专业英语中的常见语法现象分析

专业英语中的常见语法现象一 人称、时态和语态科技英语中主要使用第三人称，但第一人称也经常出现，主要是：（1）叙述某个实验、现象或结论时，告诉读者我们以前也报道过，这里不在叙述；（2）为了引导读者按照作者的思路去思考问题，此时we等第一人称是指作者和读者双方。另外在文章的开头和结论部分有事也使用we，如in this paper, we report或者we concluded that等时态主要使用三种时态：一般现在时，一般过去时和现在完成时(1) 在叙述一般的科学原理、公式推导、计算过程和结论时，常用一般现在时；如当提到本文、此图、此表等说明了、表达了什么时This paper describes The focus of this paper is Figure 1 shows Most of the common condensation polymers are listed in Table 1-1.(2) 在叙述某种实验操作、试剂配制时，常使用一般过去时；例如：Novozym-435 (2.0 g) was suspended in 25 mL of nanopure water in a 100 mL round-bottomed flask fitted with a water cooled condenser. The lipase suspension was refluxed for 14 h. The suspension was then allowed to cool to room temperature, and water was removed by freeze drying. The reaction vials were capped tightly and shaken vigorously for a few minutes. Thereaction vials were then placed in a constant-temperature water bath maintained at 37C for 3h with magnetic stirring.(3) 在叙述已经发生的并且延续到现在的事情时使用现在完成时，如描述研究进展使用In recent years作时间状语时，通常使用完成时In recent years, Plesch and coworkers have concluded that many so-called cationic polymerizations do not proceed through intermediates of an ionic nature.时态是个比较复杂的问题虽然有一般的规则但往往在实际文章中很难把握，需要注意的是在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃。科技英语使用被动语态比较多，但也可使用主动语态，特别是强调自己的观点时，在学术会议交流时也使用主动语态，这种语态的句子简洁，意思准确。例：The oscillator strengths of certain 4f-4f transitions in lanthanide() complexes exhibit an especially strong sensitivity to the structural details and chemical nature of the ligand environment.The extraction behavior of trivalent lanthanide ions has been studied with DBM. The ratio of Ln:DBM in the extracted species was determined to be 1:3 by the slope analysis method.二 数数也有其复杂化特别是在学术论文里有是很难顾及数上的逻辑但一般不将逻辑上的问题视为语法错误只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可以下是需要注意的语法不规则变化的单复数单数 复数criterion criteria 依据phenomenon phenomena 现象medium media 介质radius radii 半径index indices 指数appendix appendices 附录stimulus stimuli 刺激basis bases 基础synthesis syntheses 合成matrix matrices 基体Novel biomaterials with improved, specific biological action are being developed using polymersthat are responsive to environmental stimuli.一些数有特殊性的名词data, kinetics 通常作复数名词research, work: 不可数名词The data in Table 1 are obtained from the reactions at different temperatures.The kinetics of polymerization within each droplet are the same as those for the correspondingbulk polymerization.Much research has been done to redirect the tropism of retroviruses by engineering the envelopeglycoprotein.Most research on poly(ortho esters) has focused on the synthesis of polymers.一些结构的数 one of 复数名词:单数none of 复数名词:复数none of 单数名词/不可数名词:单数no 复数名词:复数no 单数名词/不可数名词:单数a kind of 单数名词:单数 this/that kind of 单数名词:单数these kinds of 复数名词:复数复数名词 of this/that kind ：复数sort 与kind 类似a type of 单数名词：单数a series of 复数名词：复数a class of 复数名词：复数the number of 复数名词：单数a number of 复数名词：复数Ara-C is one of most important antitumor agents, especially used in the treatment of variousleukaemias.One of possibilities for enhancing the pharmacological properties is to link it to a carrier.Biocompatibility is one of the main criteria for the selection of a particular biomaterial.Controlled drug delivery technology represents one of most rapid advancing areas of science inwhich chemists are contributing to human health care.Several models have been proposed but none appear to be generally applicable.None of the presently used ones are applied rigorously.Thus far no studies have conclusively demonstrated long-term value of any of the cardiac genetherap approaches.This type of termination is often referred to as spontaneous termination.A number of polymer backbones that are potentially degradable are detailed in the text.The number of mechanisms which have been proposed to explain the stereopecificity ofZiegler-Natta catalysts.* The number of 复数名词: 整个做主语时谓语应为单数; 但此句的动词have 是从句的谓语而从句是形容mechanisms.在其它的从句谓语中也是同样如: One of the mechanisms which have beenA series of telomers reported in table 1 were then synthesized.A diverse range of mechanisms have been developed.Polymers are a promising class of biomaterials that can be engineered to meet specific end-userequirements.The most important class of poly(amides) for controlled release are the poly(amino acids).The majority of poly(anhydrides) are prepared by melt-condensation polymerization.A wide variety of natural and synthetic polymers have been used to fabricate tissue-engineeringmatrices.