2018年高考英语一轮复习语法专题词类复习2讲含解析新人教版.docx

词类复习（2）有提示词的词类复习：动词、非谓语动词、形容词和副词、名词、动词、非谓语动词在前面已经复习过这里不在细讲基础知识。名词（1）考纲要求名词应掌握以下内容：分清名词的可数性与不可数性；可数名词有单复数，有些名词只有复数；物质名词、抽象名词不可数但可以具体量化使用；名词所有格和of格的语言现象；名词直接作定语；国家名词的正确使用；名词词义的区分和搭配；单位名词的搭配；名词前的修饰语so, as, quite等；time及常考点。（2）命题规律名词的“可数”与“不可数”是高考命题的热点之一。名词的考查强调语言的情景化，重点考查在特定语境、真实语境中的准确辨析、选择和运用名词的能力。名词短语的固定搭配及名词作定语也是高考命题的注意点。另外，在熟练掌握名词的基本意义和用法的同时，要特别留意某些名词的基本意义之外的引申、拓展和熟词生义的用法。2015年的高考将会继续保持稳定，命题形式会更加灵活、新颖。试题类型一般是在单选选择题或完形填空中考查。名词的考点归纳：(1)名词词义辨析: custom风俗习惯，habit个人习惯，tradition传统；scene场景，scenery自然风景（总称），view特定位置的景观，sight人文或历史景观；skill技能，ability能力，talent才华，strength优势，长处 等等(2)抽象名词具体化：beauty美、美丽（不可数名词） a beauty美人、美丽的东西（可数名词）；experience经验（不可数名词）an experience一次经历（可数名词）；surprise吃惊、惊奇（不可数名词） a surprise令人吃惊的人或事（可数名词）；honor荣誉、信誉（不可数名词） an honor一种光荣的人或事（可数名词）；failure失败（不可数名词） a failure/failures失败的人或事（可数名词）等等。(3)名词短语的固定的搭配：have/gain access to接近，到达；take into consideration考虑；take advantage of利用；in consequence of 由于 的缘故 ；put into effect 实行，生效 等等。【考例分析】1.“Learn through use” is a good piece of _ (advise) for those who are studying a new language. 【答案与解析】advice一条建议，此处应用名词形式。2. Ill stop and take a deep _.【答案与解析】考查名词。take a deep breath深呼吸，喘口气。3. We dont have to take great pains to control waste, but action and a grateful heart are needed; thank the water that runs through our fingers, and save it for poor Arabian or African countries struggling in water _23_ (short); 4.With the _ (develop) of industry, air pollution is getting more and more serious.【答案与解析】随着工业的发展，空气污染变得越来越严重。考查名词：发展：development5. 2017全国卷In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometres and allowed people to avoid terrible 61._ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.【答案与解析】crowds考查名词复数。伦敦人口众多，导致路面交通拥堵，于是修建地铁。用crowds这一复数形式，表示不断涌现的人群，用来形容人口稠密。6. If everybody realizes the _(important) of environment and does something to stop pollution, the problem will be solved.【答案与解析】如果每个人都注意到环境的重要性。考查名词“重要性”：importance7. 2017全国卷This development was only possible with the 69._ (introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts.【答案与解析】 introduction考查名词。该词在此作with的宾语，意思是“引入方法、手段”等。由于其后带有介词of，故只能用introduction。8.2017全国卷She is determined to carry on with her 66._ (educate)She has turned down several 67._ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.【答案与解析】66. education考查名词。前面是形容词性物主代词her，故用名词形式。67. invitations考查名词复数。根据句意“她拒绝了几个邀请”可知，此处需要填名词，而且invitation是可数名词，前面有several修饰，故用复数形式。9.2017浙江卷6月考Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small 56._ (carrot) and was about to throw them away.【答案与解析】carrots考查名词。根据a handful of可知，应该有一把小胡萝卜，所以用carrot的复数形式。【方法总结】1.介词和动词后面可能缺宾语，这时填名词；2.考查含有名词的固定短语；3.句子缺主语时也可能填名词作主语；4.冠词后面可能填名词；5一定要注意名词的单复数形式。形容词和副词（1）考纲要求形容词与副词是高中语法的重要内容，也是高考考查的热点。在历年的高考英语中，单项填空、完形填空、书面表达都有涉及形容词和副词的考查。要复习好这一块的知识，考生不仅要弄清其词形、词义、功能等基础知识，还要掌握同义词辨析和一词多义等重点知识。 （2）命题规律形容词与副词主要考查以下几个方面：在具体的语境中考查形容词词义辨析；考查形容词作状语；考查比较级的用法尤其是隐性比较；考查一些习语搭配；与形容词同形的副词和形容词后加ly构成的副词的区别；多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序等。