《笔记论文写作》PPT课件.ppt

Taking Notes,Taking Notes,Taking Notes,Taking notes helps students to: Record the information Document the source Understand and organize the ideas Credit authors for their original ideas, facts & direct quotations Make it easier and more sufficient to write the paper,Evaluation of Sources,Tips in evaluating sources: Pay attention to the authors name, the title of the book, the publication such as publisher, publication date and so on Pay attention to information which leads to the authors attitude Pay attention to the sources Pay attention to the objectivity of the sources ,Criteria for evaluating sources (by Robert Dees): It was written by a reliable authority whose methods and reasoning appear valid. Not everything you use in your research has to (or should) be written by someone with a Ph. D., but the authors education, experience with the topic, and reputation should play a major part in your evaluation and use of a work. It offers facts and ideas other sources do not. It sets forth facts and ideas that do not contradict known concepts or other works without good evidence.,It demonstrates knowledge and consideration of other viewpoints and research in the field. Look for discussion of opposing ideas, as well as the application and citation of others work. It is current in terms of both its publication date and its information. Remember that knowledge changes more rapidly in some fields than in others. Ideas in the humanities, e.g. tend to remain consistent longer than those in the sciences, where constant research and new technology change existing knowledge daily (Dees 145).,Content of Notes,A note usually includes the following items: The background information; A summary of general ideas supporting the preliminary thesis statement; Explanatory information such as definition, a plot summary and bibliographical data; Direct quotations, examples, facts and anecdotes; Statistics such as percentages, weights, amount of money, ratios and dates.,Advice,Summarize the information as much as possible in ones own words because this will help avoid inadvertently plagiarizing information. Put double quotation marks around any material copied and make sure the information is transferred accurately.,Tips on Note-taking,Documenting Sources Write down the author, the title, the place of publication, the publisher, the date of publication or the copyright date, and the page number(s) where the information is found Being Thorough and Concise Write down what is relevant to the topic but unknown in or different from other sources;,faithful to the author opinion show credit to the authority appropriate use of direct quotations Putting One Item on One Card Writing each item on a separate card helps us reshuffle and rearrange information,A Sample Note,Definition of learning strategies “Learning strategies are the particular approaches or techniques that learners employ to try to learn an L2.” Ellis, Rod. Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1997: 76-77,heading of the note,documentation,The body of the card With ideas, information or quotations,Types of Notes,Four major types of notes: Direct quotations Paraphrase notes Summary notes Combination notes,Direct Quotation Notes,Use direct quotations only when other words, phrases, structures fail to express the information better than those in the original source. Use direct quotations discriminately because it generally accounts for only ten to twenty percent of a paper.,Sociolinguistics “Sociolinguistics is the field that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.” Spolsky, Bernard. Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1998:3,Paraphrase Notes,Accurately restating the original information in ones own words and phrasing, without any additional comments or elaborations. Usually of the same length with the original. Proper documentation is necessary.,The Third Wave According to Alvin Toffler, there have been two revolutionary periods of change in history: the agricultural revolution and the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution determined the course of history for thousands of years; the industrial civilaza- tion lasted about a century. We are now on the threshold of a new period of revolutionary change, but this one may last for only a few decades (10). Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. New York: MLA: 32-33.,Summary Notes,Summarizes the major points of the original by restating them in the writers own words. Some key words of the original may be used, and they must be put in quotation marks. A summary note must be properly documented.,Classification of Learning Strategies Second language learning strategies consist of two categories. They are language learning strategies and language use strategies. The latter can be further divided into retrieval strategies, rehearsal strategies, cover strategies and communicative strategies. Cohen, Andrew D. Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language. London: Longman, 1998: 5-7.,Combination Notes,A combination note, as the name implies, is one that combines direct quotation, paraphrase and summary. Its advantage lies in the fact that it adopts flexible note-taking methods.,Taking Notes on Computers,Advantages: Notes can be easily stored and retrieved. Enable users to revise and reorganize notes at will and to integrate them into the thesis in the writing stage. Notes can be filed for later projects.,Guidelines for taking notes on computers: Be familiar with a word processing program. Begin a new note on a new page. Write some keywords on each page. Put the notes with the same keywords into a single file.,Avoiding Plagiarism,Plagiarism: The use of facts, opinions, and language taken from another writer without acknowledgement Emphasizing the importance of avoiding plagiarism does not mean that other peoples opinions and ideas cannot be used. On the contrary, it is a good indication of ones extensive research and sincere attitude of study if one quotes properly.,Forms of Plagiarism,Plagiarism can be deliberate or accidental. Deliberate plagiarism: one copies the work of others and pretends that it is his or her own without acknowledgement Accidental/unconscious plagiarism: one does not intend to plagiarize, but fails to cite the sources appropriately, including: Paraphrases with no citation Misplaced citations,Tips on Avoiding Plagiarism,Meriwethers guidelines: Always put quotation marks around any direct statement from someone elses work; Give credit to the author for any paraphrase of his or her ideas or statements, even though quotation marks are not use