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.高等数学(1)学习辅导(一)第一章 函数理解函数的概念;掌握函数中符号f ( )的含义;了解函数的两要素;会求函数的定义域及函数值;会判断两个函数是否相等。两个函数相等的充分必要条件是定义域相等且对应关系相同。了解函数的主要性质,即单调性、奇偶性、有界性和周期性。若对任意,有,则称为偶函数,偶函数的图形关于轴对称。若对任意,有,则称为奇函数,奇函数的图形关于原点对称。掌握奇偶函数的判别方法。掌握单调函数、有界函数及周期函数的图形特点。熟练掌握基本初等函数的解析表达式、定义域、主要性质和图形。基本初等函数是指以下几种类型: 常数函数: 幂函数: 指数函数: 对数函数: 三角函数: 反三角函数:了解复合函数、初等函数的概念,会把一个复合函数分解成较简单的函数。如函数可以分解,。分解后的函数前三个都是基本初等函数,而第四个函数是常数函数和幂函数的和。会列简单的应用问题的函数关系式。例题选解一、填空题设,则。解:设,则,得故。函数的定义域是。解:对函数的第一项,要求且,即且;对函数的第二项,要求,即。取公共部分,得函数定义域为。函数的定义域为,则的定义域是。解:要使有意义,必须使,由此得定义域为。函数的定义域为 。解:要使有意义,必须满足且,即成立,解不等式方程组,得出,故得出函数的定义域为。设,则函数的图形关于对称。解:的定义域为 ,且有即是偶函数,故图形关于轴对称。二、单项选择题下列各对函数中,()是相同的。A.;B.;C.;D.解:A中两函数的对应关系不同, , B, D三个选项中的每对函数的定义域都不同,所以A B, D都不是正确的选项;而选项C中的函数定义域相等,且对应关系相同,故选项C正确。设函数的定义域为,则函数的图形关于()对称。A.yx;B.x轴;C.y轴;D.坐标原点解:设,则对任意有即是奇函数,故图形关于原点对称。选项D正确。 3设函数的定义域是全体实数,则函数是()A.单调减函数; B.有界函数;C.偶函数; D.周期函数解:A, B, D三个选项都不一定满足。设,则对任意有即是偶函数,故选项C正确。函数( ) A.是奇函数; B. 是偶函数;C.既奇函数又是偶函数; D.是非奇非偶函数。解:利用奇偶函数的定义进行验证。 所以B正确。若函数,则( ) A.; B. ;C.; D. 。解:因为所以则,故选项B正确。第二章 极限与连续知道数列极限的“”定义;了解函数极限的描述性定义。理解无穷小量的概念;了解无穷小量的运算性质及其与无穷大量的关系;知道无穷小量的比较。无穷小量的运算性质主要有: 有限个无穷小量的代数和是无穷小量; 有限个无穷小量的乘积是无穷小量; 无穷小量和有界变量的乘积是无穷小量。熟练掌握极限的计算方法:包括极限的四则运算法则,消去极限式中的不定因子,利用无穷小量的运算性质,有理化根式,两个重要极限,函数的连续性等方法。求极限有几种典型的类型(1)(2)(3)熟练掌握两个重要极限:(或)重要极限的一般形式:(或)利用两个重要极限求极限,往往需要作适当的变换,将所求极限的函数变形为重要极限或重要极限的扩展形式,再利用重要极限的结论和极限的四则运算法则,如理解函数连续性的定义;会判断函数在一点的连续性;会求函数的连续区间;了解函数间断点的概念;会对函数的间断点进行分类。间断点的分类:已知点是的间断点,若在点的左、右极限都存在,则称为的第一类间断点;若在点的左、右极限有一个不存在,则称为的第二类间断点。理解连续函数的和、差、积、商(分母不为0)及复合仍是连续函数,初等函数在其定义域内连续的结论,知道闭区间上连续函数的几个结论。典型例题解析一、填空题 极限。解:注意:(无穷小量乘以有界变量等于无穷小量),其中=1是第一个重要极限。函数的间断点是。解:由是分段函数,是的分段点,考虑函数在处的连续性。因为 所以函数在处是间断的,又在和都是连续的,故函数的间断点是。设,则。解:,故函数的单调增加区间是。二、单项选择题函数在点处()A.有定义且有极限; B.无定义但有极限;C.有定义但无极限; D.无定义且无极限解:在点处没有定义,但(无穷小量有界变量=无穷小量)故选项B正确。下列函数在指定的变化过程中,()是无穷小量。A.; B.;C. ;D.解:无穷小量乘以有界变量仍为无穷小量,所以而A, C, D三个选项中的极限都不为0,故选项B正确。 三、计算应用题计算下列极限: (4) 解: = 题目所给极限式分子的最高次项为分母的最高次项为,由此得 (4)当时,分子、分母的极限均为0,所以不能用极限的除法法则。求解时先有理化根式在利用除法法则和第一个重要极限计算。 =2.设函数 问(1)为何值时,在处有极限存在?(2)为何值时,在处连续?解:(1)要在处有极限存在,即要成立。因为所以,当时,有成立,即时,函数在处有极限存在,又因为函数在某点处有极限与在该点处是否有定义无关,所以此时可以取任意值。(2)依函数连续的定义知,函数在某点处连续的充要条件是 于是有,即时函数在处连续。第三章 导数与微分 导数与微分这一章是我们课程的学习重点之一。在学习的时候要侧重以下几点:理解导数的概念;了解导数的几何意义;会求曲线的切线和法线;会用定义计算简单函数的导数;知道可导与连续的关系。在点处可导是指极限存在,且该点处的导数就是这个极限的值。导数的定义式还可写成极限 函数在点处的导数的几何意义是曲线上点处切线的斜率。曲线在点处的切线方程为函数在点可导,则在点连续。反之则不然,函数在点连续,在点不一定可导。了解微分的概念;知道一阶微分形式不变性。熟记导数基本公式,熟练掌握下列求导方法(1)导数的四则运算法则(2)复合函数求导法则(3)隐函数求导方法(4)对数求导方法(5)参数表示的函数的求导法正确的采用求导方法有助于我们的导数计算,如一般当函数表达式中有乘除关系或根式时,求导时采用取对数求导法,例如函数,求。在求导时直接用导数的除法法则是可以的,但是计算时会麻烦一些,而且容易出错。如果我们把函数先进行变形,即 再用导数的加法法则计算其导数,于是有 这样计算不但简单而且不易出错。又例如函数 ,求。显然直接求导比较麻烦,可采用取对数求导法,将上式两端取对数得两端求导得整理后便可得若函数由参数方程的形式给出,则有导数公式能够熟练地利用导数基本公式和导数的四则运算法则、复合函数的求导法则计算函数的导数,能够利用隐函数求导法,取对数求导法,参数表示的函数的求函数的导数。熟练掌握微分运算法则微分四则运算法则与导数四则运算法则类似 一阶微分形式的不变性微分的计算可以归结为导数的计算,但要注意它们之间的不同之处,即函数的微分等于函数的导数与自变量微分的乘积。