社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层与职业.ppt

社会语言学 第十讲 社会方言：阶层与职业,西方社会分层的两大理论传统,职业与阶层紧密关联,中国 美国,William Labov生平,Professor, Departments of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, Born: Dec 4, 1927, Rutherford, NJ Columbia University, M.A., 1963; Ph.D. 1964 Industrial chemist, Union Ink Co., Ridgefield, NJ, 1949-1960 Assistant Professor, Columbia University, 1964-1970 Associate Professor, Professor, University of Pennsylvania, 1971- Director, Linguistics Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 1976-,William Labov主要著作,The social motivation of a sound change, 1963 The Social Stratification of English in New York City.,1966 Sociolinguistic Patterns, 1972 Language in the Inner City, 1972 Principles of Linguistic Change. Volume 1: Internal Factors , 1994. Principles of Linguistic Change. Volume 2: Social Factors. 2001. Principles of Linguistic Change, Volume 3:Cognitive and Cultural Factors, 2010 with U. Weinreich & M. Herzog, Empirical foundations for a theory of language change, 1968.,Casestudy 1: Marthas Vineyard (1963),The island was chosen as a laboratory for an initial investigation of social patterns in linguistic change. （1） has the advantage of being a self-contained unit, separated from the mainland by a good three miles of the Atlantic Ocean. （2） has enough social and geographic complexity to provide ample room for differentiation of linguistic behavior. （3） We are also fortunate in having the records of the Linguistic Atlas of New England 1931-1972 (henceforth abbreviated LANE) as a background for the investigation.,The social motivation of a sound change,The social motivation of a sound change,（1）词汇调查,A lexical questionnaire, using the regional markers shown as most significant in the maps of the LANE, supplemented with recent observations, and concentrating on the following words containing (ay) and (aw): spider dying out Sliding swipe flattening out white outhouse egg pie frying pan crouch,The social motivation of a sound change,（2）诱导提问,“When we speak of the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, what does right mean? . Is it in writing? . If a man is successful at a job he doesnt like, would you still say he was a successful man?“ These questions were generally successful in eliciting the informants versions of the italicized words.,The social motivation of a sound change,（3）请高中生读课文,“After the high winds last Thursday, we went down to the mooring to see how the boat was making out. . My father started to pump out the bottom, and he told me to find out if the outboard would start. I found out all right. I gave her a couple of real hard pulls but it was no dice. Let me try her, my father said. Not on your life, I told him. Ive got my pride.“,The social motivation of a sound change,（4）公共场所录音,In addition to the formal interview, observations were made in a great many casual situations: on the streets of Vineyard Haven and Edgartown, in diners, restaurants, bars, stores, docks, and many places where the general sound of public conversation could be noted, if not effectively recorded.,The social motivation of a sound change,样本情况,69人约占总人口的百分之一，可以作为全岛居民的代表性取样。 样品的结构与全岛总人口的结构接近。40 are up-islanders, and only 29 are from downisland, though over 70 percent of the people live down-island. 职业结构The most important occupational groups are represented: 14 in fishing, 8 in farming, 6 in construction, 19 in service trades, 3 professionals, 5 housewives, 14 students. 民族结构The three main ethnic groups are represented: 42 of English descent, 16 Portuguese, and 9 Indian. 总数据As a result of these 69 interviews, we have about 3,500 instances of (ay) and 1,500 instances of (aw) as the basic data for this study.,The social motivation of a sound change,The social motivation of a sound change,The social motivation of a sound change,The Social Meaning of Centralization,The social motivation of a sound change,The social motivation of a sound change,Casestudy 2: NYC Department store (1966),Highest ranking: Saks Fifth Avenue at 50th St. and Fifth Ave., near the center of the high fashion shopping district, along with other high prestige stores such as Bonwit Teller, Henri Bendel, Lord and Taylor. Middle ranking: Macys Herald Square 34th St. and Sixth Ave., near the garment district, along with Gimbels and Saks-34th St., other middle range stores in price and prestige. Lowest ranking: S. Klein Union Square 14th St. and Broadway, not far from the Lower East Side; the other large store in the area, Ohrbachs, recently raised its price and advertising level and moved uptown.,调查方法,The interviewer approached the informant in the role of a customer asking for directions to a particular department. The department was one which was located on the fourth floor. When the interviewer asked, “Excuse me, where are the womens shoes?” the answer would normally be, “Fourth floor.” The interviewer then leaned forward and said, “Excuse me?” He would usually then obtain another utterance, “Fourth floor,” spoken in careful style under emphatic stress. The interviewer would then move along the aisle of the store to a point immediately beyond the informants view, and make a written note of the data.,调查方法,This method of interviewing was applied in each aisle on the floor as many times as possible before the spacing of the informants became so close that it was noticed that the same question was asked before. Each floor of the store was investigated in the same way. On the fourth floor, the form of the question was necessarily different: “Excuse me, what floor is this?” Following this method, 68 interviews were obtained in Saks, 125 in Macys, and 71 in Klein. Total interviewing time for the 264 subjects was about six and one