另外，在熟练掌握形容词与副词的基本意义和用法的同时，要特别留意一些形容词与副词的基本意义之外的引申、拓展和熟词生义的用法。2015年的高考将会继续保持稳定，命题形式会更加灵活、新颖。试题类型一般是在单选选择题或完形填空中考查。形容词与副词基本用法：（1）形容词和副词的辨析形容词和副词的辨析主要分为两类：一类是给出语境，让学生选择符合这种语境的形容词或副词；另一类是一定语境中形容词或副词的辨析。近三年考查到的还有：形容词：appropriate；conscious；arbitrary；controversial commercial；generous；comparable；profitablereasonable；confident；creative；grateful important；spare；public；convenient dramatic；regional；apparent；subtle unchallenged；relevant；controversial；contradictory vital；available；specific；similaravailable；affordable；acceptable；valuable副词：hopefully；curiously；occasionally；gradually thus；besides；rather；otherwise competitively；recently；reasonably besides；however；therefore；instead besides；otherwise；however；altogether especially；equally；naturally；normally nevertheless；besides；otherwise；therefore especially；regularly；particularly；approximately（2）形容词和副词比较等级 比较等级的常见句型：两者比较，用“比较级 than”表示。表示“两者之间较的那个”用“the比较级n. of the two n.”。表示“越，就越”用“the 比较级，the 比较级”。as原级adj./adv.as .表示“和一样”。not as/so原级adj./adv.as .表示“不如”比较等级前常用的修饰语：a little, a bit, slightly，much, a lot, a great deal, any, far, by far, even, still等。否定词比较级最高级：“否定词比较级”表达最高级含义。【考例分析】【例1】2017全国卷Even 66._ (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.【解析】worse考查比较级。更糟糕的是，人们所吃的快餐的数量增加了。故填worse。【例2】2017全国卷However, be 69._ (care) not to go to extremes.【解析】careful考查形容词。分析语境可知be后面应该用形容词作表语，故填careful。【例3】2017全国卷Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been 66._ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.【解析】 fairly考查副词。副词修饰形容词。【例4】2017全国卷The Central London Railway was one of the most 70._ (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. It had whitepainted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved extremely popular with the public.【解析】successful考查形容词。形容词与定冠词连用，相当于名词，由于该词后有介词of结构，故只能用形容词。【例5】2017全国卷It is 70._ (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal. I dont want to have nothing else to fall back on when I cant model any more.”【解析】 certainly考查副词。certainly在此处修饰形容词fun。【例6】2017浙江卷6月考But something made her look closer, and she noticed a 57._ (shine) object. Yes, there beneath the leafy top of one tiny carrot was her longlost wedding ring.【解析】shiny/shining考查形容词。此处根据下文的object可知，需用形容词作定语，故填shiny或shining。【例7】2017浙江卷6月考Sixteen years 60._ (early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring to cook a meal.【解析】earlier考查比较级。此处语意表示“16年前”，故填earlier。【方法总结】当括号内所提示的词是形容词或副词且空格处需要的仍是形容词或副词时，很可能填比较级和最高级。谓语动词的填空【考例分析】【例1】He _ (pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice.【解析】was pretending 由“and giving”可确定，用过去进行时，构成并列谓语。【例2】Where men control the household, less money _ (spend) on healthcare and food, which results in poorer health for children.【解析】is spentmoney与spend之间存在被动关系，故用被动语态，从句时态提示应用一般现在时。【例3】One day, Nick invited his friends to supper. He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen. Suddenly, he _ (find) that he has run out of salt.【解析】found 主格代词h