高考英语·短文改错·考点与套路(完整校验版).doc

高考英语短文改错考点与套路（完整校验版）Part 1 考点规律1. 错词考点一、虚词选择错误 介词或副词选择错误：这种情况极为复杂，各种情况都有可能。这里只提供几组作为参考：before / ago, among / between, after / in, below / under, on / above / over, across / through, except / besides, with / in(用), to / for (对于), like / as 等。 连词选择错误或连词与介词混淆。如：because / for(since, as), if / whether, if / unless, so as / so that, hardly when / no sooner than, while / when, till / until等。关系词选择错误：who/whom/whose，Which/that，what/which(that),(介词+)whom(which)/that,(it is.)that/when/where/how等。 感叹词选择错误：how/what。 代词选择错误：人称代词的格，如：l/me/my/mine。人称代词与反身代词，如：I (me)/myself。先行词it（作主语或宾语）与指示代词：it/that(this)。不定代词与限定词：some/any, no/none/no one( nobodv), every/each, everyone/every one, aIVboth, any/either, none/neither, few/little, many/much, other/others/another. other/else, so/such(that)等。 冠饲选择错误：a/an，a(n)/the。 助动词、情态动词选择错误：need/must/can/may，must/have to。二、实词词形错误 名词词形错误：名词的单复数形式，特别注意不规则名词的复数形式；名词的所有格，特别注意不规则复数名词的所有格，如：the childrens；名词所有格的绝对形式。如：My son is older than my elder brothers. 动词词形错误：不规则动词的过去式、过去分词形式错误，特别注意几组易于混淆的词，如：lie(躺) / lie(说谎) / lay；hang(挂) / hang(绞死)；find / found(建立)；fall / fell(砍倒)；bear(忍受) / bear(生育)等的过去式与过去分词。非谓语动词用法的选择，特别是充当状语、表语、定语或宾语补足语时是用过去分词还是现在分词(取决于主语、名词中心词与宾语的关系)；在 to 后是用不定式还是动名词(取决于to是介词还是小品词)；以及在并列结构中后面动词的形式，必须与第 1 个动词保持一致。谓语动词时态形式的选择，是现在时还是过去时还是其他时态；情态动词和 will(would), shall (should) 等助动词后面的动词形式的选择(只能用原形)。 形容词与副词词形错误：是用原级、比较级还是最高级，是加 more, most 还是加 -er, -est 构成比较级和最高级。 词性选择错误：不同的词性充当不同的句子成分，要注意实词的词性是否适合其功能，不符合则应换用适当的派生词。其中特别要注意：连系动词后常用形容词充当表语，而不用副词。如：He feels cold. 作状语用副词，而不用形容词。如：He works well.三、同义词、近义词、形似词选择错误。这里举一些常见的例子：acceptreceive, alive/living/lively, allow/let, alone/lonely, aloud/loudly, already/yet/still, also/too/either, number/amount/quantity, answer/reply, asleep/sleepy/sleeping, bring/ take/fetch/carry, clothes/clothing, deep/deeply, defeat/fail, cost/spend/take/pay, hard/hardly, high/highly, ill/sick, job/work, late/lately, lend/borrow, near/nearly/nearby, likely/possible/probable, raise/rise, rob/steal. say/speak/tell/talk, sit/seat, sound/noise/voice, live/stay, very/much, try/manage, wide/widely, win/beat( defeat), wish/hope, worth/worthy。还可能出现词序的错误，如：His both parentsboth his parents; Never I haveNever have I等，通过以下练习来进一步掌握短文改错的解题技巧。【配套练习】以下各句都有一处错词，请找出来。1. I have the same idea as his.2. Everyone of us is working hard in this factory.3. I have caught the bad cold for a week and I cant get rid of it4. This is the steel plant where we visited last week.5. Following the road and you will find the store.6. This is all what Dr. Smith said at the meeting.7. Everyone agreed to his suggestion which we should hold a meeting to talk about the problem.8. Why dont you ask anybody else to help you?9. The pen is missing, for we cannot find it everywhere10. Sorry, I have no such a book.11. The two languages are not at all the same in neither spelling or grammar.12. Cant you remember tell me that the other clay? 13. He had changed so much that I could hardly know him.14. I knew from Joan that Mary had fallen ill.15. Would you please speak something about your family?16. The discovery is great importance in science.17. The experiment was much more easier than we had expected.