工程硕士论文选题及写作指导.ppt

2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,1,工程硕士论文选题及写作指导,姚 郑 ,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,2,纲要,研究选题 论文写作与文献综述 总体情况介绍,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,3,“研究”是什么,美国应用语言学家Hatch与Farhady给“研究”所下的定义是： “用有系统的方法与步骤，找出问题的答案” “a systematic approach to finding answers to questions” “研究”与“问题”(questions)息息相关 运用一套有系统的方法和步骤(systematic approach) 提出解决问题的答案(answer),2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,4,研究类别,研究的类别指的是研究问题本身的属性 1、重做（Redo） 将别人的研究成果，试试看可否适用于其它的条件或环境，着重在实验的设计与验证工作上 2、实现 将研究成果（也许是别人所发展的成果）具体化成为可用的商品，强调的是产品的开发或工艺的改良与优化 3、解决问题 针对某一问题提出自已的解决方法，而这些问题也多半是已存在且具有相当的重要性 通常不鼓励学生自己提出新问题,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,5,研究 vs. 论文,研究的最终目的在成果发表 完成研究成果的发表，才算研究历程的完整终结 工程硕士的研究和论文工作必须在给定期限内完成！!,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,6,关于项目的初步讨论,项目：是为完成某一独特产品或服务所作的一次性努力，它一般要涉及一些人员，并通过他们的活动，按时、按照要求用最少的成本完成项目需求 独特性、一次性、渐进且详细 项目例子：质押监管系统 从项目中提炼研究“课题”，将课题研究工作当作“项目”来推进 课题例子：1）质押监管业务软件系统分析与设计；2）质押监管系统中的元数据应用,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,7,研究选题,选题是论文工作中最重要最困难的部分 选题必须是自己愿意倾注热情的 选题应当是适时的 最困难的是如何将问题消减至可解决的水平，同时规模又足以做一篇论文 必须在你所知不多没有足够自信时就完成！,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,8,选题应服务于某个目标！,想致富 还是创业吧! 想变得更聪明 如果你还不聪明，请离开这个教室! 抱歉！只是开个玩笑 想出名 是吗，哪位？ 非常有用 选题的目标不是拯救世界！,选题的唯一目标就是完成一篇论文,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,9,选题要旨,选题是一个渐进的过程，不是一个离散的事件，会持续到你宣布论文已经完成那一刻为止 不可能是 “先完成文献综述，然后开始研究” “大题小做”是常见毛病 如 “客户关系管理研究”、“软件过程改进研究”，题目太大太虚了 “小题大做”需要不断的缩小题目的范围 如果目标的结构庞大，那么最核心的部件是什么，如何最大程度的了解核心部件？ 这个过程实际上就是发展个人的独立思考能力的过程即研究素质培养！,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,10,研究题目的来源,你自己的工作！ 硕士论文和博士论文 论文的“将来的工作”部分，是很好的论文题目来源 学术和专业期刊上的文章 书籍和书评 与领域专家的交流 与研究成果潜在用户的交流 ,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,11,选题的其他考虑,一个重要的因素是你可以忍受多大程度的风险。在最终的成功和风险之间需要权衡 好的选题有一个中心部分，你确信肯定可以完成，并且你和你的导师都同意这已经满足毕业要求了 选好题后，即使有点虚，你也必须能够回答下列问题：论文的论点是什么？你想说明什么？ 一定要能够用简单的语言解释每一部分的理论和实现是如何为目标服务的 必须与导师就论文完成的标准达成清晰的一致意见,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,12,不断发展选题思路,每周进行一次调查，利用Internet或者图书馆寻找相关领域相关的论文或报告，选择性、批判性的阅读 要注意避免的方面：不要愚蠢的认为在你开始研究前应当读完所有的文献，而应该选择性的阅读。一开始从经典的文章（询问你的老师或者同学从而得到一些最有用的杂志和会议）和最近几年的杂志和会议开始 记住最初的想法和最后的论文题目会有很大差距。如果你保持主动的读和听，需要的时候可以很容易的产生替代的主题,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,13,研究的基本功,如果抄袭一个人的作品，那是剽窃；如果抄袭十个人的作品，那是做研究工作；如果抄袭一百个人的作品那就成为学者 美国参议员葛伦 第一种人好比”蜘蛛结网”，其材料不是从外面找来的，而是从肚子吐出来的；第二种人好比”蚂蚁囤粮”，他们只是将外面的东西，一一搬回储藏起来，并不加以加工改造；第三种人好比”蜜蜂酿蜜”，他们采摄百花的精华，加上一番酿造的功夫，做成了又香又甜的糖蜜 英国哲学家培根,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,14,研究工作推进,运用项目管理思想来推进研究工作 迭代式生命周期贯穿了阅读、思考、写作和探索开发等活动需要找到平衡 不断“升级”你的 问题描述 目标 方法 研究内容的一分钟版本 (电梯原则) 研究内容的五分钟版本,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,15,学位论文,学位论文是研究生从事科研工作取得的创造性成果或新的见解 一篇系统完整、表述一致的论文；硕士论文要求3万字以上 格式 摘要 绪论（文献综述） 概述研究意义、目的、范围；国内外进展情况、前人成果；本人设想、研究方法概述；论文安排 基本理论介绍现有的基本理论 正文（60） 核心论文观点的理论分析（基本理论可放在综述部分）；系统方案及结果；本人的论点及讨论等 结论 最终结论主要研究内容和结论，意义，地位；主要创新点；存在问题、不足或进一步工作的设想,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,16,学位论文标题,言简意赅。不要超过15个字，可加副标题 避免太空洞、太广泛、太笼统的标题 “图像编码研究”题目太泛 “基于Walsh-Hadanard变换的图像编码研究”更好 少用问题型标题，通常采用非立论式标题 表明了论文作者研究的问题或论述的范围，但没有表达出作者的基本观点和见解 结构形式：一个短语或带定语的名词，如关于的研究、的探讨、的分析等等 尽量少用非标准化的缩略语,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,17,撰写论文注意事项,学位论文应愈早进行愈好 一致性与条理性 维持适当句长与段落 减少修饰，少用成语 不用第一人称 善用标点符号 引用原文要妥适 千万不要认为论文必须从第1页开始写到最后，重要的是立即着手开始写点什么,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,18,文献综述,A literature review is an evaluative critique that summarizes and synthesizes the arguments and ideas of others, and also paves the way for future research Expected postgraduate literature review: Who said what, when, why important, and what you think should be done about it!,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,19,文献综述与研究/论文的关系,查找文献资料、撰写文献综述是研究选题与论文写作的第一步，是从事研究工作必备的基本素质 文献综述为正式写作学位论文奠定基础，是学位论文的重要组成部分 The important idea to convey is that you really understand what others in your field have accomplished and how your work differs from the works of others 只要你的文献综述起到了帮助你写学位论文的作用，它的历史使命也就完成了,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,20,从哪里开始？