《信息技术与应用导论》(第7版 影印版)-ch1 overview-The Foundation for Your Future

,信息技术与应用导论,Computers, communications, and information,Chapter 1 Overview :The Foundation for Your Future,the first lesson,,Company Logo,Main Contents,1.1 Who is the user? Mostly the people like you. 1.2 The importance of becoming computer literate and computer competent. 1.3 What is a computer-based information system? 1.4 computer hardware,,Company Logo,Key termsp1.27,binary digit 二进制位 binary number system 二进制数字系统 bit 位 byte 字节 communications 通信,,Company Logo,Key termsp1.28,communications hardware 通信硬件 computer 计算机 computer-based information system 计算机信息系统 computer competency 计算机能力,,Company Logo,Key termsp1.28-p1.29,computer literacy计算机文化 computer professional 计算机专业人员 CPU-Central Processing Unit 中央处理单元 data 数据 deit digital 数字的,,Company Logo,Key termsp1.29-p1.30,hardware 硬件 h:dw information 信息 input hardware 输入硬件 keyboard 键盘 memory 存储器，内存,,Company Logo,Key termsP1.30-p1.31,mouse 鼠标 output hardware 输出硬件 people 人 procedures prsi:dz 说明书，指导书 peripheral device 外设,,Company Logo,Key termsP1.31-p1.32,processing hardware 处理硬件 scanner 扫描仪 software sftw软件 storage hardware 存储硬件 system unit 主机 user 用户,,Company Logo,1.1 Who is the user? Mostly people like you,Key Question: What is the difference between a computer professional and a computer user?,A computer professional is a person who has a certain amount of experience and/or at least a twoyear degree in the technical aspects of using computers.,,Company Logo,1.1 Who is the user? Mostly people like you,The user is a person perhaps like yourselfsomeone without much technical knowledge of computers but who uses or wants to use computers to perform work-related or personal tasks ,enhance learning and productivity , or have fun.,Key Question: What is the difference between a computer professional and a computer user?,,Company Logo,1.2 The importance of becoming CL and CC,Key Question: What does it mean to become computer literate and computer competent?,Computer Literacy is having an understanding of what a computer is and how it can be used as a resource .,Computer Competency is applying your skill with computers to meet your information needs and improve your productivity. Also means being able to transfer basic skills to new systems and new software.,,Company Logo,Pig farmers use computers to record pigs weights , eating patterns , age , and so on.,,Company Logo,A water inspector is using a laptop computer to record amounts of chemicals in water samples.,,Company Logo,1.3 What is a Computer-Based Information System,Key Question: What are the six elements of a computer-based information system?,,Company Logo,1.3 What is a Computer-Based Information System,,Company Logo,Hardware,Hardware means simply the physical equipment .The hardware can not be use until it is connected to other elements.,,Company Logo,Software,Software is the term