【参考答案】1本题应将his改为he, as实际上引导的是定语从句，其中主语应用主格he，和主句中I并列。试比较：My idea is the same as his. his等于his idea，与主句中my idea并列。2everyone和anyone与表示范围的of介词短语连用时应分开写，如：every one of us; any one of them.3动词catch是短暂性行为动词，这里表示“感染”，不能和类似for a week这样表示时间段的状语连用，应把；have caught改为have had.4visit是及物动词，关系副词where不能作它的宾语，所以应用关系代词that或which，也可省略。5根据句意，前句是条件，后句是结果，应用祈使句+and+含有将来时的陈述句。因此，须把Following改为：Follow。6what不能做关系代词，应把what改为that( all是不定代词，不能用关系代词which)，另外，由于关系代词在定语从句中作宾语，也可省略chat。本句另一个改法是去掉all,这样，what从句作表语。7从句意中可知，which引导的从句说明了suggestion的内容，是同位语从句，不是定语从句。which不能引导同位语从句，应是that。定语从句起的是修饰和限制的作用。试比较：He agreed to the plan that we should finish ten units this term（他同意我们在本学期完成十个单元的掌习计划。）that引导的是同位语从句，指plan的具体内容，即什么计划。He agreed to the plan which(或that) was made at the meeting他同意大会上所制订的计划。which或that从句是定语从句，修饰plan，指哪一个计划，并未涉及plan的内容。8本句表示的是说话人的建议，在表示建议、请求或征询意见的问句中不能用any，anything，anybody或anywhere，而要用some，something，somebody或somewhere。故应将anybody改为somebody。9否定句中应用anywhere表示全否定。not和everywhere连用是不完全否定，与前句意义不符。10本题有两种改法。把no改为not或去掉句中a，因为no等于not a。11neither须与nor搭配，either须与or搭配，但neither.nor_与前面的not at all不符，而either.，or可与否定词连用，表示全否定。故应将neither改为either。12本句的意思应是“你不记得几天前你告诉过我那件事了吗？”remember周于一般现在时，指现在记得以前干过的事情，因此，tell应改为telling，表示以前干过的事。remember to do则表示记住要做某事，to do指未做的事。本题如用不定式，则全句意思不明。13从上文的“变化巨大”可确定下文是“几乎认不出”，而不是“几乎不认识”。因此，know应改为recognize。know是状态性动词，recognize是行为性动词，这里应用后者。14know from是受中文“从某人那里知道”的影响，另一方面，know表示状态，不是行为性动词，而from sb应和行为动词连用。“从某人那里得知”“听某人说”，英语应说learn from sb或hear from sb.15speak的宾语常为表示语言的名词，如speak English，除此以外一般用作不及物动词，如speak to sb。本句应改为say something about。16importance与主语discovery非等同物，应用形容词important来说明discovery的性质，可是句中great不能修饰形容词，还须将great改为greatly才能修饰important但这种改法不符合语言改错的规则。我们只要在great importance前加介词of就能起到同样的作用。也就是说The discovery is of great importance in science.= The discovery is greatly important in science.17该题是考查修饰比较级的副词作程度状语的用法。much作程度副词常用来修饰比较级，而more本身就是比较级，因而它不能用来修饰比较级，故应把more去掉。2. 多词考点(1) 多一介词或副词 有些动词在汉语中是不及物动词，在英语中是及物动词，可能多一个介词。如：serve for the people, follow after him, play with her in a match, marry with her, engage with her 有些动词可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词，但搭配不同，可能混淆而多一个介词。如：join in the game, 但 join in the club; pay for a TV set, 但 pay for three dollars; search for the map, 但 search for the thief for his watch 有些“动词 + 介词”形式的动词后面没有宾语时，后面的介词是多余的。如：He looked at but could see nothing.How are you getting on with? 有些动词、名词、形容词后接名词或代词时须加一个介词，但接that从句时，必须去掉介词。如：agree to it, 但 agree to that.; be sure of it, 但be sure of that; be sorry for it, 但 be sorry for that 有些副词或介词词组后加一个介词，组成了复合介词，若后面没有接宾语时，最后的介词则是多余的。