,The first steps in writing a literature review are to clearly define your topic and decide on the main concepts. Next, you need to compile a list of keywords and synonyms to base your initial literature searches on. Literature reviews depend upon extensive literature searching,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,21,文献检索,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,22,文献的类型,Good literature reviews draw on and evaluate a range of different types of reputable sources 零次文献 是未经发表和有意识处理的最原始的资料 一次文献（也称一级文献） 是人们直接以自己的生产、科研、社会活动等实践经验为依据生产出来的文献。如期刊论文、专利、科技报告、会议录、学位论文、标准等 二次文献（也称二级文献） 二次文献是对一次文献进行加工、整理后的产物，主要用于管理和利用一次文献，如各种书目、索引、题录、文摘等，为读者查找文献资料提供路径 三次文献（也称三级文献） 是指利用二次文献，选用一次文献的内容而编纂出的成果，如图书、词典、手册、年鉴、百科全书、综述、评论、进展等,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,23,文献的宝库,图书馆 计算机检索文献数据库 Internet Every researcher needs to become familiar with the use of the libraries available to them and to make good use of the information available on the Internet,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,24,陌生领域的文献搜集,If you are unfamiliar with your assigned topic, dont begin your search looking for research articles in bibliographic database Research articles often have a very narrow focus and may not provide enough background information for you to be comfortable with the topic In addition, there may be hundreds of articles that fall under your topic, making it difficult to decide how to focus your search,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,25,信息生命周期,一次/二次文献,三次文献,零次/一次文献,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,26,从二次文献和三次文献开始,从二次文献和三次文献开始查起 Investing 20 or 30 minutes reviewing background information on your topic may dramatically reduce the time you spend searching databases They often include bibliographies of classic or important articles on the topic 最后，再查阅一次文献 Effective searching is usually a matter of finding the right combination of search terms,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,27,关于零次文献,零次文献示例 *使用技巧集锦 http:/www.*.com 作者：老怪(laoguai) 点击：2333次 这些文献属于未经权威部门认可的“零次文献”，其科学性完全要靠读者自行判断 有的学位论文参考文献不少是http:/www，使人很难判断你所引用的文献水平有多高 除非特别必要，一般不宜以这样的文献作为参考文献 没有一次文献支持的学位论文，其科学性是非常值得怀疑的,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,28,Using Search Engines,Good when have specific questions, e.g. What research are IBM doing in ubiquitous computing? What papers has Professor Blah Blah from the University of Dilly Dally published recently? BUT No search engine covers the whole of the Web GOOGLE is the best Search engines will not retrieve articles held within on-line databases,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,29,Reliable: What are the authors credentials ? Is the publication accredited ? Valid: Is the information up to date or is it outdated ? Accurate: Is the information presented objectively ? Check for supporting evidence of claims e.g. references. Be wary of misquotes or misrepresentations Authoritative: Check for information on the author & the publication is it academic or popular ? Timely: Check publication dates. Is the information current ? Biased: