英语语法独立主格结构讲解及习题.ppt

独立主格结构 常见类型及其用法,概念 “独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接，也不能由从句阴道词引导，通常用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。,构成 名词(代词)/逻辑主语+现在分词、过去分词；Weather permitting, we will have a picnic tomorrow 名词(代词)/逻辑主语+形容词； The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them 名词(代词)/逻辑主语+副词；Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away. There being+名词 ；there being nothing else to do, we went home 名词(代词)/逻辑主语+不定式；She proposed a picnic, she herself to pay the railway tickets, and Mary to provide the food. 名词(代词) /逻辑主语+介词短语 ；the teacher entered the classroom, book in hand It being + 名词：It being Xmas, the government office was closed,一、 独立主格的特点,独立主格的特点,1独立主格结构的逻辑主语语主句的主语不一致，她独立存在。,Leaves falling here and there, I suddenly notice autumn is drawing upon.树叶到处飘，我一下注意到已是深秋了。(独立主格的主语是leaves,主句是 I) Time permitting, the restoration work could be done better.时间允许的话，回复工作可以做得更好。(独立主格的主语是Time,主句是the restoration work),2独立主格结构一般置于句首，有时置于句中或句尾，用逗号将与主句其隔开,The plan successfully carried out, everything worked out perfectly.计划成功地完成了，一切进展顺利。 A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on.许多官员跟在皇帝后面，有的拎着皇帝的长袍，其他的则给他整理要带等。,3独立主格结构中的being和having been常可以省略,All the windows (being) open, the air in the room is fresher.所有的窗户开着，屋子里的空气更新鲜了。All the tickets(having been) sold out, we had to wait for the next weeks show.所有的票都卖出去了，我们只好等下周的演出。,4大多数独立主格结构可以用“with+宾语+宾补”结构代替。,He went of, gun in hand.他手里拿着枪出去了。(gun in hand可以用with a gun in his hand代替)The floor wet and slippery, we stayed outside.由于地板很湿很滑，我们呆在屋外。(The floor wet为无动词独立主格结构，可用with the floor wet and slippery代替。),5独立主格有其特殊的使用场合，多用于书面，尤其是描述性语言中，口语中不经常使用。,Iris lay on the grassplot and her hands were crossed under her head.(口语) Iris lay on the grassplot , hands crossed under head.（书面） Iris头枕着手躺在草地上。 The boy was knocked over and blood streamed down his head.（口语）The boy was knocked over, blood streaming down head.（书面）这个男孩被撞倒了，鲜血从头上留下来。,【注意】 1. 当独立主格结构中的being done表示“正在被做时”，being不可以被省略。 2. 当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是it, there时，being不可以省略。,独立主格结构的用法 独立主格结构在句中往往做表语，表时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随状况。,【注意】独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。,1.表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句 The meal over, we began to work again.（=When the meal was over,we began to work again.）吃晚饭，我们又开始工作。The homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play.（=After the homework was done, Jim decided to go and see the play.）作业做完后，Jim决定去看戏 2.表原因，相当一个于原因状语从句 Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.（=Because her shirt was caught on a nail,）由于他的衬衫挂在钉子上了，所以她动不了。The window broken, the cold wind blew into the room.（=Because the window was broken, ）由于窗户坏了，冷风吹进了这间房。,3.表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句 Weather permitting, the football match will played on Wednesday.（=If weather permits, ）如果天气允许，足球比赛将在周三举行。The book written in simple English, it will be more popular.（=If the book is written in simple English, ）如果这本书用简易英语写的，它会更畅销。 4.表方式或伴随状语或补充说明 She rushed into the room, a letter in her hand.（=, with a letter in her hand）她手里拿着封信冲了进来。Saddie sat alone, head bent.(=, with his head bent.)Saddie独自坐在那里，耷拉着脑袋 5.做定语，相当于一个定语从句 He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.他走在一条2便没有路灯的马路上,非谓语动词独立主格结构。 “名词或代词+非谓语动词”结构构成的独立主格结构称为非谓语动词的独立主格结构。名词或代词和非谓语动词具有逻辑上的主谓关系。 1. 不定式构成的独立主格结构不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的行为或状态，在句中常作原因状语，有时做条件状语。 Lots of homework to do, I have to stay home all day.由于很多作业要做，我只好待在家里。 So many children to look after, the mother has to quit her job.如此多的孩子要照顾，这个妈妈不得不辞掉她的工作。,2. 动词+ing形式的独立主格结构动词-ing形式的句中作状语时，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，否则就是不正确的。动词-ing形式的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时，就应在动词的-ing形式前加上逻辑主语，构成动词-ing 形式的独立主格结构，逻辑主语与动词间为主谓关系，是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作时逻辑主语发出的动作。 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.我们加倍努力，每个人就像在干两个人的活。 The governor considering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path.总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集到他要通过的路上。 The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.在向导的带领下，我们轻松地走出了森林。,This done, we went home.做完这个，我们就回家了。 All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs.积蓄用完后，我们都开始找工作。 More time and money given, we can finish the work in advance.如果给予更多的时间和金钱，我们能提前完成这个工作。,3. 过去分词形式的独立主格过去分词形式的独立主格结构是由“逻辑主语+过去分词”构成。逻辑主语与动词之间为动宾关系，它是分词的动作承受者，这一结构在句中作时间状语，原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语等。,其他形式的独立主格结构 1. 逻辑主语+名词/形容词/副词/介词短语,A.逻辑主语+名词 a.Many students joined in the math competition, most of them children of no more than 10. 很多学生参加了这次数学竞赛，其中大多数人年仅10岁。I received many gifts, many of them books.我收到很多书，其中很多事书籍 b.逻辑主语+形容词 This section of road slippery, every driver can never be too careful.此路段很滑，所有司机都应小心谨慎。Arriving at the spot, they were all standing in surprise face to face, eyes wide open.一到现场，他们都面对面吃惊的站着，眼睛瞪得大大的 c.逻辑主语+副词 Music over, all the audience stood up with fits of applause.音乐一结束，所有的观众都站了起来报以热烈的掌声。Nobody in, I had to wait.没人在，我只好等着 d.逻辑主语+介词短语 Many experts attended the conference, most of them from the States.很多专家参加了此次会议，其中很多人来自美国。The boy went off, a pinwheel in his hand.