2018届高考英语二轮复习第三部分完形填空技法与体裁演练课时23语法填空1.docx

课时23语法填空(1)一、语法填空的特点语法填空题旨在考查考生在阅读理解的基础上对语法知识的掌握情况，着重考查考生的综合语言运用能力。其“突出语篇，强调运用”的命题思路，不仅充分体现了语言测试的交际性原则，也很好地体现了高中英语课程改革的教学理念，要求考生需对每一个语法项目的基本概念、用法等都必须掌握清楚，如：明白什么时候用冠词，哪些是从句，要填的词的词性是什么，是否是固定搭配，所填的词是否符合文章的主题、上下文逻辑等。1做语法填空题需具备的能力：(1)阅读理解短文的能力；(2)分析句子结构的能力；(3)熟练运用语法的能力；(4)单词拼写的能力。2命题规律(1)材料词数：短文体一般为200词，对话体一般约180词。难度适中，符合高中中等学生的阅读水平。(2)考查形式分为给出提示词和不给提示词两种。给出提示词的包括：词性的转换(名词与动词的转换：形容词与副词的转换等)；形容词比较级与最高级的变化；名词单复数的变化；动词的时态、语态以及词性的变化等；不给出提示词的包括：根据上下文的语境填入冠词、连词、代词以及副词等。(3)挖空一般比较均匀，所要填空的地方不会影响学生对短文的理解。二、解题技巧“语法填空”考查的主要内容是上下文句子结构、句子成分之间的一致性和句子与篇章在结构和意义两个层面上的制约性。语言结构的分析能力是本题考查的重点，在做题时应该遵循“先总后分”的原则。1总体先通读全文，掌握主旨大意，了解语言材料的体裁、题材、时态、内容、线索、意图、观点看法、段落大意、逻辑层次等，在“总”读的过程中，可顺便填写某些空。2分项“分”就是下一步的具体填空。正确理解挖空句子的含义，分析其句子成分，判断该空需要填入的是介词、冠词、代词，还是连词或引导词。如果是介词，则大部分是词组或固定搭配；如果是冠词，主要是在篇章中考查其语法功能，表示泛指、特指或类别等；如果是代词，通常考查的是人称代词的主格、宾格或物主代词等；如果是连词、引导词，就要判断其连接的并列句、定语从句、状语从句还是名词性从句等。一定遵循先对语法进行语法成分分析，找出可以从语法上说得通的可能答案，然后通过逻辑和上下文来判断最后答案。【典题演练】(2017全国新课标)阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _1_ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and _2_ work.It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method.This included digging up the road，_3_ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over _4_ top.When all those had been done，the road surface was replaced.Steam engines _5_ (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been _6_ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers，with all the smoke and noise.However，the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months，more than 25,000 people were using _7_ every day.Later，engineers _8_ (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道)，which became known as the Tube.This development was only possible with the _9_ (introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts.The Central London Railway was one of the most _10_ (success) of these new lines，and was opened in 1900.It had whitepainted tunnels and bright red carriages，and proved extremely popular with the public.1_2._3._4._5._6_7._8._9._10._【能力提升演练】A阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。Swedish businessman Nile Bergqvist is delighted _1_ his new hotel, the worlds first igloo(冰屋) hotel._2_(build) in an small town, it has been attracting lots of visitors but soon the fun will be over. In two weeks time Bergqvists ice creation _3_(be) nothing more than a pool of water. “We dont see it as a big problem，”he says. “We just look forward to _4_(replace)it.”Bergqvist built his first igloo in 1991 for an art exhibition. It was _5_ successful that he designed the present one, _6_ measures roughly 200 square meters. Six workmen spent more than eight weeks piling 1,000 tons of snow onto a _7_(wood) base；when the snow froze, the base was removed.After their stay, all visitors receive a survival certificate recording their success. With no windows, nowhere to hang clothes and temperatures _8_ 0C, it may seem more like a survival test _9_ a relaxing hotel break. “Its great fun，” Bergqvist explains, “As well as a good start in survival training.”The _10_(popular)of the igloo is beyond doubt：it is now attracting tourists from all over the world. At least 800 people have stayed at the igloo this season even though there are only 10 rooms.1_2._3._4._5._6_7._8._9._10._B阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。