used to describe the instructions that tell the hardware how to perform a task .Without software , the hardware is useless.,,Company Logo,Data/Information,The primary purpose of computer system is to transform data into information that can be used.,,Company Logo,Data/Information,Data consists of the raw facts and figures that are processed into information. Information is summarized data or otherwise manipulated data.,,Company Logo,People,The most important component operate the computer hardware create and use the computer software face ethical issues and decisions regarding the use of information technology . enter the data and use the information the system generates . follow certain procedures when using the hardware and software.,,Company Logo,Procedures,Procedures are descriptions of how things are done ,steps for accomplishing a result. Also called documentation manuals, reference manuals ,user guides,,Company Logo,Communications,Communications(connectivity) are the manner in which the various individual systems are connected.,,Company Logo,1.4 Computer Hardware,Key Question: What are the five categories of computer hardware?,,Company Logo,Input Hardware,Function:accept data and convert it into a form suitable for computer processing. Examples: keyboard, mouse, scanners, microphones, digital camera,,Company Logo,Processing and Memory hardware,Function:The computers control center; the memory supports processing. Examples:CPU; memory,,Company Logo,Output Hardware,Function:provide the user with the means to view and use information produced by the computer system. Examples: monitors, speakers, printers etc.,,Company Logo,Secondary Storage Hardware,Function:store software and data in a form that is relatively perma-nent, or nonvolatile. Examples:magnetic disk,optical disk, tape, USB flash drive, portable/movable hard disk,,Company Logo,Communications Hardware,Function: facilitate（推动，促进） the connections between computers and between groups of connected computers called networks; Share resources; extend the computers range and utility. Examples: modem, switch, router,the second lesson,,Company Logo,review,字节 计算机 数据 硬件 存储器 说明书，指导书 软件 主机 CPU,,Company Logo,Main contents,1.5 Computer Software 1.6 Types of Computer Systems: Whats the difference? 1.7 Milestones in Computer Development 1.8 Computing Trends: Connectivity, Interactivity ,and Digital convergence,,Company Logo,key terms-p1.27-p1.29,applications software 应用软件 computer online service 计算机在线服务 connectivity 连通性，计算机互联 database 数据库,,Company Logo,key termsp1.29-p1.30,digital convergence 数字集成 e-mail 电子邮件 IC-Integrated Circuit 集成电路intigreitid interactivity 交互 Internet 因特网,,Company Logo,key terms p1.30,LAN-Local Area Network 局域网 mainframe computer 大型机 microcomputer 微机 microcontroller 微控制器 multimedia 多媒体,,Company Logo,key termsp1.30-p1.31,server 服务器 supercomputer 巨型机 system software 系统软件 work