如：If you wont go, Ill go instead of.He walked out of. 有些连词后加 of 成为复合介词，如果后接从句，of 是多余的。如：Because of he was ill 地点副词的意义中已经包含了介词 to，如果再用 to则是多余的。如：on my way to there, get to home, go to upstairs, return to home last year, next month, this week, one day等名词词组直接充当时间状语，前面用介词是多余的。 有些动词受汉语意思影响而多一副词，如：stop down(停下来), raise up (举起来), return back(归来，回来), repeat again (复述) 有些动词在一种用法中要加副词，而在另一种用法中加副词则是多余的。如：build up our country, 但 build up railways(2) 多一连词 状语从句与主句之间多一并列连词，如：though but; because so; the more and the more 充当状语的分词与主句之间多一并列连词。如：Sitting down and he began to work.Regarded as the best in the class, so he was praised at the meeting. 从属连词后多一 that。如：because that since that, unless that 复合宾语前多一 that。如：I heard that him say it.I found that her lying on the ground.间接疑问分句前多- that。如：I agree with him what he said. I dont remember that who did it.(3)多一代词主语与谓语之间多一关系代词。如：Some people dont like football, but many people who do like it. 作定语的分词前多一关系代词。如：I know the boy who standing there.(也可在 who 后加 is)The man who invited to the ball last night is my friend.(也可在 who 后加was) 定语从句中的名词已由关系代词取代，再用代词则是多余的。如：She bought the book (that) she had first asked for it.I have seen the girl (whom) you are talking of her. 用不定式作定语时，如果其逻辑宾语或介词宾语就是被修饰的名词词组，后面再用代词是多余的。如：The tea is too hot to drink it.He is a good comrade to work with him. 在“形容词 + 不定式”句型中，如果不定式的逻辑宾语或介词宾语就是句子的主语，再用代词作宾语或介词宾语则是多余的。如：This question is too difficult to answer it.The house is nice to live in it. 在“连词 + 分词 / 名词 / 形容词 / 副词 / 介词词组”结构中，加上代词作主语是多余的。如：He took notes while he reading.If it heated, ice turns to water.(4) 多一助动词 时间、条件从句中用一般现在时表示将来时，用 will, would 是多余的。如：If he will try hard, he will succeed.Ill tell them about it as soon as they will come. be sure 或 make sure + that 从句中用一般现在时表将来，用 will, would 是多余的。如： I make sure that you will come early. 在宾语从句中主语前的助动词是多余的。如：Would you tell me what do you want? 独立结构中的 be(助动词或连系动词)是多余的。如：The game was over, he went home.She smiled, tears were still running down her face.(5) 多一冠词 与介词 at, in, to连用的名词 school, class, town, hospital, church, prison, bed 等表示与其有关的活动时，用冠词是多余的。如：go to the school(上学), be in the prison(坐牢), be in the bed(在睡觉) 与 by 连用的交通工具名称和 air, land, sea 等名词前用冠词是多余的。如：by the bike, by the sea, by the train 表示游戏活动而不是表示游戏工具的名词前不用冠词。如：play the / a volleyball, play the chess, play the table tennis 由“专有名词 + 普通名词”构成的专有名词前不用定冠词。如：the Beijing Airport, the Oxford Street, the Hyde Park 在一些固定搭配中。如：at the first, at the last, the most of us most 作“非常”解时，前面用 the 是多余的。如：Oh! Its the most beautiful!She is the most diligent. 含有 Day 的节日前加 the 是多余的。如：the May Day, the Womens Day, the National day, the New Years Day 在“名词 + as / though”结构中，名词前不用任何冠词。如：a child as he is / a fool as he is 家庭成员名称前不用冠词。如：Where is the father? The mother is ill. Ask the mother to put the baby to bed. The aunt is taking the sister out for a walk.