World Read Aloud Day is celebrated each year. It _1_ (start) by the LitWorld website in 2010 and has now reached 65 countries. The aim is to encourage people worldwide who cannot read to enjoy the benefits of books. The website asks everyone _2_ (celebrate) the day by taking a book, finding an audience, and reading out aloud. It is about taking action to show the world that the right to read and write _3_ (belong) to all people.The website asks _4_ (visit) to join in the movement to reduce _5_ number of illiterate (不识字的) people in the world. It is _6_ (absolute) necessary to help those who cannot read. The website says，“Its time to start by reading aloud to _7_ might like it. Share a book with a child who might need it, share a story with someone who would treasure it, listen patiently _8_ someone elses story as they share with you.” The United Nations says, “Literacy involves a variety of learning in enabling individuals to achieve their goals, to develop their knowledge, _9_ to participate fully in society.” In that way, World Read Aloud Day does help make a _10_ (different)1_2._3._4._5._6_7._8._9._10._C阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。Fabien Cousteau was born with deep love for the ocean. His grandfather and his father were ocean _1_(explore) and documentary filmmakers. Today, Fabien follows his familys footstep, trying _2_(protect) the planets endangered ocean life _3_ to strike a balance between environmental problems and market economies.Fabien is well known for his study of sharks. In 2001, he created a TV special based on the shark attacks that _4_(occur) along the New Jersey shoreline in 1916. Then in 2003, _5_ the help of a large crew, Fabien created a shark submarine that enabled him to put _6_(he) inside the shark world. For the next four years, Fabien was part of a series called Ocean Adventures, _7_ offered a rare look into some of the most fantastic ocean species. In 2010, Fabien and his team spent 31 days underwater to discover _8_ climate change and pollution which are affecting the oceans.Fabien is _9_(current) working on a documentary film about the adventures of Mission 31, as well as _10_(build) an Ocean Learning Center to provide children with the opportunity to learn about oceans.1_2._3._4._5._6_7._8._9._10._D阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。As the plane circled over the airport, everyone sensed that something was wrong. The plane was moving _1_(steady) through the air, and although the passengers _2_(fasten) their seat belts, they were suddenly thrown forward. At that moment, the airhostess presented. She looked very pale, _3_ was quite calm.Speaking quickly and almost in a whisper, she informed everyone that the pilot had fainted and asked if any of the _4_(passenger) knew anything about machines. After a moments hesitation, _5_ man got up and followed the hostess into the pilots cabin. Moving the pilot aside, the man took his seat and listened carefully to the urgent instructions that _6_(send) by radio from the airport below. To everyones relief, the plane, _7_ was dangerously close to the ground at the moment, soon began to climb. The man had to circle the airport several times to become familiar _8_ the controls of the plane. The _9_(critically) moment came when he had to land. The man, _10_(follow) the instructions, guided the plane toward the airfield, and it landed safely after a long run along the runway.1_2._3._4._5._6_7._8._9._10._E阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。An old proverb says, “Friends are like wine; the older, the better.”So, nowadays many people consider old friends to be _1_(important) than new friends. For example, if two pieces of advice are given to solve a problem, one from a new friend and the other from _2_ old friend, people always tend to adapt the latter one, _3_ the new friends advice may be better._4_(disagree) with the old proverb, I believe that new friends are not _5_(necessary) worse than old friends. Why? Because the _6_(long)of time cannot determine whether your friendship is better or not.Once you call someone friend, he must be a reliable person, _7_ interests are in common with _8_(you). As time goes by, a friends outside look may change, but the inside characters of him and his interests _9_(change). It is just these unchangeable characters and interests that make him a friend to you. _10_， on this point, there is no difference between old friends and new friends.1_2._3._4._5._6_7._8._9._10._课时23语法填空(1)【典题演练】【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国伦敦地铁的发展。