批判性阅读与写作lecture3-4.ppt

Doctor and Patient,Unit 3,How to Do Critical Reading,Techniques,Techniques for critical reading,What is critical reading Higher level of reading comprehension It involves making inferences and evaluations and making personal judgment on the accuracy, value and truthfulness of what is read,Techniques for critical reading,How to read critically Identifying types of language Making inferences Differentiating facts from opinions Identifying the authors purpose Evaluating source and authority,Techniques for critical reading,Identifying types of language Objective language Subjective language Descriptive language Figurative language,Techniques for critical reading,Identifying types of language Objective language Can also be called informative or factual language Employed to report or describe the events or ideas without any personal involvement The purpose is to present information or facts to the readers Materials that use factual language textbooks, reference books, contracts, phone directories,Techniques for critical reading,Identifying types of language Subjective language Is also called emotive or opinion-based language Used to reveal the writers attitude toward the subject,Techniques for critical reading,Identifying types of language Subjective language Descriptive language helps to create imaginary picture of the object, person or event Figurative language makes comparison between things to help the readers understand the things better,Techniques for critical reading,Example 1 Abortion is technically defined as the expulsion of a fetus from the worm before it is sufficiently to developed survives. Abortion was legalized in the United States in January 1973. the Supreme Court decision stated that prior to the end of the third of pregnancy the decision to have an abortion was solely that of the pregnant woman and her physician. After that stage abortion is permissible if the mothers health is in danger.,Objective Language,Techniques for critical reading,Example 2 Abortion can be defined as taking the life of another human being during its fetal development. The inhumane act of abortion was legalized in the United States in January 1973. The Supreme Court decided that killing a fetus prior to its third month of development was acceptable, but after that point only the self-interest of the mother for her own well-being should allow it to occur.,Subjective Language,Techniques for critical reading,Making inferences What does making inferences mean The purpose of making inferences How to make inferences,Techniques for critical reading,Making inferences What does making inferences mean To draw or guess information or ideas, which are not specifically stated by the author in the reading material It is a reasonable guess based on what the author says,Techniques for critical reading,Example In the mirror John Bell noticed that his hair was graying at the temples. As he picked up the morning paper, he realized that he could no longer see well at all without his glasses. Looking at the hands holding the paper he saw that they were wrinkled.,Inference John Bell is realizing he is aging,Techniques for critical reading,Making inferences The purpose of making inferences Can help you better understand the authors purpose and ideas,Techniques for critical reading,Making inferences How to make inference To understand the literal meaning of the reading material. Only in this way can you go beyond the literal meaning and make reasonable inferences. Ask questions to help formulate the inferences What is the author trying to suggest from the stated information? What do all the facts and ideas point toward? For what purpose does the author include these facts and details? Verify the inference to ensure the accuracy. You may look back at the stated information to be sure that there is sufficient evidence to support your inference.,Techniques for critical reading,Differentiating facts from opinions The importance What is fact and what is opinion,Techniques for critical reading,Differentiating facts from opinions The importance Will not misunderstand an authors point of view Help better understand the reading material Put the information you have read to good use To be a skillful critical reader,Techniques for critical reading,Techniques for critical reading,Differentiating facts from opinions What is fact and what is opinion The fact is the information or a statement that is true, which is expressed in objective language The opinion is what a person thinks or feels about something, which is expressed in subjective language Most reading materials are mixture of facts and opinions, the opinion starts from where the fact end Informed opinions: opinions based on facts,Techniques for critical reading,EXAMPLES A quart is two pints, or 4 cups, or 32 ounces. The term is derived from an Old English word for fourth. It is a fourth of a gallon. Christian Dior was the most outstanding dress designer of the last century. In many areas, Nixons record did look bad.,FACT,OPINION,OPINION,most outstanding? What about coco channel?,Did it look good to others? Bad for whom?,Techniques for critical reading,Differentiating facts from opinions What is fact and what is opinion Some statements cannot be taken for granted as facts just because they are with the following phrases As a matter of fact In fact It is a fact that The fact of the matter is The point is The truth is Example The point is that not everyone should learn a foreign language.,Techniques for critical reading,Exercises: decide when the following statements are facts (F), or opinions (O) or mixture of facts and opinions (F/O) 1. In 1996, men earned an average $32,144 annually, while women earned $23,710 for the same amount of hours worked, according to a report published by the National Committee on Pay Equity. 