Does the work consider all viewpoints and use material from many and varied sources, or is it narrow, unbalanced and biased ?,文献鉴别,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,30,文献阅读,1st pass: Skim read for relevance 2nd pass: Read for information (content). Annotate and highlight as you read. Write a summary for each work 3rd nth pass: Read critically and with increasing attention to detail. Read with specific questions in mind. Record what you are learning in memos. Analyze your memos (e.g. search for common themes/trends/issues),2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,31,成为一名主动的读者和听众,title-abstract-introduction-conclusions 在掌握所有细节之前，浏览整个文章，尽量找到那些关键点。如果还觉得它是有关和值得的，就回去继续看 跳过你已经知道的部分（比如背景和动机） 总结所读的每个主题（在读完几篇相关文献后） 关键问题 所描述问题的不同表达形式 不同方法之间的关系 替代的方法 用笔记录自己读过和听过的东西 自己的思考（speculations）、感兴趣的难题、可能的解决方法、要查看的参考书目、笔记、文章的概要，有趣的印证 阶段性的复习可以发现这些思想是不是开始收敛,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,32,由量变到质变,对于初次进入一个领域的新手，必须阅读大量的文献，才能把握本领域的动态和方向 对新手而言，应当重视阅读文献的数量，积累多了，自然就由量变发展为质变了 每个作者的研究方法多少有所区别，读得多了，渐渐就会比较出研究方法的优点和缺点，对自己今后的研究大有裨益,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,33,常见错误,1. Carrying out a hurried review of the literature in order to get started on the research project. 2. Relying too heavily upon secondary sources. 3. Over-relying on Internet sources or accepting them uncritically. 4. Concentrating on the findings when reading research articles, and overlooking valuable information about methods, measures, and so forth 5. Failing to define satisfactorily the topic limits of the review of the literature,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,34,Organizing the Literature,The large amount of literature that you need to report on can be better handled if it is well organized. However, at the graduate level it is not sufficient to simply summarize all that has been said. Student writers need to demonstrate some authority within the field: The summarizing approach The authoritative approach,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,35,The Summary Approach,Often the first attempt at writing a literature review a tendency to contain paragraphs, each devoted to one particular reading, but all of which often constitute little more than a list of summaries from texts that have been read. a tendency not to interpret any of the material that has been read. Very often confidence in ones own point of view or existing knowledge is undermined by the experience of reading what the experts have to say. There is a tendency to factor out any personal perceptions about the material, and to avoid any questioning of expert knowledge,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,36,A Summary Approach: Unlinked, Unintegrated Summaries of Research,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,37,Improving on a Summary Approach,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,38,The Authoritative Approach,To take an authoritative approach to what the experts are saying requires taking what you already understand of the field from your readings as a framework and addressing those readings in the context of your own new found knowledge. To write with authority you need to be able to look at not just at what the authors are saying but how they are saying it. Take a stance where knowledge becomes a product of contrast and “values the knowledge-maker as an individual with a critical perspective“,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,39,A Model of the Authoritative Approach for a Literature Review,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,40,The Basic Elements of the Literature Review,1. Introduction : Introduces and defines the topic or theme of the review. Establishes the writers reasons for reviewing the literature 2. Body : Contains your discussion of sources. Can be organized either Chronologically - according to when the material was published Thematically- according to a particular topic or issue Methodologically - according to the methods of the researcher or writer Or any structure that is logical and fits the content Geographically, By findings, . 