1crowds考查名词复数。crowd是可数名词，且前面没有限定词，故应用复数形式。2from考查介词。travel to and from work上下班。3laying考查非谓语动词。included后的dig，lay，build是三个并列的动作，根据digging及building可知，lay也应用动名词形式。4the考查冠词。此处特指“地铁的顶部”，故用定冠词the。5were used考查时态和被动语态。steam engines与use是被动关系，且动作发生在过去，故用一般过去时的被动语态。6fairly考查词性转换之形容词变为副词。所填词修饰形容词unpleasant，故用fair的副词形式fairly。7it考查代词。use是及物动词，其后接宾语，此处很明显缺少代词。分析句意可知，此处用it指代上文提到的the railway。8managed考查时态。全文讲述的是发生在过去的事情，故用一般过去时。9introduction考查词性转换之动词变为名词。空格前是the，其后接名词。introduce的名词形式是introduction。10successful考查词性转换之名词变为形容词。“one of the形容词最高级可数名词复数”表示“最的之一”，此处应填success的形容词形式successful。【能力提升演练】A【语篇导读】本文属于记叙文，介绍了瑞典商人Nile Bergqvist建设了世界上第一个冰屋宾馆。1with考查形容词短语。形容词短语be delighted with.对满意；瑞典商人Nite Bergqvist对于属于自己的世界上第一个冰屋宾馆很满意。2Built考查分词做定语用法。本句中动词build与主句主语it之间构成被动关系，所以使用过去分词在句中作状语。句意：虽然被建在一个小镇上，这个宾馆吸引了很多游客。3will be考查时态。本句的时间状语是in two weeks time，该时间状语经常和将来时连用。句意：两周以后，他的冰屋将会成为一池水。4replacing考查动名词用法。动词短语look forward to sb. doing sth.期待sb.做某事；其中的to是介词，后面要接名词或动名词。所以本句中使用replacing做宾语。5so考查固定句式。句式so.that.如此以至于；so的后面要接形容词或副词，that后面要使用结果状语从句。句意：他的第一冰屋如此成功以至于他设计了现在这一个。6which考查非限制性定语从句。本题定语从句的先行词是the present one，关系代词which指代先行词，在句中作主语。7wooden考查形容词。横线后面有名词base，横线前面有不定冠词a，说明横线上应该使用形容词做定语来修饰名词。所以本句使用“wooden木制的”修饰base。8below考查介词。本题属于常识题，冰屋的存在要求温度在零度以下，所以使用介词短语below 0。9than考查固定搭配。本句中含有more.than.意为“与其说倒不如说”，句意：与其说它是一个休闲的宾馆还不如说是一个生存测试。这样说的主要原因是因为低温对人的影响。10popularity考查名词。横线前面有定冠词the修饰，后面有介词短语of the igloo修饰，且该短语在句中作主语，所以要使用名词popularity。B【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了World Read Aloud Day(世界朗读日)。1was started考查动词的时态和语态。World Read Aloud Day在2010年由LitWorld网站发起。根据语境可知，此处需要用start的被动形式，又因时间状语是“in 2010”，故用一般过去时。2to celebrate考查非谓语动词。句意：这个网站要求每个人通过拿本书、找到听众、大声朗读的方式来庆祝这个活动。ask sb. to do sth.意为“要求某人做某事”。3belongs考查主谓一致。句意： 这一活动是关于采取行动向世界表明阅读和写作的权利是属于所有人的。根据句子成分可知，从句的主语为the right，为单数，故填belongs。4visitors考查名词复数。根据语境可知，网站让游客来参加活动，游客不止一个，且空前没有冠词修饰 ，故填visitors。5the考查冠词。the number of.是固定搭配，表示“的数量”。6absolutely考查副词。句意：帮助那些不能阅读的人是完全有必要的。副词修饰动词、形容词、副词和整个句子，故此处应用absolutely。7whoever考查宾语从句。是开始为任何可能喜欢书的人大声朗读的时候了。whoever引导宾语从句且从句中作主语。8to考查介词。listen to是固定短语，意为“听”。9and考查连词。根据语境和句子成分可知，空处前后表示并列关系，故用and。10difference考查名词。make a difference为固定短语，意为“有作用，有影响”。C【语篇导读】本文属于记叙文，介绍了著名的摄影师Fabien Cousteau子承父业拍摄海洋生物纪录片的事情。1explorers考查名词单复数。本句的主语是复数名词his grandfather and his father所以使用复数名词explorers。2to protect考查并列结构。本空使用不定式to protect和3空后的不定式to strike a balance是并列关系。句意：现在Fabien追随他父亲的脚步，努力保护这个地球上濒危的海洋生物并在环境保护和市场经济之间取得平衡。3and考查连词。本句中不定式to protect和to strike是并列关系，所以使用表示并列关系的连词and连接。这两个不定式都作为try的宾语。4occurred考查时态。本句的时间状语是in 2001，这是一个过去时间，所以谓语动词使用过去式occurred。句意：在2001年，他拍摄了一部关于1916年发生新泽西海岸的鲨鱼袭击事件的纪录片。5with考查介词。介词短语with the help of在的帮助下。他拍摄这个纪录片是在很多人的帮助下完成的。6himself考查反身代词。本句中使用反身代词himself作为动词put的宾语，语气比较强。7which考查定语从句。本题定语从句的先行词是Ocean Adventures，关系代词which指代先行词在句中作主语并引导这个定语从句。8the考查定冠词。定冠词the表示特指，本句中名词climate change and pollution的后面有定语从句which are affecting the oceans修饰，说明该词表示特指，所以使用冠词the。9currently考查副词。在英语中通常使用副词做状语修饰形容词、副词或动词，而形容词在句中通常做定语或者表语，所以本句中使用副词currently做状语修饰谓语动词is working on a documentary film。10building考查动名词短语。本句中动名词短语building an Ocean Learning Center作为介词短语as well as的宾语。D【语篇导读】本文属于记叙文，介绍了一架飞机的驾驶员昏迷，飞机正处于无人驾驶的危险中，一位乘客勇敢地站了起来，在地面塔台的指挥下，安全迫降了飞机。1unsteadily考查上下文串联。根据前句everyone sensed that something was wrong每个人都感觉到出事了。所以飞机在空中不稳定地飞行，所以使用否定意义的副词unsteadily“不稳定地”。2had fastened考查时态。句意：飞机在空中不稳定地飞行，尽管乘客们已经系好了安全带，他们突然被向前抛去。可知乘客们系好安全带是在他们被向前抛之前，所以使用过去完成时。3but考查连词。句意：在那时，空姐出现了，她看上去脸色苍白，但是她很镇定。根据句意可知上下文之间是转折关系，所以使用连词but表示转折。4passengers考查名词单复数。本句中名词passenger乘客，是一个可数名词。前面有any of，说明应该使用复数形式。指“乘客中是否有人了解飞行”，飞机上的乘客很多，所以使用复数形式。5a考查不定冠词。根据下句the man，可知有一个男人站了起来，所以使用不定冠词a修饰man，表示泛指。6were being sent考查语态。本题定语从句的先行词是the urgent instructions，关系代词that指代先行词在句中做主语，与动词send构成被动关系，所以使用过去进行时的被动语态，指地下塔台发送