后面通常要用复数名词对可数名词而言various differentmost all many severalone of many ofkinds ofa number of the number ofa (wide) variety of a class ofa series of a wide range ofDozens of different types of receptors are present on the average mammalian cell.In a number of special applications (e.g. contact lenses and skin-grafting materials), additionalrequirements such as transparency should be considered when selecting a polymer.Many of these transmembrane proteins are receptors.Some polymers are highly crystalline primarily because their structure is conductive to packing,while others are crystalline primarily because of the secondary forces. For still other polymers,both factors may be favorable for crystallization.形容可数名词的量词a few， many ，a number of形容不可数名词的量词a great/small/certain amount of， a great/good deal of形容可数和不可数名词均可的量词a lot of ，lots ofAlthough a few polymers may be completely amorphous and a few completely crystalline, mostpolymers are partially or semi-crystalline in character.The use of IPNs has received a great deal of attention in recent years and different kinds of IPNhave been synthesized with different compositions.The major amount of work on size distributions has been on polyesters and polyimides.A sizeable amount work has been published on the copolymerizations of various cyclicmonomers.以下结构的谓语的数由前一个决定, as well as由较靠近谓语动词的决定not onlybut alsoeitherorneithernor 当含意上强调复数时建议用复数。The catalyst concentrations for the different reactions are different.Our research focuses on the syntheses and characterizations of a series of polycarbonates with different chemical structures.The physical and chemical properties of this compound have been studied.The chain lengths of the oligomers with different molecular weights are different.当含意上不强调复数时可用单数或复数。Our research focuses on the synthesis of polycarbonates.The property of the compounds in group 1 is different from the property of the compounds in group 2.The chain length of the oligomers increases with increasing reaction time. 在标题、小标题中 或 描述一类事物、现象等时：当提到具体物质时常用复数。2-1 PolyestersPolymers are macromolecules built up by large numbers of small molecules. The small molecules which combine with each other to form polymer molecules are termed monomers.在标题、小标题中 或 描述一类事物、现象等时：当提到抽象概念时可用单数、也可用复数。2-11 Step Copolymerization2-12 Newer Types of Step PolymerizationsThis chapter will consider the characteristics of step polymerization in detail. 学术论文、有关学术的科普文章中的名词的可数或不可数特性的划分区别于非学术文章。以下是在学术文章中通常视为可数名词的单词： application development considerationcomposition concentration distributionstructure length weight 当同时提及几个图、表、方程式时要用复数（分别单个地提及则不用）：The reaction rate constant can be calculated from Equations 2 and 3.The reaction rate constant can be calculated from Equation 2 and Equation 3.Figs. 4 and 5 show 三 冠词冠词最普通的规则如下：单数名词前一般要加冠词a , the 等 但有些情况可不加复数名词前一般可不加冠词也可加the, these, those.The molecular weight of a polymer is of prime importance in its synthesis and application.The rate constant can be expressed by an Arrhenius type relationshipK = A e -E/RTWhere A is the collision frequency factor, E the Arrhenius activation energy, and T the Kelvintemperature. A plot of lnK versus 1/T allows the determination of both E and A from the slopeand intercept, respectively.When a water-insoluble or only slightly water-soluble monomer is added, a very small fractiondissolves and goes into solution. A large but still small portion of the monomer enters the interiorhydrocarbon part of the micelles. The largest portion of the monomer is dispersed as monomerdroplets.被修饰的名词前要加the:There has been a rapidly increasing effort in the last ten to fifteen years toward the synthesis ofnew polymers with markedly higher temperature resistance than those previously available.The catalysts usually must be prepared at the low temperatures since most of them becomeheterogeneous when prepared at or warmed up to the temperatures above about -40 . 单数名词前一般要加冠词：a , the等； 但以下情况可不加：表示不特指的、较抽象的概念：This chapter will consider the characteristics of step polymerization in detail.An understanding of the relative ease of cyclization or linear polymerization comes from a variety of sources.Different polymers are synthesized to yield various mechanical behaviors by the appropriate combinations of crystallinity, crosslinking, Tg, and Tm.但需注意这些单词前加冠词也是经常见到的，这是由它在句中的含义决定的：Polyisoprene is a typical elastomer it is amorphous, easily crossed, has a low Tg (-73C) and a high Tm (14C). 目录、标题中通常省略冠词：1. Introduction1-1 Types of Polymers and Polymerizat