station 工作站 WWW-World Wide Web 万维网,,Company Logo,1.5 Computer Software,Software is made up of a group of related programs written in a specific code called a programming language and based on the computers language of 0s and 1s. In turn, each program is made up of a group of related instructions that perform specific processing tasks.,Key Question: What is software and what are two categories of software?,,Company Logo,1.5 Computer Software,Software acquired to perform a general business function is often referred to as a software package. Software is usually created by professional software programmers and comes on disk, CD-ROM, or online, across the Internet.,Key Question: What is software and what are two categories of software?,,Company Logo,1.5 Computer Software,Software can generally be divided into two categories: System Software Applications Software,Key Question: What is software and what are two categories of software?,,Company Logo,System Software：The Computers Boss,Definition:Software designed to manage its own resources and run the hardware and basic operations is called system software. Runs the basic operations;lets the CPU communicate with the keyboard,the screen,the printer and the disk driver. Does not solve specific problems Example:DOS,Windows,Unix, linux.,,Company Logo,Applications Software:The Servant,Definition: Applications software is software that performs tasks to directly benefit or assist the user. Applications software allows you to increase your productivity and creativity in ways simply not possible without it. Example: programs that do word processing, desktop publishing, payroll processing or animation.,,Company Logo,1.6 Types of Computer Systems:Whats the Difference,Key Question: What five categories can be used to describe computers?,Supercomputers,Mainframe computers,Workstations,Microcomputers,Microcontrollers,,Company Logo,Supercomputers,Fastest,highest-capacity computers; high cost; occupy special air-conditioned room; have hundreds to thousands of processors and can perform trillions of calculations per second. Used for research: weather forecasting and analysis of weather phenomena, oil exploration, aircraft design, etc.,,Company Logo,关于超级计算机,超级计算机是指“在给定时间内可提供最大、最快和最强能力的大容量大型计算机”。类似词汇还有高性能计算机、高端计算机等。 超级计算是解决国家经济建设、社会发展、科学进步、国家安全和国防建设等领域一系列重大挑战性问题的重要手段，是国家综合国力、科技竞争力和信息化建设能力的重要体现，已经成为世界各国争夺的战略制高点。,,Company Logo,关于超级计算机,1993年，德国曼海姆大学汉斯、埃里克等人发起创建了全球超级计算机TOP500排名榜。TOP500目前由德国曼海姆大学、美国田纳西大学、美国能源研究科学计算中心（NERSC）以及劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室联合举办，每年排名两次，已发展成为全世界最具权威的超级计算机排名榜，是衡量各国超级计算水平的最重要的参考依据。,,Company Logo,TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS,/,,Company Logo,德国当地时间6月18日，ISC12国际超级计算机大会公布了2012年最新超算Top500排行榜单，美国的“红杉”凭借16.32千万亿次/秒的浮点运算速度成为全球最快的超算系统，去年排名全球Top500第一的日本“K”退居第二。中国的两套系统“天河-1A”和深圳的“星云”位列分居第五和第十位，同时中国凭借68套上榜总数成为仅次于美国的第二大超算国家。,,Company Logo,,Company Logo,,Company Logo,1. 