上海交大考博英语辅导cloze.ppt

Cloze:,1 词汇错误 用词不当: 首先是同义词、反义词、易混词的误用。即错误地使用一组易混词中的一个。英语中有许多词义相近或拼写相近的词，但它们在用法上或意义上存在差异，不能混用。 如consist（包括，由组成）与compose（组成），arise（出现、起来）与rise（上升、站起）等。 这是词汇部分出现频率高的考查点，主要表现为:故意使用一个与句意或上下文意义要求相反的词;同义词的误用;词形相近词的辨析。,*名词的单复数问题 *及物与不及物动词的用法 *形容词用法中有一种容易混淆的情况，那就是有些形 容词在拼写上相近，但意思不同。如： regretful 懊悔的 regrettable 令人遗憾的 sensitive 敏感的 sensible 能感觉到的 considerable可观的， considerate 体谅人的 industrial工业的 industrious勤劳的 economic经济上的 economical节俭的 historic有历史意义的 historical历史上的,搭配错误,固定的搭配表达的意思是固定的，所搭配的词不能随意变动。 常见的有： 介词名词，如：by accident, on board， in conclusion（总之）off duty（下班）in detail 等。 动词名词，如: take advantage of ， take effect （生效，起作用）等。 动词介词，如: account for，allow for(考虑到), call for(要求), 动词副词，如: break down, catch on （明白、理解）， come through （经历）等。,形容词短语，如: be accustomed to， be anxious to (do)渴望做 ， be anxious about（为担心） be busy with, be popular with （受欢迎的）等。 其它搭配， 如: once in a while （有时), heart and soul（全心全意）， back and forth（来来往往地） now and then（不时）等。 这类的短语在英语中数量较大，其中的许多易混淆，而它们常被用来考查学生对词的用法的掌握情况,卷四完型二,so ease perspective because Just to create flexibility realize towards with take recognition responsible out from reflect response national multinational,需要宾语(名词),For companies like IBM, work-life balance initiatives are nothing new. IBMs Paul Hellyer gives his broad _1perspective_on WLB. As a manager, an employee and the father of a teenage son and daughter, IBMs Paul Hellyer has a broad perspective of work-life balance.,不定式后需要动词,He says it is organizations “being willing to think outside the square to _2create_a win-win situation for employees and employers“.,考虑结构,He believes that small and large scale _3responses_ to personnel issues require thinking and communication that is not _4so_ much rule-bound as solutions-orientated.,根据句意语法选用介词,A solutions approach is valid in any workplace. People need to feel that they are individuals _5with_ individual circumstances, says Paul.,注意搭配,“Work-life balance is not about working less, _6just_ differently.“ For Paul this plays out in reality as his company allows him to arrange his time _7taking_ into account other commitments.,句意(名词做主语)+搭配,_8Flexibility_ means being open-minded and creative in addressing employee needs. Paul has found that IBMs solutions approach _9towards_ human resource issues has created a positive workplace culture.,注意搭配,When his own family circumstances led his family _10to_ relocate to Hungary in 2001, he found that the companys broad-minded attitude meant that he was able to continue to work for IBM _11from_ his new location. “Someone in the team said why dont you work from Hungary and we figured _12out_ that could also work for IBM.“,需要形容词和动词,Paul concedes that working for a _13multi-national_ company with technological access is a particular advantage. However he is quick to point out that for every employee simple solutions such as access to a telephone to call family can really _14ease_ the pressure of juggling various commitments.,以此类推,Paul emphasizes that “social activities such as Christmas parties do matter“ as they show a _15recognition_ of peoples wider life outside work. “Work-life balance is not just about formal policies; it is about creating positive solutions which reflect the value of employees and their families.