虚拟语气要点及练习.ppt

,虚拟语气要点及练习,英语中有三种语式： 陈述语式、祈使语式和虚拟语式。,A.陈述语式 表示谓语动词所表达的动作或状态是符合客观现实的，也就是说把动作或状态当做事实表达出来。例如： Flowers blossom in spring. The moon is peeping through the windows at the sleepless girl.,B.祈使语式 表示号召、命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等。例如： Do drop in to see us. Keep off the grass.,C.虚拟语式 虚拟语式把动作当做一种只存在于讲话人想象中的“假设”或“推测”，而不是当做客观现实中的真实事件。它表达的是怀疑、忧虑、推测、假设、想象或祝愿等。例如： Mother told me to put on my sweater lest I should catch cold.,虚拟语式在条件句中的运用 英语中的条件句一般有两种：真实条件句和非真实条件句，虚拟语式用在非真实条件句中。非真实条件句包括 A.虚拟条件句 B.推测条件句 C.错综时间条件句等,A. 虚拟条件句 虚拟条件句可分为三类： a. 叙述与现在事实相反的情况 b. 叙述与过去事实相反的情况 c. 叙述与将来事实相反的情况 一般构成为: 条件从句+结果主句 (结果主 句中的would可换用should, could或 might),A.与现在事实相反: 条件从句-If I (we, you, he, she, it, they) +动词过去式(be动词的过去式一律用were) 结果主句- I (we, you, he, she, it, they)+would+动词原形,B.与过去事实相反: 条件从句- If I (we, you, he, she, it, they) +had+过去分词 结果主句- I (we, you, he, she, it, they) + would +have+过去分词,C.与将来事实相反: 条件从句- A式：一般过去式 B式：were不定式 C式：should+动词原形 结果主句-would (should) + 动词原形,EXAMPLES： He wouldnt feel so cold if he were indoors. 与?相反 与现在事实相反 I am sorry I am very busy just now. If I had time, I would certainly go to the movies with you. 与?相反 与现在事实相反 The conference wouldnt have been so successful if we hadnt made adequate preparation. 与?相反 与过去事实相反 The flood might have caused great damage to the people if we hadnt built so many reservoirs.与?相反 与过去事实相反,B. 推测条件句 对未来的事进行推测，在讲话人心目中，虽不认为推测条件的实现违背事实或绝对不可能，但却认为可能性是极小的。这种怀疑和推测要用虚拟语式表示: If I were to see him, I would speak to him about it.,推测条件句的构成形式： 条件从句 1. If I (we, you, he, she, it, they)+动词过去式(be的过去式一律用were) 2. If I (we, you, he, she, it, they) + should + 动词原形 3. If I (we, you, he, she, it, they) + were + to +动词原形 结果主句 I (we, you, he, she, it, they) + would+动词原形,C. 错综时间条件句 在错综时间条件句中，虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致，因此，主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选用适当的虚拟语式形式。,EXAMPLES： Had I taken my umbrella with me when I came out this morning, I should not be wet now. If you had spoken to him last time you saw him, you would know what to do now. If I were you, I wouldnt have missed the film last night. If the ship had left at noon, it would be passing through the canal now.,无“条件”的虚拟语式句子 这里的所谓无“条件”，指的是句子表层没有通常使用的if或I wish等引起的表示条件的句子，但其深层结构或是上下文中还是有条件的。 这种条件可以用介词、形容词、动词、分词、不定式、定语从句或上下文等表示出来。 表示无“条件”的词有with, without, but for, or, but, otherwise, even, in case of, what if等。 这种句子往往是有主句而无从句。,EXAMPLES: But for your help we couldnt have succeeded. They wouldnt have reached the agreement so easily without that common ground. Under such circumstances I would probably have done the same. She wasnt feeling very well. Otherwise she wouldnt have left the meeting so early.,With better equipment, we could have done it better.（介词短语） She said she would have come to the party, only she had an urgent matter to attend to.（副词句子） To talk with him, you would know he is a frank man.（不定式短语） To have studied harder, you would have passed the exam. (= If you had ，不定式完成式) The same thing, happening in war time, would amount to disaster.（分词短语） In doing so, he might forgive you. （介词动名词） A man who stopped working would amount to nothing.（定语从句）,动词wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语式 与现在事实相反，用were或动词的一般过去式； 与过去事实相反，用had+过去分词或would /could+have +过去分词； 表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would / should (could, might)动词原形。,EXAMPLES (1): I wish she were here. I wish she had taken my advice. I wish you would go with us tomorrow.,EXAMPLES (2): A: “ You have made some mistakes.” B: “ I wish I didnt make mistakes every day.” A: “What would you wish to do if you were a college student again?” B: “ Thats very hard to say, but I wish I had studied psychology.”,if only 和would that 后用虚拟语式 if only 和would that 后用虚拟语式，谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望，常译为“要是就好了”。