了解高阶导数的概念;会求显函数的二阶导数。函数的高阶高数即为函数的导数的导数。由此要求函数的二阶导数就要先求函数的一阶导数。要求函数的阶导数就要先求函数的阶导数。第三章 导数与微分典型例题选解一、填空题设函数在邻近有定义,且,则。解: 故应填1。曲线在点(1,1)处切线的斜率是。解:由导数的几何意义知,曲线在处切线的斜率是,即为函数在该点处的导数,于是故应填。设,则。解:,故故应填二、单项选择题设函数,则()。A.;B.2; C.4;D不存在解:因为,且,所以,即C正确。设,则()。A.;B. ;C. ;D. 解:先要求出,再求。因为,由此得,所以即选项D正确。 3设函数,则()A.0; B.1;C.2; D. 解:因为,其中的三项当时为0,所以故选项C正确。 4曲线在点()处的切线斜率等于0。A.;B.;C.;D.解:,令得。而,故选项C正确。5 ,则()。A.;B.;C.;D.解:故选项C正确。三、计算应用题设,求解:由导数四则运算法则和复合函数求导法则由此得设,其中为可微函数,求。解 = =求复合函数的导数时,要先搞清函数的复合构成,即复合函数是由哪些基本初等函数复合而成的,特别要分清复合函数的复合层次,然后由外层开始,逐层使用复合函数求导公式,一层一层求导,关键是不要遗漏,最后化简。3.设函数由方程确定,求。解:方法一:等式两端对求导得整理得方法二:由一阶微分形式不变性和微分法则,原式两端求微分得左端右端由此得整理得4.设函数由参数方程确定,求。 解:由参数求导法5设,求。解 第四章 导数的应用典型例题一、填空题1.函数的单调增加区间是.解:,当时.故函数的单调增加区间是.2.极限.解:由洛必达法则3.函数的极小值点为 。解:,令,解得驻点,又时,;时,所以是函数的极小值点。二、单选题1.函数 在区间上是( )A) 单调增加 B)单调减少 C)先单调增加再单调减少 D)先单调减少再单调增加解:选择D,当时,;当时,;所以在区间上函数先单调减少再单调增加。2. 若函数满足条件( ),则在内至少存在一点,使得成立。 A)在内连续; B)在内可导; C)在内连续,在内可导; D)在内连续,在内可导。 解:选择D。 由拉格朗日定理条件,函数在内连续,在内可导,所以选择D正确。3. 满足方程的点是函数的( )。A)极值点 B)拐点C)驻点 D)间断点解:选择C。依驻点定义,函数的驻点是使函数一阶导数为零的点。4.设函数在内连续,且,则函数在处( )。A)取得极大值 B)取得极小值C)一定有拐点 D)可能有极值,也可能有拐点解:选择D函数的一阶导数为零,说明可能是函数的极值点;函数的二阶导数为零,说明可能是函数的拐点,所以选择D。三、解答题 1.计算题求函数的单调区间。解:函数的定义区间为,由于 令,解得,这样可以将定义区间分成和两个区间来讨论。当时,;当是,。由此得出,函数在内单调递减,在内单调增加。 2.应用题欲做一个底为正方形,容积为108立方米的长方体开口容器,怎样做法所用材料最省?解:设底边边长为,高为,所用材料为且 令得,且因为,所以为最小值.此时。于是以6米为底边长,3米为高做长方体容器用料最省。3证明题:当时,证明不等式 证 设函数,因为在上连续可导,所以在上满足拉格朗日中值定理条件,有公式可得 其中,即 又由于,有故有 两边同时取以为底的指数,有即 所以当时,有不等式 成立.第5章学习辅导(2)典型例题解析一、填空题曲线在任意一点处的切线斜率为,且曲线过点,则曲线方程为。解:,即曲线方程为。将点代入得,所求曲线方程为已知函数的一个原函数是,则。解: 已知是的一个原函数,那么。解:用凑微分法 二、单项选择题设,则()。A. ; B. ;C. ; D. 解:因故选项A正确 设是的一个原函数,则等式()成立。A.;B.;C.;D.解:正确的等式关系是故选项D正确 设是的一个原函数,则()。A. ; B. ;C. ; D. 解:由复合函数求导法则得 故选项C正确三、计算题计算下列积分:解:利用第一换元法 利用第二换元法,设, 计算下列积分:解:利用分部积分法 利用分部积分法 高等数学(1)第六章学习辅导 综合练习题(一)单项选择题 (1)下列式子中,正确的是( )。A. B. C. D. (2). 下列式子中,正确的是( ) A. B. C. D. (3) 下列广义积分收敛的是( )。 A .B. C. D. (4) 若是上的连续偶函数,则 。A. B 0C D (5) 若与是上的两条光滑曲线,则由这两条曲线及直线所围图形的面积( ).A. B. C. D. 答案:(1) A;(2)D; (3)D; (4)C; (5)A。 解:(1)根据定积分定义及性质可知 A正确。 而 B不正确。在(0,1)区间内 C 不正确。 根据定积分定义可知,定积分值与函数及定积分的上、下限有关,而与积分变量的选取无关。 故D不正确。 (2) 由变上限的定积分的概念知 A、C不正确。 由定积分定义知 B不正确。 D正确。 (3) A不正确。 B。不正确。 C。不正确。 DD正确(4)由课本344页 (642)和345页(643)知C。正确。(5)所围图形的面积始终是在上面的函数减去在下面的函数 A正确。 (二) 填空题(1) (2) (3) 在区间上,曲线和轴所围图形的面积为_。 (4) (5) (a0 p0 )答案:解:(1) (2) (2) 所围图形的面积S=(3) 由定积分的几何意义知: 定积分的值等于(4) y= 所围图形的面积(5) p1时 无穷积分发散。(三)计算下列定积分(1)(2)(3) (4) (5)答案:(1)(2)(3) (4) (5) (四)定积分应用 求由曲线,及直线所围平面图形的面积 x解:画草图 求交点 由 y=x, xy=1得x=1 .y=1y 2 y=2 y=x 0 xy=1 第七章综合练习题(一)单项选择题 1、若( )成立,则级数发散,其中 表示此级数的部分和。A、; B、单调上升;C、 D、不存在2、当条件( )成立时,级数一定发散。A、发散且收敛; B、发散;C、发散; D、和都发散。3、若正项级数收敛,则( )收敛。A、 B、C 、 D、4、若两个正项级数、满足,则结论( ),是正确的。A、发散则发散; B、收敛则收敛;C、发散则收敛; D、收敛则发散。5、 若f(x)= , 则 = ( )。A、 B 、 C D、答案:1、D 2、A 3、B 4、A 5、C(二)填空题1、 当_时,几何级数收敛。2、 级数是_级数。3、 若级数收敛,则级数_。4、 指数函数f(x)= 展成 x的幂级数为_。5、 若幂级数的收敛区间为(9 ,9 ),则幂级数的收敛区间为_。答案:1、1 则由比值判别法可知发散。 