“,Compare:,no more than 与一样不 she is no more pretty than her younger sister. no less than 与一样 she is no less capable than men in business.,对几个特殊形式的情态动词的处理,cannot but （不得不） It is really unbelievable that he succeeded. Those who doubted about him at the beginning cannot but admire him. In the army, when he is called for an military task, an soldier cannot (help) but obey the order. soldier cannot (help) but obey the order.,may as well,You may as well不妨adapt to the new unfavorable situation and try to develop your potential and transform the unfavorable to the favorable,cannottoo 越越好; 随便怎样 都不过分.,Todays exam is very important to me. I cannot be too serious and careful. The significance of the project to the development of the city cannot be too exaggerated.,名词的复数形式 (特殊). .,arm 手臂 arms武器 Content 内容 contents 目录 Brain brains智力 Custom 习俗 customs 海关 Damage 损害 damages赔偿 Fund 基金 funds现款,To be continued,Look 神色 looks容貌 Pain pains辛苦 Quarter 1/4 quarters住所 例:headquarters Spirit 精神 spirits心境 Air 空气 airs装腔作势 Force 力量 forces 军队,Color colors 颜色, 旗帜 (复数形式有多种含义) Effect effects 效果, 财物 (同上) Green草地 greens 蔬菜 Tropic回归线 tropics 热带 Advice 忠告 advices 通知 Particular 项目 particulars 细节,Agreement: 物质名词,物质名词属不可数名词, 一般无复数形式.例如: cheese, copper, iron, coal, bread, chalk 但是: 若表示1)各种类 2)一定(大)数量,范围和程度,也可用复数形式: 表示各种类: We export varieties of teas. 出口各种茶叶 表示一定(大)数量,范围和程度: The sands of the Sahara 撒哈拉沙漠 The waters of the Atlantic 大西洋水域,NOT 在句中的位置,NOT 在动词不定式中的位置: not to do Ill have everything ready so as not to keep you waiting . She is whispering in order not to wake the children. NOT 在完成时不定式中的位置: 在对may（ might, should, can)+have done 结构否定时,放情态动词后, 不定式的完成式前: You might not have met my grandmother. They shouldnt have come.,Not 在分词和动名词结构中的位置,NOT 放分词和动名词前 The purse not having been found, we went to the police. Not having received a reply, he decided to write again. Dont be angry with me for not having written. Not 否定从句的谓语动词: 把 not 直接放到谓语动词前 They insisted that we not eat meat. Its essential ( important) that this mission not fail.,NOT用于双从否定,I shouldnt be surprised if they didnt get married soon. ( =if they got married soon.) 如果他们很快就结婚,我不会感到意外. The tractor didnt miss running over me by more than an inch. ( didnt miss=missed.) 拖拉机差点儿(没)撞到我. 此类句真实含义恰好是去掉NOT后的含义.,notbecause,I didnt leave home because I was afraid of my father. 我并不是因为怕父亲才离开家. Because I was afraid of my father, I didnt leave home. 因为我怕父亲,所以没有离开家. 为一歧义结构. 可译为 不是因为而是 又可译为: 不是因为,not or/ not and ,I didnt like chichen or fish. 我不喜欢吃鸡也不喜欢吃鱼 I didnt like chichen and fish. 我不喜欢既吃鸡有吃鱼. 当逐个否定两个独立事物(事件)时, 要使用: Not A or B 当把两个事物(事件)结为一个整体加以否定时, 要使用: Not A and B = not ( A+B),not so much as,His success is not so much by talent as by energy. 他的成功与其说是由于才能, 不如说是由于精力(充沛). 此句绝不能理解为: 他的成功与才能无关. not so much as 在意义和用法上相当于 less than. 此用法并不是肯定一项而否定另一项, 而是表示两项兼而有之. 此结构常用来表达两种说法的正确程度.,not / so,A: Has the news reached home yet? B: Im afraid not. 恐怕还未 C: Im afraid so. 