例如： If only she had known where to find you. If only I could speak several foreign languages! Would that I were young again.,would that 实际上是I / We would的简化 I would相当于I wish: I would (Would that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky. We would (Would that) that we had seen through him earlier.,在suggest, order, demand等动词后要用虚拟语式 在propose, command, request, desire, insist, require, decide, promise, arrange, ask, move, consent, determine, recommend, advise, intend, beg, resolve, argue, maintain, deserve, prefer, decree, vote, urge, instruct, advocate, persuade, dictate, legislate, sentence, object, expect, direct, appoint, provide, specify, persist, permit 这些意念动词、祈使动词或态度动词后的宾语从句中，要用虚拟语式，这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should+动词原形。,EXAMPLES： They intended that the news (should) be suppressed. I prefer that you not eat the meat. She insisted that the seats (should) be booked in advance. The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 percent. They requested that the (should) sing a song. He advised that the doctor (should) be sent for. The committee decided that no one should be admitted without a ticket. Sometimes she would suggest that I should be saving some of the money. The examination instructions ask that the students (should) not use a red pen. It was arranged that she leave the next week.,Note: When he was asked why his friend had not accepted the offer, he suggested that his friends pride prevented him from accepting. 句中suggested不作“建议”解，而是作“暗示”解，故用陈述语式。 He insisted that he was not involved in the case. 当insist不表示“坚决要求”，而作“坚决认为”解，其后的从句要用陈述语式，不用虚拟语式。,在advice, demand, order等名词后要用虚拟语式 在advice, demand, order等名词后的主语从句和表语从句中用虚拟语式。 常用的这类名词有：advice, demand, order, necessity, resolution, pay, decision, proposal, requirement, suggestion, idea, recommendation, preference, request, plan, motion等。 这时，谓语用动词原形或should+动词原形。例如： The demand is that manuscripts (should) be written on one side only. He issued the order that the troops (should) withdraw at once.,在important, necessary等后用虚拟语式 形容词important, necessary, imperative, natural, urgent, essential, appropriate, desirable, insistent, obligatory, probable, vital, advisable, better, keen, preferable, possible, incredible, funny, concerned, ridiculous, unthinkable, 以及短语no wonder, a pity, not right等可以构成“it is +形容词/名词+that”句型，其后的句子要用虚拟语式，为(should) be型。例如：,It is necessary that some immediate effort (should) be made. He has made a thorough investigation. No wonder he know so much about it. It is not right that we should give it up now.,Note: It is amazing (odd, strange, surprising, wrong, astonishing, inconceivable, a pity, a shame, a thousand pities, to be regretted)、 I am surprised (sorry) 和I regret等结构后的that 从句中要用should，意为“竟然”，表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感。,EXAMPLES： It is amazing that he should have learnt so much in such a short time. I am surprised that he should have been so rude to you. I regret that I should have forgotten to tell you the fact. It is a pity that Henry should be so careless. It is a shame that he should have done such a thing.,It is (high, about) time句型用虚拟语式 谓语动词用过去式，表示“早该干某事而已经有些晚了” ： It is time that we went to bed. It is time that somebody taught you to behave yourself.,在for fear that, in order that, so that, lest 引导的目的状语从句中 从句谓语动词用should (could, might) 动词原形。 He reminded her twice of it lest she should forget. I will not make a noise for fear (that ) I should (might) disturb you. I did this so that I might have a couple of weeks to prepare my paper.,marvel等动词后，从句用should动词结构 marvel, rejoice, wonder, regret等表示强烈感情变化的意念动词，用于否定句、感叹句和疑问句中的think, suppose以及hate可以表示意外地可喜、可惊、可悲、可疑等情况，其宾语从句用should动词结构： I marvel that he should be able to do so much in such a short time. I regret that you should consider it a burden to do it. Do you think it proper that she should say that ? I never thought Helen should be so vain and selfish.,imagine和suppose (supposing)等动词后用虚拟句式： Imagine that we were on an island now. Suppose you were laughed at by those shallow people.,as if/as though引导的方式状语从句或表语从句, 有时用虚拟式 从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时: He talks as if he knew all about it. She looks as though she were sick. 