由于是交错级数,且=及,由莱布尼兹判别法知级数收敛。2、 求下列幂级数的收敛半径 解: 因此收敛半径R=1, 令 得幂级数可知的收敛半径为4 ,所以原幂级数的收敛半径第八章综合练习题及参考答案(一)单项选择题 1、 下列阶数最高的微分方程是 ( )。A、; B、;C、 D、2、下列一阶微分方程中为可分离变量的微分方程是( )。A、; B、C、 D、3、微分方程的通解为( )。A、 B、C 、 D、4、微分方程的通解为( )。A、; B、C、; D、5、微分方程的特解应设为( )。A、 B 、 C D、答案:1、A 2、C 3、C 4、B 5、D(二)填空题6、 一阶线性微分方程的通解公式为_。7、 二阶线性微分方程的特征根为_。8、 二阶线性微分方程的通解中含有_独立的任意常数。9、 二阶微分方程的通解为_。10、 若是二阶线性非齐次微分方程的一个特解,为其相应的齐次微分方程的通解,则非齐次微分方程的通解为_。答案:1、 2、 3、两个 4、 5、 (三)计算题3、 求一阶微分方程的满足的特解 求一阶微分方程的满足的特解 解:微分方程变为,两边积分得方程的通解为 由条件得, 故微分方程的的特解方法一 由一阶线性微分方程的通解公式得 由条件得,故微分方程的的特解 方法二 由微分方程可得,两边积分得方程的通解为 由条件得,故微分方程的的特解2、求微分方程的通解解:原方程对应的齐次方程的特征方程为 特征根为, 故齐次微分方程的通解(其中为任意常数) 设原方程的一个特解应为,代入方程得得 故微分方程的通解(其中为任意常数) 求微分方程的通解解:原方程对应的齐次方程的特征方程为 得特征根为, 故齐次微分方程的通解(其中为任意常数) 设原方程的一个特解应为,代入方程得 故微分方程的通解(其中为任意常数)请您删除一下内容,O(_)O谢谢!2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全,电大期末考试必备小抄,电大考试必过小抄Shanghais Suzhou Creek has witnessed much of the citys history. Zhou Wenting travels this storied body of water and finds its most fascinating spots. Some lucky cities can boast a great body of water, like London with the river Thames and Paris with the river Seine. Shanghai is privileged enough to have two great bodies of water: Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek.Huangpu River became famous when colonists established clusters of grand buildings on its banks on what became known as the bund. Today, the bund overlooks the breathtaking skyline of Lujiazui financial district. Shanghais other body of water, however, Suzhou Creek, has been somewhat overshadowed. Suzhou Creek links the inland cities of Jiangsu province with Shanghai. When the British colonists, who arrived in the city after it was opened as a commercial port in 1843 found they could reach Suzhou, Jiangsu province, via the creek, they named it Suzhou Creek. Thanks to its location, a large amount of cargo and travelers were transported via the creek before rail links were established. But after a century of being utilized as a waterway to transport goods and labor, the creek grew dark and smelly. Industrial factories were established along the banks. In the 1990s it became a key task of the city government to clean the creek. Suzhou Creek, which snakes 17 km from the iconic Waibaidu Bridge downtown to the outer ring road in west Shanghai, maps the changing periods of the citys history, including the imprints of the concessions, the beginning of industrialization and the improvement in peoples living conditions. Where the Bund began In-between the shopping street of East Nanjing Road and the Bund, are a cluster of streets that give me the illusion that I am no longer in modern Shanghai. The streets are narrow and old and criss-cross each other. Any old residential house may turn out to be a former office of the British, constructed in the 1880s. Pawnshops and