句子成分与句子基本类型.ppt

句子成分和 句子的基本类型,句子成分 主谓宾定状补和同位语,主语 (Subject),主语是动作的主体部分 在主动句中：主语是动作的发出者 I teach you English. 在被动句中：主语是动作的承受者 One ticket is drawn by you . 主语一般由名词、代词或数词充当。 Twelve divided by除以four is three.（数词） 主语还可以由从句或动词的非限定形式等充当。 What I want to do is join the party. Smoking is harmful to your health. To learn English is difficult.,谓语 (Predicate),谓语表示一个动作、行为，由动词或词组充当。 I teach you English. 一个句子能不能没有谓语？ -Who is knocking at the door? - Me. 一个句子不能没有谓语。,谓语分类： 1简单谓 2.复合谓语 简单谓语有一个动词或词组构成 My father often comes back late. 复合谓语1.情态动词或助动词+实义动词 2.系动词+表语 I would like to invite you to the party. My school becomes more beautiful and more famous.,宾语 (Object):,分类：1.单宾语、双宾语，复合宾语，同源宾语 双宾（间宾、直宾） 间宾：动作是对谁或为谁做的。直宾：动作的承受者或结果。 You show me your book.,复合宾语：宾语+补语 I saw him cry. We all believe him honest and kind,同源宾语:名词承担的能重复动词的部分或全部意思的宾语。 cry a loud cry dream a nice dream smile a gentle smile sing a sweet song,宾语一般由名词、代词充当。 宾语也可以是一个从句或动词的非限定形式。 He told me that he felt lonely. He likes swimming. He continued to talk.,定语 (Attributive):,作用: 用于修饰、限定名词或代词。 定语一般由形容词充当。 a beautiful girl 定语还可以由名词充当，表用途。 a pencil box,由从句或动词的非谓语形式充当。 Those who want to learn English well should study harder than others. an interesting book a meeting to attend 由副词（词组）或介词（词组）充当。 The man over there The books on the shelf,状语(Adverbial),状语是用于修饰副词、形容词或动词的成分。表示时间、地点、原因、方式、伴随、让步、转折、目的、条件。 状语一般由副词充当。 Those problems are pretty hard.,修饰动词的副词作状语 起到副词作用的修饰动词或者整个句子的成分作状语 My students work hard (adv.). He apologized sincerely.真诚地,修饰形容词的副词作状语 He is mentally（内心上） ill. He is physically （身体上）strong. 介词词组也作状语 I go to work by bus. I work in Guangzhou. Our class begins at 7:30. p.m. 分词短语 Faced with the problem, he never gave up. Teaching English, I learnt a lot.,介词词组、非谓语动词和从句也可以充当状语。 They managed to finish the job before Monday.（介词词组） The old man sat on the bench, enjoying the sun-set.（现在分词词组） As he was leaving the office, it started to rain.（时间状语从句）,补语(Complement),补语是用于补充说明主语或宾语的身份或特征。 补语一般由名词或形容词充当。 I am a teacher. Dont leave me alone.,(主补),(宾补),副词、介词（词组）、动词的非限定形式或从句都可以在系动词后充当补语。 Time is up. (adv.) They are in the classroom. (prep.) The place is where we first met each other. （clause） 副词、介词（词组）或动词的非限定形式也可以充当宾语补足语。 She laid the baby on the bed. (prep.) I saw him rushing into the classroom.,同位语(Appositive),同位语是位于名词或代词后面的个别名词或名词词组，对前者进行补充说明 同位语一般由名词或名词词组充当 The Great Wall, one of the wonders in the world, attracts a large number of foreign friends. 名词性从句也可以充当同位语（修饰抽象名词为多） The news that he went abroad surprised me.,基本句型SVC 主系表结构,谓语动词为连系动词。 系动词： Be动词，keep, remain, stay, lie, prove, stand, seem, appear, look, become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run, feel, smell, sound, taste,表语：用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态，表语常由名词、数词、代词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、-ing分词、-ed分词或从句来充当，它常位于系动词之后。 She was the first to learn about it.,不定式、-ing分词与-ed分词作表语的区别 不定式和-ing分词作表语相当于一个名词作表语，含义是回答主语“是什么”； -ed分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，含义是回答主语“怎么样”。 1.Our plan is to keep the affair secret. 我们的计划是让这件事成为秘密。（主语和表语相等） 2.This beautiful village remains unknown to the rest of the world. 这个美丽的村庄仍未外界所知。（主语和表语不相等）,不定式和动名词作表语的区别 不定式和动名词作表语虽都是用于回答主语“是什么”的，但二者仍有一些区别。 不定式作表语强调的是一次性、具体的、将要发生的动作；动名词作表语强调的是一般性、抽象的、经常发生的动作。 His job is to paint the walls. 他的工作是粉刷这些墙,基本句型SVO SVOA：区别在于A是否必须存在,SVO句型 I love you very much! SVOA句型 I put the bottle on the desk.,基本句型 SVOC,这个基本句型的特点是谓语动词可以接复合宾语结构。 SVOC句型 I saw him rushing out of the room.,基本句型 SVoO,这个基本句型的特点是谓语动词可以接双宾语。 SVoO句型 I gave him the book. I gave the book to him. 辨别直接宾语、间接宾语的依据： 放在介词后的宾语为间接宾语,句子的基本类型,基本句