红杉(Sequoia)超级计算机，美国，劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室,红杉包含96个机架、98304个计算节点、160万个处理器核心和1.6 PB内存，按Linpack基准测试显示，运算能力创下了令人叹为观止的新记录：每秒16.32千万亿次浮点运算。美国国家核安全管理局使用红杉来研究美国核威慑武器的安全性和可靠性，因而不需要进行地下试验。,,Company Logo,2. K超级计算机，日本，日本理化学研究所高级计算科学研究所(AICS),K计算机安装在日本神户的理化学研究所高级计算科学研究所，按Linpack基准测试显示，它使用705024个SPARC64处理核心，性能达到了惊人的每秒10.51千万亿次浮点运算。K计算机是率先达到每秒10千万亿次浮点运算这一性能水平的超级计算机。K计算机曾在2011年6月和2011年11月两次占据榜首。,,Company Logo,3. 米拉(Mira)超级计算机，美国，伊利诺伊州阿尔贡国家实验室,该图显示了支持阿尔贡国家实验室米拉超级计算机的线缆米拉有48个机架和786432个处理器，重达104吨。它比阿尔贡国家实验室现有的系统：无畏者(Intrepid)要快20倍，能效高出5倍。等它全面投入实际应用环境后，每年可以为使用米拉的科学家分配50多亿个计算小时。,,Company Logo,4. SuperMUC超级计算机，德国，慕尼黑莱布尼兹超级计算中心,莱布尼兹超级计算中心(LRZ)新的SuperMUC系统采用拥有150000多个处理器核心的IBM System x iDataPlex直接水冷式dx360 M4服务器制造而成，提供了高达每秒3千万亿次浮点运算的峰值性能，这相当于110000多台个人计算机的处理能力。IBM表示，这是世界上第一个商用的热水冷却式超级计算机。SuperMUC系统是欧洲运行速度最快的计算机，将用于推动一系列广泛的研究项目：模拟人工心脏瓣膜后面的血流、设计飞行时更安静的飞机，以及探索地球物理领域的新领域(包括进一步认识地震)。,,Company Logo,5. 天河-1A，中国，天津国家超级计算中心,天河一号A则基于NUDT YH Cluster集群，硬件上配备了Intel Xeon X5670 2.93GHz六核心处理器(32nm Westmere-EP)、我国自主研发的飞腾FT-1000八核心处理器、NVIDIA Tesla M2050高性能计算卡、224TB内存、专有互连架构、Linux操作系统，总计186368个核心，Linpack最大性能2.566PFlops(每秒千万亿次浮点运算)、峰值性能4.701PFlops，系统效率54.6。天河-1A曾是截至2010年11月世界上功能最强大的超级计算机。位于中国天津的国家超级计算机中心的天河-1A系统在最近这次调查中排在了第五位，达到每秒2.57千万亿次浮点运算的性能水平。,,Company Logo,关于天河1号首次装上“中国芯”,“天河一号” 采用了国防科技大学自主研制的高速互连芯片，芯片性能是目前国际高端商用产品的两倍以上，使得CPU之间的通信速度大幅提升；中央处理器也首次部分采用了我们自主研制的飞腾-1000芯片。”,,Company Logo,关于天河1号操作系统,“天河一号”的操作系统软件是国防科技大学自主研制的“麒麟操作系统”，这是目前国内安全等级最高的操作系统。 用户使用“麒麟操作系统”可定制自己的“私密”工作空间，就像租用了银行的保险箱一样，钥匙和密钥都在用户手上，其他用户甚至系统管理员都不能访问，这样就保证了用户数据和程序的安全性。,,Company Logo,关于天河1号应用,经过审查与论证，天大分中心已正式开通了10个高校账号，除天津大学校内科研团队外，还包括中科院紫金山天文台、清华大学和北京大学的各1个账号。其中，中科院紫金山天文台将利用“天河一号”进行“宇宙大尺度结构模拟”实验。“天河一号”的超强计算能力可模拟出宇宙演化的过程，星云之间的关系以及宇宙发展趋势等。,,Company Logo,6. JAGUAR, 美国，橡树岭国家实验室,,Company Logo,7.费米(Fermi)超级计算机，意大利，Cineca超级计算中心,,Company Logo,8、JuQueen，德国，于利希研究中心,,Company Logo,9.居里(Curie)超级计算机，法国，原子能委员会(CEA),,Company Logo,10.星云(Nebulae)，中国深圳,星云超级计算机位于深圳的中国国家超级计算中心，其性能达到了每秒1.271千万亿次浮点运算，整体排名第十位。星云采用配备英特尔X5650处理器和英伟达图睿C2050图形处理器(GPU)的曙光TC3600刀片系统制造而成。,,Company Logo,Mainframe Computers,Still fast, mid- to large-size,large capacity; less powerful than supercomputers also have many processors used by many banks, airlines, insurance companies, universities etc.,,Company Logo,关于大型机,大型机，或者称大型主机，使用专用的处理器指令集、操作系统和应用软件。 大型机一词，最初是指装在非常大的带框铁盒子里的大型计算机系统，以用来同小一些的迷你机和微型机有所区别。 大多数时候它是指system/360 开始的一系列的IBM计算机。这个词也可以用来指由其他厂商，如Amdahl, Hitachi Data Systems (HDS) 制造的兼容的系统。,,Company Logo,关于大型机,目前生产大型主机的企业有IBM和UNISYS 。IBM生产的大型机在其服务器产品线中被列为Z系列。该系列服务器的主机通常为一个大机柜，通过原生和虚拟方式可运行多种操作系统，其中最典型的操作系统是IBM大型机的专用文字界面操作系统Z/OS。 SUN公司和HP公司不生产一般意义上的大型主机,但生产性能和用途类似于IBM大型主机的高端UNIX服务器,这些服务器通常称作为大型机级服务器。,,Company Logo,大型主机和超级计算机(旧称巨型机)的主要区别,1.大型主机使用专用指令系统和操作系统,超级计算机使用通用处理器及UNIX或类UNIX操作系统(如linux)。 2.大型主机长于非数值计算(数据处理),超级计算机长于数值计算(科学计算)。 3.大型主机主要用于商业领域,如银行和电信,而超级计算机用于尖端科学领域,特别是国防领域。 4.大型主机大量使用冗余等技术确保其安全性及稳定性,所以内部结构通常有两套。