(6)多一小品词在除have to, ought to, used to之外的情态动词后用to是多余的。如：He can to speak English.在had better, would rather, rather than后的不定式前用to是多余的。如：You had better not to go. I would rather to stay at home. He prefers to stay at home rather than to go swimming.在make, let, have, see, feel, watch, notice, observe等动词后充当宾语补足语的不定式前用to是多余的。如：He made me to do heavy work. Let me to have a rest. 【配套练习】以下各句都有一处多余，请找出来。1. You need not to go with me unless you are free now.2. He promised to come and see us after the supper.3. The teacher is busy preparing for his lessons.4. Got on the school bus and which took us straight to the Peoples Park.5. Oliver Twist, the hero of the story, he was an or-phan.6. Do you know our team leader we cal儿l him Big Wang?7. He told me that how important it is to learn English.8. She asked me if I had found out my new pen.9. I didnt hear you. Please repeat the sentence again.10. We must study hard in order to serve for the people better in the future。11. Dont let the children who are so young to go swimming.12. Do you know what do these words mean?13. In fact, they are planning to visit China in next week14. I have three letters to be answer this afternoon.15. Having been ill for a long time.so she fell behind her classmates16. What a terrible weather weve been having!17. A hundred of people attended the meeting last night.18.“YouII be late for school unless you will get up at five, said mother【参考答案】1need为情态动词，后跟动词原形，所以去掉to。2去掉the。supper，dinner，lunch，breakfast，tea等表示一日三餐的名词前不用冠词，但如果这些名饲前有形容词修饰，表示特殊或不一般意义时，应用冠词。如= have a good dinner(吃一顿丰盛的晚餐)；after a quick breakfast(匆匆忙忙吃过早饭以后)。3根据意思，his lessons应是prepare的直接宾语，而不是目的。因此，这里prepare用作及物动词，去掉for。4关系代词which本身具有连接主句和从句的作用，所以应去掉连词and，但在which前应用逗号隔开，使其引导一个非限制性定语从句。也可不加逗号，直接去掉and构成限定性定语从句。还可保留连词and，将which改为代词it，构成并列句。5本句是简单句，主语是Oliver Twist，he是多余的主语，应去掉。the hero of the story是同位语，相当于非限制性定语从句who was the hero of the story。6去掉him。本题为主从复合句，Do you know our team leader为主句，we call him Big Wang为定语从句。在这个定语从句中，call的宾语为已省略的关系代词whom或that，Big Wang为call的宾语补足语，him与关系代词重复，为多余词，故虚去掉。7副词how具有连接主句和从句的作用，因此that多余，应去掉。8find out意为通过调查、询问、思考、研究等“弄清楚”或“查明”某件事情。find意为“找到”，是动词短语look for“寻找”的结果。根据句意，这里应去掉out。9repeat意为say again，所以句中again为多余词，应去掉。10serve为及物动词，可直接带宾语，表示“为服务” “侍候” 招待”。句中介词for为多余词，应去掉。11本句宾语部分较长，使整个句子结构很难理清。who are so young是宾语the children的定语。主句的结构应是Dont let the children.go swimming，谓语是let，后面不定式不带to，因此应去掉to。12宾语从句要用陈述句语序，应把助动词do去掉。13去掉next week前面的in，因含有this，that，last，next构成的词组前一般不加in。14 当不定式作定语修饰名词时，如果该句中能找到不定式动词的逻辑主语，则不定式不能用被动语态，反之通常用被动语态。（There be结构中，作定语用的不定式短语，如没有逻辑主语，则可用被动，也可用主动）本题中主语I为answer的逻辑主语，answer不能用被动，应去掉be。15Having been ill for a long time是现在分词补语作状语，故连词so为多余词，应去掉。另外，so，but这样的连词，应该连接两个并列成分。既然so前面是短语，后面是句子，那么这个连词就应去掉。16weather为不可数名词，应去掉不定冠词a。17应去掉of，A hundred people就是“一百人”的意思。如改为hundreds of people_则意为“好几百人”这样就涉及了两个词的改动，不符合改错的规则。