3. Conclusions & Recommendations : Summary of the research opportunities and objectives that emerge from the review,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,41,Chronological,By Publication Order your sources by publication chronology, then, only if the order demonstrates a more important trend By Trend A better way to organize the above sources chronologically is to examine the sources under another trend, such as the history of research. Then your review would have subsections according to eras within this period,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,42,Thematic,Organized around a topic or issue Progression of time may still be an important factor The only difference here between a “chronological” and a “thematic” approach is what is emphasized the most: the development of the topic or certain specific technology of the topic But more authentic thematic reviews tend to break away from chronological order A review organized in this manner would shift between time periods within each section according to the point made.,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,43,Methodological,Focuses on the “methods” of the researcher or writer does not have to do with the content of the material A methodological scope will influence either the types of documents in the review or the way in which these documents are discussed Have they used qualitative or quantitative research methods? Have they used surveys/questionnaires, interviews etc? Have they used observations? Have they themselves reviewed the field and made classifications which will help you?,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,44,Geographically,A rather simplistic classification on its own Have scholars in your field focused on situations overseas (US, UK etc) or Australia wide etc? *Remember when describing research to always mention where it was done so that the reader knows the context. Once youe decided on the organizational method for the body of the review, the sections you need to include in the review should be easy to figure out. They should arise out of your organizational strategy. a chronological review would have subsections for each vital time period. A thematic review would have subtopics based upon factors that relate to the theme or issue ,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,45,文献综述举例,文献综述是 “绪论”的重要组成部分 学位论文的第1章 从本质上说，第1章是作者文献工作的成果。也就是说，第1章也是研究，不研究完不成第1章的写作 “绪论”目的：一要写好研究背景和意义,二要写好课题的历史和现状,三要说明论文的主要研究内容 常用的绪论章节标题举例 (1) 研究背景与意义 (2) 本课题的历史与现状 (3) 本文主要研究内容,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,46,文献综述举例（2）,第1节要突出“背景”与“意义”，内容全面、不丢不漏，分析科学、准确 (1) 极大多数学生会按惯例，特别是按文献上的做法，在叙述之中，反映出想要说的“背景”与“意义” (2) 用归纳式的语言，一条一条数“背景”和“意义”，体现论文的总结能力和归纳能力 第2节要突出本课题的研究进展，以及当前的科学和技术水平 有些论文此处的标题是“本课题的研究进展” 围绕历史与现状，突出进展与水平，是这一节的基本写法 切勿在综述最后加这一句：“到目前为止，关于这个问题，国内（国外）很少有人研究”,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,47,纲要,研究选题 论文写作与文献综述 总体情况介绍,2019/6/18,YAO Zheng - Lecture-1,48,论文工作大事件,2004-3-20 第一次学位论文选题报告会及导师见面会 2004-4-4 “软件工程硕士研究与论文指导”沙龙 2004-5-22 “信息技术与行业应用”征文报告及学术交流 2004-6-12 论文工作导师座