小男孩手里拿着风车走了,B. With/without+宾+宾补,a.With/without+名词/代词+形容词 表原因或伴随 Hearing the tiger roaring, I felt frightened, with my face pale.听到老虎的叫声，我的脸都吓白了。 With so many people present, I felt nervous.这么多人来到现场，我感到很紧张 b.With/without+名词/代词+副 伴随/原因/时间 With all children abroad, I at times feel very lonely.我所有孩子都在国外，我时不时觉得很孤独。 With the exam over, we had a long time to rest.考完试，我们有有很长一段时间休息 c.With/without+名词/代词+介短 原因状语或定语 With the white skirt on you, you look smarter.穿上白色的裙子，你看上去更漂亮。 The river with grass and flowers on both sides run through our schoolyard.这条两岸都长满鲜花绿草的小河从我们校园里穿过,d.With/without+名词/代词+不定式 条件或原因 With the boy to lead the way, we will find the cave easily.有这个男孩带路，我们很容易就能找到那个洞穴。 With so much work to do, I cant spare a minute.这个多活要干，我一分钟都挤不出来 e.With/without+名词/代词+ doing 伴随或原因 Without anyone noticing, I stole into the room.没人看见，我悄悄地溜进了屋子。 With so man people speaking, I couldnt settle down to my work.这么多人说话，我无法安心工作 f.With/without+名词/代词+done 方式或原因 With the door shut, I spent the whole day preparing.光上门，我准备了一整天。 With all my savings used up, I had to borrow.用完所有的钱，我现在得去借了,独立主格结构的区分及注意事项。 1. 分词结构、独立主格结构作状语的注意事项。 (1) 使用分词短语、独立主格结构分别在句子中作状语时要注意，它们与主句之间不应有从属连词(如when, if, as soon as, as, while等)或并列连词(and, but, or等) (2) 在使用独立主格结构、分词作句子的状语时，一定要看句子主语同这些结构的逻辑关系。 a. 当句子主语语状语内部动词之间有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系时，改状语可用分词或从句表示。When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautifulSeeing from the top of the floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.从顶楼上看，花园要漂亮得多。 b. 若句子主语语状语内动词之间不存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系且状语内有自己的逻辑主语时，该状语不能用分词结构，只能用独立主格结构或从句。If time permit, wed better have a rest at this weekend.Time permitting, wed better have a rest at this weekend.时间允许的话，这周末我们最好休息一下。,(3) 分词结构的逻辑主语不是总和主句的主语一致，也可能是主句的其他成分。Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time.在屋里找手表花了我很长时间。 (4) 有些分词结构在句子中找不到它的逻辑主语。When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root.(我们)种花时必须小心不要把根弄坏了。,2.独立主格结构没有所有格形式。 The chief editor arriving, we began the meeting.主编来了，我们开始开会。 3.独立主格结构中，当表人体部位的词作逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his fists clenched, his eyes looking straight up.他躺在那里，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。,4. 独立成分。 (1)有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用语。 这些短语有：generally speaking一般来说，frankly speaking坦白说，strictly speaking严格来说，talking of谈到，speaking of说到，judging from由判断，taking all things into consideration把一切考虑在内，considering that考虑到，allowing for考虑到, putting it mildly说的温和些 Danny has too much homework considering that he is young.考虑到Danny还小，他的作业也太多了。 (2) 有些固定短语是带to的不定式，表明说话人的立场和态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest老实说，to be sure确实，to tell you the truth说实话，to cut a long story short长话短说，to be frank 坦率地说，to make matter/things worse更糟糕的是 To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.更糟的是，许多男人都到城市里找高薪的工作区了，留下附近村庄的妇女积蓄承担修复工作。,5.独立主格结构的时态问题 独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在位于动作之前。 The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。 Tome having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.Tom总是迟到，他的老板很失望。,四点注意 1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。 如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。 (1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。 (2)在There being+名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。 3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词（或代词）+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。 如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。 如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand. 4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式 The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。),1The thief stood before the policeman，_ admitting what he had done Awith his drooping head Bdrooping his head Craising his head Dwith his head down 2_ ，he cant go out for a walk as usual AWith so much work to do BWith so much work doing CWith so much work done DWithout so much work to do 3Its quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth _ and his eyes _ Aclosed；open Bclosed；opened Cclosing；open Dclosing；opening,4All things _ ，the plan trip will have to be called off Abe considered Bconsidered Cconsidering Dhaving considering 5_ ，we have to get down to business right away AAs there was no time left BThere is no time left CThere being no time left DThere to be no time left 6_ yesterday，we went out for a walk AAs a fine day BIt was a fine day CIt being a fine day DFor it was a fine day 7The old man stood there，_ Awith back against the wall Bwith his back against the wall Cwith back against wall Dhis back against wall,15 DAABC 67 CB,1. _ no bus, we had to walk home. A. There was B. There being C. Because there being 2. _, Ill go there with you tomorrow afternoon. A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Times permitting 3. _, we all went home happily. A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said 4. _, we all went swimming in high spirits. A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weathe,5. _, the bus started at once. A. The signal was given B. The signal giving C. The signal given D. When the signal given 6. She stood there, _ from her cheeks. A. tears rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D.