hardware stores that are hard to find elsewhere, are plentiful here. This area, at the confluence of Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek, is called the Bund Origin. Countless tour buses stop at the site every day and visitors from around the world get off to see this place, the starting point of the concessions in the city. It all started in 1872, when the former British Consulate General was constructed and the Bund began its transformation into an the financial street of the East. Now the site of the former consulate is called “No 1 Waitanyuan”, which translates to “the Bund Origin”, to honor its beginnings. The entire complex of this historical site comprises of five buildings, the former British Consulate General, the official residence of the consul, the former Union Church, the church apartments and the former Shanghai Rowing Club. The size of the courtyard is equivalent to that of four standard soccer fields. The building of the former consulate is a two-storey masonry building on an H-shaped plan in typical English renaissancestyle. The building is designed with a five-arch verandah on the ground floor with a raised terrace facing the garden, while the facade features an entry portico beneath a colonnaded loggia. It has been turned into a caf where dinner and afternoonteaare available. Visitors can choose to sit indoors or outdoors to enjoy the magnificent gardens with nearly 30 ancient trees.Yuanmingyuan Road behind the complex is also a historical site. The road has been revamped as a pedestrian shopping street and high-end brands have seized the best spots. Altogether, 14 old buildings, including those used for offices and residences constructed during 1920s and 1930s, remain. Today, it is a popular location for commercialfashionphoto shoots. New Tianan Church, or Union Church, stands at the intersection of Yuanmingyuan Road and Suzhou Creek. The church, designed in the style of the English countryside, has a capacity of 500 people. It was very popular during the concession period but was converted into factory offices after 1949. The church we see today is a replica, the original burned down in 2007. There used to be an outdoor swimming pool, the first of its kind in Shanghai, beside the church but has been filled-in and is now a small garden. Bridge of romance There is perhaps no other place thats more representative of Shanghai than this bridge, which appears in quite a lot ofmovies about the city. Dozens of couples visit every day to pose for their pre-wedding photos on the bridge where Suzhou Creek begins and interconnects with Huangpu River. This is Waibaidu Bridge, or the Garden Bridge. The soon-to-be-wed couples pose in splendid attire on the bridge, leaning against the railing or sitting on the wooden floor. Some even risk walking into