表示与过去事实相反，用had过去分词: I feel (felt) as if we had known each other for years. 表示将来的可能性不大，用would (might, could) 动词原形： It looks as if it might rain.,as if/as though后面的从句有时也可以用陈述语式，这是因为从句中的情况往往是可能发生的或可能被设想为真实的： It looks as if our side is going to win. He walks as if he is drunk. (= He is probably drunk.) He walks as if he were drunk. (= He walks as if he were drunk, but he is not.),though, whatever, if, so long as, whoever, however, whichever, no matter what (who, how)等连接代词或副词引导的状语从句中，用虚拟语式。 谓语动词用动词原形，表示推测，让步等含义，主句一般用直陈语气。 Though everyone desert you, I will not. Whatever be his defense, we cannot tolerate this disloyalty.,EXAMPLES： If the rumor be true, well have to take other measures. So long as a volume hold together, I am not disturbed as to its outer appearance. Whether he be right or wrong, hell always go his own way. Be it true or not, I will see myself. Happen what may, we will not give in. Come what may, were not going to make any concessions to his unreasonable demands. Be the weather what it may, we will leave tomorrow.,expect, believe, suspect, dream等动词用于否定句或疑问句时， 其后的宾语从句一般用should 动词， 表惊讶、惶恐、怀疑、失望、不满等情绪。 这种结构中的should不可省略： He just couldnt believe that his hometown should have gone through such great changes.,would rather, would sooner, had better, would as soon, just as soon后的句子用虚拟语式。,A)接动词原形，指现在或将来时间，表示一种主观愿望或选择： Id rather do it today. He would sooner die than surrender. Hed rather not go dancing tonight.,B)接不定式完成式，表示过去的某种选择不恰当： Id rather not have told her the news. She is such a gossip. Id rather have stayed at home than went to the dull film.,C)接从句，用虚拟语式. 一般过去时，表示一个现在或将来的愿望； 过去完成时，表示一个过去的愿望： Id rather you paid the money yourself。 （现在） I would sooner she painted the wall green next time. （将来） Id rather she hadnt done that. （过去）,would, should, could和might用于虚拟语式中 would, should, might和could均可用于虚拟语式中，但在含义和用法上有些差别：,祈使句and陈述句。 陈述句既可以表示真实条件，也可以表示非真实条件： One more step forward and you will touch it.（真实） One more step forward and you would have touched it. （非真实）,名词词组and 陈述句。 陈述句既可以表示真实条件，也可以表示非真实条件： One more effort, and you will gain your goal. A few hours earlier, and you would have seen the famous writer.,whether it (he) be or意为“不管（不论）是还是”，表示让步，为虚拟语式的一种表示方法，其省略结构为be it or, be heor等，必须倒装。 Be they common people or high-ranking officials, they stand equal before the law. She can translate all these books into Chinese, be they in English, French or Latin.,be用作虚拟式的其他说法还有： Home is home, be it ever so homely。 He will do anything for her, be it to his death. I shall tell you everything about it if need be. Far be it from me to beg his mercy. 我绝不会乞求他的怜悯。,虚拟语气练习,1. The committee recommends that the matter _ at the next meeting. A. would be discussed B. will be discussed C. be discussed D. may be discussed,2. I _Professor Jones had taught me this equation. A. believe B. wish C. deeply think D. am guessing,3. “You have made some mistakes.” “I wish I _mistakes every day.” A. dont make B. havent made C. wouldnt have made D. didnt make,4. “Did you enjoy the show last night?” “Yes, but I wish I _a cold.” A. hadnt B. didnt have C. hadnt had D. wouldnt have,5. “Did you talk to them?” “If I had the opportunity, _to tell them why.” A. I like B. Id liked C. I liked D. Id like,6. I turn to you as my last hope. If you failed me, then my honor as well as my position _forever lost. A. be B. are C. is D. were,7. It _hard now, otherwise we could go out play. A. rained B. rains C. is raining D. would rain,8. If it _ next Saturday, I shall stay at home. A. rains B. will rain C. would rain D. rained,9. If you_ to see Mary, what would you tell her. A. are B. will be going C. must D. were,10. _, John would not have failed. A. If he has listened to me B. Had he listened to me C. If he listened to me D. As soon as he listened to me,11. If you hadnt gone with Tom to the party last night, _. A. you would meet John already B. you wont have missed John C. you will have met John D. you would have met John,12. What type of automobile would you buy _?