, either, neither, many a, such a, e.g. each worker, every student, either book, another book,Determiner,3) determiners with plural countable nouns only: both, two three, etc, another two/three, many, (a) few, several, these, those, a (great) number of , e.g. both / several / these/ many / a number of workers 4) determiners with uncountable nouns only: a little, a great amount of, a bit of, a great deal of, much less, least, e.g. much noise, little / a great deal of money, less oil 5) determiners with singular and plural countable nouns only: the first, the second, the last, the next, e.g. the first man/men, the next meeting/meetings,Determiner,6) determiners with either singular or uncountable nouns only: this, that, e.g. this /that job, this / that work 7) determiners with plural and uncountable nouns only: a lot of, lots of, plenty of, enough, most, such, other, e.g. Enough books / money, more essays / time, plenty of cars /rain ,Collocations between determiners,According to their potential position, determiners can be divided into three subclasses: Central determiners - articles, genitive, demonstrative determiners, possessive determiners, some, any, no, every each, either, neither, enough, what(ever), which(ever), whose, etc. (They are mutually exclusive in a phrase) Predeterminers - all, both, half, double, twice, three times, etc.; one-third, two fifths, etc.; what, such a(n) Postdeterminers - next, last, other, another, etc.; many, much, a few, a little, fewer, the fewest, more, most,Collocations between determiners,If a noun phrase contains more than one determiner, they are not combined together at will. Rather, they follow some order. 1) predeterminer + central determiner + postdeterminer, e.g. all the other students, both his two sisters 2) predeterminer + central determiner, e.g. all the students, both his parents 3) central determiner + postdeterminer, e.g. the other students, his last few sisters 4) predeterminer + postdeterminer, e.g. all other students, all three sisters 5) postdeterminer + postdeterminer, e.g. three other students, a few more words,Collocations between determiners,Note: Unlike postdeterminers, central determiners and predeterminers are mutually exclusive in a phrase. That is, no two members of them can co-occur in a noun phrase. e.g. his last two books, the first two chapters *my that book, *all half students,Articles,Articles are the most typical of determiners. English has three articles- the definite, the indefinite and the zero article. Both definite and indefinite articles can be used to perform the functions of generic and specific reference.,Generic and specific reference,Generic reference - any member representative of a class of people or things. Specific reference - a particular specimen of the class. Compare: The lion is roaring. (specific) The lion is the king of animals. （generic） A tiger has escaped. （specific） A tiger can be dangerous. （generic）,Generic and specific reference,The Generic function can also be performed by the definite article combining with certain adjectives or adjectival participles, e.g. The rich get richer, and the poor get poorer. The oppressed and the exploited wanted to free themselves from the oppressors.,Generic and specific reference,Zero article means the absence of article. That is, no article is used, esp. with plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns. Zero article also has generic use, e.g. Pandas are rare animals.( plural countable noun) Carrots are my favorite vegetables. ( plural countable noun) Washington is the capital of the United States. (proper noun) Happiness is what they are after in life. (abstract noun) Knowledge is power. (abstract noun) Gold is not very expensive in that place. (material noun),Anaphoric, cataphoric and situational reference,Anaphoric reference- The word “anaphoric” means “pointing backward”. When what is referred to occurs in a previous context and the definite article has to point backward for its meaning, this is known as anaphoric reference, e.g. He ordered a book some time ago. The book has now arrived.,Anaphoric THE,Anaphoric, cataphoric and situational reference,Cataphoric reference- The word cataphoric means “pointing forward”. When the referential meaning of the definite article is determined by what follows the article and the head, and the article has to point forward for its own interpretation, that is cataphoric reference, e.g. This is the place where I first met her.,Cataphoric THE,Anaphoric, cataphoric and situational reference,Situational reference - depends not on any referent that has occurred in the context but solely on the common knowledge shared by speaker and hearer or on a specific situation in which the reference is made clear. Sometimes this function can also be performed by zero article, e.g. Whats on the radio? Shut the door, please. She asked, “Why is father out of work?” He was elected chairman of the students union.,Articles in use with different classes of noun,The use of articles is often a headache for us Chinese learners. This is not only because there is no article contrast in Chinese common nouns, but also because there are too many exceptions to the rules guiding the use of articles. As a matter of fact, the choice of an article in quite a few idiomatic expressions is just a matter of usage which is difficult or even impossible to explain in terms of a few grammatical rules. In this sense, it is necessary that we should memorize some “exceptions”. Read the course book carefully (section 7.2: P76-82), and get familiar with the use of articles with different classes of noun.,Articles in special positions,Generally, when a noun is modified by some adjective, the article precede the adjective, e.g. a big book, an interesting story, the slow car, etc. However, when modified by some others as follows, the article should follow the adjective. He was so short a boy that he cant reach the book on the shelf. It is too difficult a sentence for him to understand. We all know how great a man he is. How can you make such a mistake? Many a teacher has seen this film. He is quite a headmaster. He is living rather a poor life. Both the teachers and all the students were safe.,Exercise:,Read these tips from a magazine about finding a good fitness club. Six of the lines are correct and seven have an article that should not be there. If a line is correct, put a tick at the end of it. If there is an article that should not be there underline it.,The many people go to a gym regularly, to try to lose the weight and cope with the stress of modern life. Here are the some tips for finding the best gym for you. Visit at least three clubs at the time of day you plan to work out. Check for the cleanliness, especially in the changing rooms. Ensure the equipment is well maintained and suited to your Requirements. Expect the well qualified, presentable instructors. Check that an instructor is available in the gym area at all times for an assistance. Is the club security conscious do you need an ID card to get in? Do you need to pay a membership fee and does the fee include the cost of aerobics classes? Choose a gym a short distance away-if it takes you more than the thirty minutes to get there, you probably wont go.,Check your exercise:,The many people go to a gym regularly, to try to lose the weight and cope with the stress of modern life. Here are the some tips for finding the best gym for you. Visit at least three clubs at the time of day you plan to work out. Check for the cleanliness, especially in the changing rooms. Ensure the equipment is well maintained and suited to your Requirements. Expect the we