而超级计算机使用大量处理器,通常由多个机柜组成。 5.为了确保兼容性,大型主机的部分技术较为保守。,,Company Logo,10月12日消息，近日，IBM推出zEnterprise EC12，这是48年来一直作为企业计算核心的IBM系统中最强大、技术最先进的版本。 IBM zEC12是IBM系统与科技部在纽约州波基普西和全球其他17个IBM实验室中超过10亿美元研发投入的成果。该项目还得到一些IBM顶级客户的协作支持才得以问世。 全新IBM大型主机是有史以来最安全的企业级系统之一 ，其内置的安全特性能够满足不同行业客户的安全和合规要求。通过运营分析以及接近实时工作负载监测和分析，客户可将新zEC12用于各种工作负载，包括在混合云中，充分发挥其比上一代系统每核性能25%的提升、总系统容量50%的提升和高达5.5 GHz的世界最快芯片运行速度 的优势。,,Company Logo,Workstations,Expensive, powerful desktop computers used mainly by engineers,scientists for sophisticated purpose often connected to a larger computer system to facilitate the transfer of data and information,,Company Logo,关于工作站,工作站，英文名称为Workstation，是一种以个人计算机和分布式网络计算为基础，主要面向专业应用领域，具备强大的数据运算与图形、图像处理能力，为满足工程设计、动画制作、科学研究、软件开发、金融管理、信息服务、模拟仿真等专业领域而设计开发的高性能计算机。,,Company Logo,,Company Logo,,Company Logo,Microcomputers,Also called personal computers. small enough to fit next to a desk or on a desktop, or can be carried around.,,Company Logo,Microcontrollers,Embedded,dedicated or hidden computers are tiny computers installed in “smart” appliances dedicated to performing a restricted number of tasks,,Company Logo,关于微控制器,微控制器是将微型计算机的主要部分集成在一个芯片上的单芯片微型计算机。微控制器诞生于20世纪70年代中期，经过20多年的发展，其成本越来越低，而性能越来越强大，这使其应用已经无处不在，遍及各个领域。例如电机控制、条码阅读器扫描器、消费类电子、游戏设备、电话、中央空调、楼宇安全与门禁控制、工业控制与自动化和白色家电(洗衣机、微波炉)等。,,Company Logo,恩智浦的LPC4000 微控制器,LPC4000系列控制器是全球首次采用ARM Cortex-M4和Cortex-M0双核架构的非对称数字信号控制器。 LPC4000可以帮助客户实现多种开发应用，比如：马达控制、电源管理、工业自动化、机器人、医疗、汽车配件和嵌入式音频。,,Company Logo,server,Not a size of computer but rather a particular way in which a computer is used. A server, or network server, is a central computer that holds collections of data and programs for many PCs,work stations, and other computers,which are called clients.,,Company Logo,关于服务器,服务器是网络上一种为客户端计算机提供各种服务的高可用性计算机，它在网络操作系统的控制下，将与其相连的硬盘、磁带、打印机、Modem及各种专用通讯设备提供给网络上的客户站点共享，也能为网络用户提供集中计算、信息发表及数据管理等服务。,,Company Logo,服务器与个人 电脑,服务器与个人电脑的功能相类似，均是帮助人类处理信息的工具，只是二者的定位不同，个人电脑是为满足个人的多功能需要而设计的，而服务器是为满足众多用户同时在其上处理数据而设计的。而多人如何同时使用同一台服务器呢?这只能通过网络互联，来帮助达到这一共同使用的目的。,,Company Logo,服务器与个人 电脑,服务器可以用来搭建网页服务(我们平常上网所看到的网页页面的数据就是存储在服务器上供人访问的)、邮件服务(我们发的所有电子邮件都需要经过服务器的处理、发送与接收)、文件共享&打印共享服务、数据库服务等。而这所有的应用都有一个共同的特点，他们面向的都不是一个人，而是众多的人，同时处理的是众多的数据。所以服务器与网络是密不可分的。 离开了网络，就没有服务器；服务器是为提供服务而生，只有在网络环境下它才有存在的价值。而个人电脑完全可以在单机的情况下完成主人的数据处理任务。,,Company Logo,,Company Logo,,Company Logo,1.7 Milestones in Computer Development,Key Question: Through what generations have computers developed?,First Generation,Second Generation,Third Generation,Fourth Generation,,Company Logo,1.8 Connectivity Interactivity,&Digital Convergence,Key Question: what is.? How affect us?,,Company Logo,1. What is connectivity?,the ability to connect computers, telephones, and other devices to other computers, devices, and sources of information. is the foundation of the Information Age.,,Company Logo,What activities has connectivity made possible?,e-mail Telecommuting online shopping and e-comm