the middle of the road to get the perfect shot.Colorful lights illuminate the bridge throughout the night, making it a picturesque place for pre-wedding portraits and lovers to meet. Constructed in 1873 and designed by a British company, the 106-meter-long bridge was the first-ever major bridge in Shanghai. In 1856, the first large wooden bridge, Wells Bridge, was built over Suzhou Creek but the bridge toll led to complaints from citizens. So 17 years later, another wooden bridge, which did not require tolls, was built. People called it Waibaidu, which means “going across for free”. The bridge was renovated as a steel truss structure in 1907. Because nearly 40 bridges have now been built over Suzhou Creek, the bridge is no longer a traffic artery but is more of an observation deck for tourists. It is a tradition in Shanghai for a grandmother to walk across a bridge with their grandchild when he or she reaches one month. This represents that the newborn has overcome all the twists and turns and its journey will be safe and smooth throughout his or her life. Waibaidu Bridge is always the best option because its the icon of Shanghai. The picture of my daughter when she was a baby held by her grandmother was also taken here. Its like a family tradition, says Wang Xuefen, a Shanghai native who has a newborn grandson. Changning Riverside There is a 5-km stretch of waterfront by Suzhou Creek in Changning district on Changning Road from the intersection of Hami Road to Jiangsu Road. It has become a popular place to take a walk and sunbathe on the lawn. There is an overpass at the intersection of Changning Road and Gubei Road for people to enjoy the view of the creek and a 3-km plastic runway on both sides of Changning Road, which attracts people of all ages, Chinese and expat. Jogging on the two sides gives a different feeling because the north side is next to the creek, and the south side is adjacent to the residential highrises, which is like jogging in the jungle, says Xiao Xu, a 27-year-old woman who lives nearby. The riverside used to be completely different. Dozens of textile mills, chemical plants and machine manufacturing factories were set up along the creek in the 1920s. They brought industrialization but also pollution. From the 1930s the creek could no longer be used as a source for tap water, and no living fish or shrimp could be found. Suzhou Creek in my memory is dark and smelly. I used to go to the riverbank to watch the sewage disposal running out from the chemical plants when I was a little girl. We didnt know it was pollution. We thought it was a red waterfall, says Huang Qi, a 57-year-old Shanghai resident. So the residential houses along the creek were unpopular, and only migrants with low incomes wo

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