18unless引导的是条件状语从句，根据语法规则，条件状语从句（通常由m unless，on condition that引导）、时间状语从句（通常由when，as等引导的）和让步状语从句如要表示将来，通常用一般时代替将来时，即用一般现在时代替一般将来时，用一般过去时代替过去将来时，据此应去掉unless从句中的will。3. 缺词考点(1) 缺一介词 有些动词后有时有介词，有时没有介词，可能混淆而缺一介词。如：attend a meeting, 但 attend (to) the patient; prepare breakfast, 但 prepare (for) the exam; join us, 但 join(in) a game. 表语形容词通常具有动词意义，很可能误以为是动词而漏掉介词。如：be afraid (of) nothing, be present (at) the meeting, be sure (about) it。 except, instead of, from, since, till, until 后面可跟另一介词词组充当介词宾语，可能会漏掉第 2 个介词。如：He came on foot instead of (by) bike.A big bear ran out from (behind) a tree. hundreds, thousands 等后面可能漏掉 of。类似的还有millions (of), dozens (of), scores (of)(2) 缺一连词 汉语常用意合法，分句与分句之间往往不用连词，但英语里不行。如：It began to rain, (and) they had to stop the match. (如果中间用分号可不用连词)It was late, (so) we went home.You like sports, (while) Id rather read.He looked for the key, (but) didnt find it. 受汉语影响，并列动词词组之间可能缺一个and。如：She smiled (and) said good-bye to her father. 名词性从句 that分句置于句首或作同位语时不可缺少连词。如： (That) she is beautiful is known to us all.We heard the news (that) our team had won. even后可能缺少连词if或though.如：I dont mind evenA (if或though) he doesnt come. as后可能缺少if或though.如：He walks as (if或though) he were drunk.(3) 缺一代词 充当定语从句主语的关系代词不能缺少。如：The accident (that) happened yesterday was very serious. 英语中用来替代前面的“the + 名词”的 that(单数)和 those(复数)，在汉语中往往很可能漏掉。如：The population of China is much larger than (that) of Japan.These shirts are expensive, but (those) which we saw the other day were even more expensive. than any后往往容易缺other.如：Li Ping is cleve-rer tlian any (other) student in his class.(4) 缺一助动词或连系动词be表语不是名词时，可能缺少连系动词be，因为汉语在这种情况下不用“是”。如：He(is)afraidofhisfather.Thematch(is)over.He (is) afraid of his father.The match (is) over. 被动语态中缺少助动词 be，成了主动语态。如：He has (been) asked to sing in English. 完成体中缺少助动词 have，成了一般过去时。如：We realized that we (had) lost our way.They (have) lived here since 1980. 在倒装句中缺少助动词或情态动词。如：Hardly (had) I reached the bus stop when the bus started.Seldom (do) I get invited into the office alone.Only in this way (can) you learn English well.(5) 缺一冠词 在 such 或 so + 形容词与单数可数名词连用时，不可缺 a (an)。如：He is such (an) honest boy that all of us like him.This is so good (a) book that I read it again. 表示“有些”时，little, few前面不可缺少 a。如：Dont hurry. There is (a) little time left. many 前有 great, good 时，要加 a。如：(a) great many people.若 many 后接单数名词，中间须有 a (an)。如：Many (a) man has tried it before. 一些不可数名词前，有形容词修饰表示“一种(场)等”时，要加 a (an)。如：Its (a) famous Chinese tea.There was (a) heavy rain last night. 用专有名词表示“一个像(叫)的人”时，用 a (an), 如：He wished to be (a) Lei Feng. (A) Mr Wang called you up just now.“形容词比较级 + of the two”前必须用 the。如：He is (the) better one of the two.(6)缺小品词 to 不定式充当各种成分，一般都不能缺少 to。如：She went there (to) see her mother.He asked me not (to) go there.I have something important (to) tell you.(from ) make, let, have, see, hear, notice, observe, watch 等动词变成被动语态时，充当主语补足语的不定式前的 to需还原。