我想已送到家了. not如so一样, 可代替整个(that)从句. B:句中的not = (that)the news has not reached home.,Examples:,He regreted_your invitation last time. A) not accepted B) having not accepted C) not having accepted * D) not accept A: I must apologize for _ ahead of time. B: it doesnt matter. A) letting you not know B) not letting you know* C) not letting you to know D) letting you not know,Key: c. b,_necessary preparations they thought it better to postpone the meeting till next time. A) Not having made * B) Having not made C) Not making D) Making Helen apologized for _. A) her not being able to come* B) her being not able to come C) her being able not to come D) her being able to not come,Key; a, a,Tony was very unhappy for _ to the party. A) having not been invited B) not having invited C) having not invited D) not having been invited.*,Key; d,A: “ Do you think he will pass the entrance examination?” B: _. A) Im not afraid of that* B) Im not afraid he will C) Im not afraid D) Im afraid not.,Key; a,Ill have my watch repaired, _ late again tomorrow. A) not so as to be B) so not as to be C) so as not to be * D) so as to be not Johns uncle insists_ in this hotel. A) not staying B) not to stay C) that he not stay * D) staying not,Key; c, c,“Was the housemaster strict?” “Yes. He requested that we _ TV on week nights.” A) not watch * B) must not to watch C) not be watching D) have not watched,Key: a,A: Its very kind of you to see me off, Mr. Henry. B: _b_. Its the least we should do. Question: A) thats true. B) not at all C) I dont think so D) dont say so.,Key: b,Idiomatic Expressions: Not half 一点也不 Not that 并不是说: Its not that I disliked him. Not but that 虽然; Hes very strong-not but that hell catch cold sometimes. 虽然他有时患感冒. As soon as not 非常愿意 Not all that 不那么I do not like fish all that much.我不那么喜欢吃鱼,cloze,More than forty thousand readers told us what they looked for in close friendships, what they expected of friends, what they were willing to give in return, and how satisfied they were with the quality of their friendships. The (expectation) give little comfort to social critics.,cloze,Friendship 1 to be a unique form of 2 bonding. 1. A) feels B) leads C) sounds D) appears* 2. A) human* B) mankind C) individual D) civil,1.d 2. a,1. 系动词短语语意辨析. appear to be的意思是“看起来似乎是”。文中 “Friendship appears to be a unique form of human bonding.”一句的意思是“友谊看起来似乎是人们亲密关系的一种独特方式。” 2.形容词语意辨析. human的意思是“人的，由人构成的”。文中“Friendship appears to be a unique form of human bonding.” individual的意思是“个人的”；mankind的意思是“人类的”；civil的意思是“国内的，公民的”。这三项放在文中都不符合逻辑。,cloze,Unlike marriage or the ties that 3 parents and children, it is not defined or regulated by 4 . 3. A) bind* B) attach C) control D) attract 4. A) discipline B) law * C) rule D) regulation,3.a 4. b,3. 动词词义辨析.bind的意思是“束缚，使连接在一起”。常与名词搭配。文中 “Unlike marriage or the ties that bind parents and children,- ” 的意思是“与婚姻及连接父母和子女的纽带不同”。attach的意思是“系，连接”，它常与介词搭配；attract的意思是“吸引”。 4. 名词词义辨析。根据上文中的父母与子女之间的联结关系及常识，在这里应选此项。文中 “- it is not defined or regulated by law.-” 的意思是“友谊不受法律的限定或制约。”。discipline的意思是“纪律”；rule的意思是“规则”；而regulation的意思是“规章制度”。,Unlike other social roles that we are expected to 5 -as citizens, employees, members of professional societies and 6 organizations- 5. A) keep B) do C) show D) play* 6. A) all B) any C) other* D) those,5. d 6. c,5. 固定搭配短语. play与前面的名词role 搭配，形成固定搭配短语play role，。 6. 上下文的逻辑关系。填好的句子 “- as citizens, employees, members of professional societies and other organizations.-” 意思是“如同公民， 雇员以及职业社团和其他组织机构。