2. The valuable contribution early childhood programs can make by fostering mental health has been emphasized in recent report by the Joint Commission on the Mental Health of Children.,Techniques for critical reading,Exercises: decide when the following statements are facts (F), or opinions (O) or mixture of facts and opinions (F/O) Healthy marriages are the single strongest antidote to many social ills from poor school performance to teen pregnancy to poverty and crime. The fact is most individuals limit their goals by limiting their knowledge, and they pursue the same humdrum path every day without ever knowing their lives could have been enriched by seeking to learn something about everything.,Identifying the Writers Purpose All writers write for a reason. Three common purposes of writing are: To informto provide readers with information about a topic To persuadeto convince readers to believe a certain viewpoint; to take a certain course of action To entertainto amuse readers in some way,Techniques for critical reading,Identifying the Writers Purpose Some clues to help identify the kind of writing Informational writing features facts and evidence, not opinions or value, or judgments contains dates, statistics or other figures, and/or quotes from experts or witnesses language may include technical jargon, but the vocabulary and sentence structure are often quite simple Persuasive writing features emotional appeals: opinions and arguments; rhetorical questions; evaluating language (good/bad, right/wrong, horrifying/wonderful, etc.) and /or judgmental language (must, should, had better, etc.),Techniques for critical reading,Techniques for critical reading,Identifying the Writers Purpose Some clues to help identify the kind of writing Entertain texts can be very varied They often use rather informal language, simple sentence structure, dialogs, puns and/or figures of speech.,Critical reading requires you:,to evaluate the arguments in the text; to distinguish fact from opinion; to look at arguments given for and against the various claims; to be aware of the writers background, assumptions and purposes.,The following questions may be usefully asked about any text you are reading:,A. Purpose and background Why are you reading this text? What is your purpose? What type of text is it: research report, essay, textbook, book review? What do you know about the subject of the text? What else has been written on the subject of the text? What controversies exist in this area? How does this text fit in?,B. The author and the text Who is the author? What do you know about the author? What authority does the author have? Who is the intended audience? What is the authors purpose? Why has the text been written? What is the source of the text? Is it reputable? Who is the publisher? What reputation do they have? What is the date of publication? Is it appropriate to the argument? What is the writers attitude towards the topic? What conclusions are drawn?,The following questions may be usefully asked about any text you are reading:,C. Evidence used Is there a clear distinction between fact and opinion? Is evidence used to support arguments? How good is the evidence? Are all the points supported? In an experimental study, was the sample size adequate and are the statistics reliable? Are there any unsupported points? Are they well-known facts or generally accepted opinions? How does the writer use other texts and other peoples ideas? Are the writers conclusions reasonable in the light of the evidence presented? How do the conclusions relate to other similar research?,The following questions may be usefully asked about any text you are reading:,D. Assumptions made What assumptions has the writer made? Are they valid? What beliefs or values does the writer hold? Are they explicit? Look at the language that is used, e.g. active/passive verbs, nominalisations, pronouns, ergative verbs, articles, etc. Is it always possible to identify participants and processes? Look for emphatic words: it is obvious, definitely and of course. Look for hedges: possible, might, perhaps. Look for emotional arguments, use of maximisers: completely, absolutely, entirely, or minimisers: only, just, hardly, simply, merely. How else could the text have been written?,The following questions may be usefully asked about any text you are reading:,Have a practice!,Interpretive reading activity Scan “Patient Violence against Health Care Professionals” and answer the questions on P40. Underline the medical expressions in the text. Time: 5 min,Have a practice!,Critical reading activity Read “Patient Violence against Health Care Professionals” closely and ask questions about the text in the four aspects suggested. Try to use the skills introduced just now. Share the questions you ask with your groupmates. Then cooperate to find the answers to your questions. Time: 20min,Match the medical terms with their Chinese version.,medicolegal report neurosurgeon forceps psychiatrist custodial staff psychiatric resident surgical resident internal medicine resident complaint schizophrenia Intramuscular outpatient Emergency department (ED),看护人员 内科住院医生 精神科医师 神经外科医生 医用钳 法医报告 诉求 精神科住院医生 门诊病人 急诊科 肌注的 外科住院医生 精神分裂症,Assignment,Apply critical reading techniques to the readings of “Doctor-Patient Relationship”. Review the medical expressions in unit 2(reading A & B) and get ready for the quiz next week. Prepare for the information analysis and critical thinking activities.,Information analysis and critical thinking activities,1. Search information from other sources and make a presentation about how to protect doctors from different kinds of medical violence. 2. Search information from other sources to find out one of the most influential medical violence cases that happened in China and make a presentation about how it happened and what can be learned from the accident.,Information analysis and critical thinking activities,Analyze two medical cases and discuss about the behaviors of the doctors. If you were the doctor, what would you do in these situation. Make a scenario about the cases and your comments. 3. Case 1: A pregnant woman was sent to the hospital for serious pneumonia but it turned out she needed cesarean immediately to save both the child and herself. After being informed of the unexpected situation, her husband refused to sign the Operation Agreement. Without the approval of the husband, the doctor darent give the operation and therefore the woman