结构1：名词、代词、限定词、主谓一致.ppt

名词、代词、限定词,名词（数、格、主谓一致）,名词的数,名词可以分为：,专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns）。 专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。 普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：,1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。,个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。,名词的分类可以下图表示：,_ | |专有名词 | | | 名 | | 个体名词 | | | | | | 可数名词 | | | | 集体名词 | | | |普通名词 | | | | 词 | | 物质名词 | | | | | | 不可数名词| | | | 抽象名词 | |,名词复数的规则变化：,_ 情况 构成方法 读音 例词 _ 一般情况 加 -s 1.清辅音后读/s/; map-maps 2.浊辅音和元音后 bag-bags 读 /z/; car-cars _ 以s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses watch-watches _ 以ce, se, ze, (d)ge等结尾 的词 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses _ 以辅音字母+y 变y 为i 结尾的词 再加es 读 /z/ baby-babies _,其它名词复数的规则变化,1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数： 如： two Marys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays 比较：storey -storeys story-stories,2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时： a. 加s，如： photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos； b. 加es，如：potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes,3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时： a. 加s，如： belief-beliefs roof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs； b. 去f, fe 加ves，如：half-halves knife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves； c. 均可,如： handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves,名词复数的不规则变化,1）child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women 注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans。,2）单复同形 如：deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin 但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如: a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters,3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。 如： people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle。 the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。如： The Chinese are industrious and brave.,4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。“The Arabian Nights“ is a very interesting story-book.,5) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses, trousers, clothes。若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair， suit, 如： a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers。 6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼,Exercise 1,1. allow 2. studies 3. is 4. are 5. is 6. takes 7. is 8. commute 9. is 10. has,11. has 12. heads 13. were 14. have 15. is 16. has 17. seems 18. are 19. us 20. are,Exercise 2,experiences experience authority manner woods Glass works assignments, work,flour powers luggage mail information equipment contents beauty,a great beauty an evening paper brown paper Reading glasses are,名词的格,在英语中有些名词可以加“s”来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格。名词所有格的规则如下： 1） 单数名词词尾加“s”，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加“s”，如the boys bag 男孩的书包。 2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加，如：the workers struggle 工人的斗争。,4） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barbers 理发店。 5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s，则表示“分别有”；只有一个s，则表示“共有”。如：Johns and Marys room，John and Marys room。 6） 复合名词或短语，s 加在最后一个词的词尾。如：a month or twos absence,Exercise 3,weeks, garage collectors sister-in-laws Marvin and Collens Susans and Sarans dentists Verdis attorney-in-generals Childrens,Charles Commander-in-chiefs Bills Madisons and Jeffersons For pitys sake an hour and a halfs mothers,主谓一致,主谓一致是指： 语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语。例如：一个句子是由there 或here引导, 而主语又不止一个, 谓语和最邻近的那个主语一致。 There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix. Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.,1）集体名词作主语, 集体名词如people, police, cattle, poultry (家禽), youth等，随后的动词一般情况下用复数形式。 Are there any police around? Cattle are grazing on the pasture. The police are searching for him., 集体名词如equipment, furniture, machinery, luggage，clothing，merchandise，scenery等，随后的动词一般情况下用单数形式。 All this equipment is old-fashioned but some of it is still quite useful. Where is all the luggage?, 某些集体名词, 如family, team，class, group，audience, crew, crowd, jury，union, board，government, company, committee等词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。 His family isnt very large. His family are music lovers. The class were divided in their opinion. Our class consists of thirty students.,2）并列结构作主语, 由and 或 both and 连接名词词组时, 如果意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。例如： Reading and writing are very important. Plastics and rubber never rot. 但是，当主语由and连结时，如果它指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式，这时, and后面的名词没有冠词。 A knife and fork is on the table. The girls teacher and friend is a young doctor. The iron and steel industry is very important to our life., 以or，eitheror，neithernor，not onlybut also等连接的并列主语, 谓语动词通常和最邻近的主语一致（就近原则）。 Not only my father, but also all of us are looking forward to meeting my uncle. My sister or my brother is likely to be at home. Either you or he is to do the work. Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my son to change his mind., 当主语后面跟有with, together with, along with, as well as, besides, in addition to，including, like, except, but, no less than, more than, as much as, rather than等词引导的短语时，谓语动词的单、复数与前面的主语一致。 An expert, together with some assistants, has been sent to that faraway mountain village to help the sick people. The coach, as well as the team, was excited. Terry, along with his friend, goes boating every Saturday.,3）表示数量概念的名词词组作主语, 表示时间、重量、距离、金额等的名词, 尽管是复数形式, 可以根据意义一致的原则看作一个整体, 谓语动词用单数形式。例如： Two years has passed. Ten miles is a long way to walk. Two dollars is enough to tip the porter. Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations., 用all of, half of, part of, most of, portion of, rest of等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。如果名词词组中心词是all，most，half，rest等词语，所指是复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式；反之，谓语动词用单数形式。例如： All of the students study hard. Half of his money is spent on books., 如果主语有more than one或many a构成，谓语动词用单数形式。 Many a person has read the novel. More than one person was involved in the case. a number of (许多) 后接复数, the number of（数量）后接单数。 A number of books have been published on the subject. The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.,4） 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, either, neither时，,谓语需用单数。 Theres something wrong with the printer. Is everybody here? Each of the answers is worth 20 points. There are two types of qualificationeither is acceptable. Neither answer is correct.,5) 在“one of + 复数名词 +关系分句”结构中，,关系分句中谓语动词一般采用复数形式： Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful. This is one of the most interesting questions that have been asked 当one 之前有the only 等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据one 而定，即采用单数形式： She was the only one of the girls who wa