如：She was made (to) do heavy work.The blind man was seen (to) cross the street.【配套练习】以下句中各有一处缺漏，请找出来。1. I feel lucky that Im so interested English.2. I wanted to apologize her for that, but my vanity prevented me.3. We need to deal problems like pollution and climate change.4. Their familys income reached as much 100,000 yuan last year.5. He is busy every year that he never pays attention to his health.6. I had hardly got to the office my wife phoned me.7. Through these activities we can learn many things cannot be learned in class.8. I found difficult to follow my teacher in the first English class.9. I find very convenient to go anywhere with a bike.10. We often think insects to harmful.11. Last summer, I invited to a summer camp in America.12. At the station, I told that an old lady had all her money stolen.13. In order to celebrate such important day with my parents, I wrote them a letter.14. My father said it was hermit crab.15. He prefers show his love in a silent way.16. We will go see th film Hero together in the afternoon.【参考答案】1. interest后加in。be interested in“对感兴趣”是固定搭配2. apologize后加to。“向某人道歉”用apologize to sb3. deal后加with。deal为不及物动词，后接宾语时与介词with连用4. much后加as。as much as后跟具体数量，意为“.之多，多达”5. busy前加so。该句是sothat用法，引导结果状语从句6. office后加when。Hardlywhen“刚就”是固定搭配7. think后加which/that。many things后的定从缺少指物且做主语的关系代词。8. found后加it。found的宾语是被后置了的不定式短语to follow my teacher，故found后需用it做形式宾语。9. find后加it。后面的不定式短语to go anywhere with a bike是find真正的宾语，find后应用it做形式宾语。10. to后加be。thinkto be“认为是”是固定搭配11. invited前加was。主语I与谓语invite是被动关系，应用被动语态；由last summer可知，该被动动作发生在过去，故用一般过去时的被动语态。12. told前加was。I与tell是被动关系，表示“被告知”，故用被动语态；再根据从句时态判断出加was。13. such后加an。此处表示“如此重要的一天”，可数名词单数day前需加不定冠词；important以元音音素开头，故加an14. was后加a。hermit crab“寄居蟹”是可数名词，此处泛指“一只寄居蟹”，用不定冠词a15. show前加to。Prefer to do sth.“更喜欢做某事”，不定式作宾语16. go后加to。Go to do sth.“去做某事”是固定搭配Part 2 分类解析1. 名词一、考点规律分析短文改错的名词考点主要涉及名词的单复数问题，即在该用复数的地方误用其单数，或在该用单数的地方误用其复数，关键是记住常用的不可数名词和集体名词以及复数形式表达不同意义的名词。二、真题单句归纳（1） We stopped to rest for a while and to drink some waters from a stream. （waters 改为water，因“水”为物质名词，不可数） （全国卷）（2） We climb everywhere， not only in America. We have been to Europe many time. （time改为 times，many times 意为“许多次”） （全国卷）（3） There are branch library in many villages. （library 改为 libraries，因其前的谓语are为复数） （全国卷）（4） I hope that you two could come and visit us some times soon. （times 改为 time，some time 意为“某时”） （全国卷）（5） Today I visited the Smiths my first time visit to an American family. （去掉time，因first 已含有“次”的意思） （全国卷）（6） They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of question. （question 改为 questions，因其前有表示复数意义的修饰语 lots of） （全国卷）（7） We study quite a few subject， such as maths， Chinese， English and physics. （subject 改为 subjects，因 a few 后应接复数可数名词） （全国卷）（8） and often watch football match on TV together. （match 改为 matches） （全国卷）（9） Happy birthday， Peter， and ma