关于会计的英文文献原文(带中文翻译).doc

The Optimization Method of Financial Statements Based on Accounting Management Theory ABSTRACT This paper develops an approach to enhance the reliability and usefulness of financial statements. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) was fundamentally flawed by fair value accounting and asset-impairment accounting. According to legal theory and accounting theory, accounting data must have legal evidence as its source document. The conventional “mixed attribute” accounting system should be replaced by a “segregated” system with historical cost and fair value being kept strictly apart in financial statements. The proposed optimizing method will significantly enhance the reliability and usefulness of financial statements.I. INTRODUCTION Based on international-accounting-convergence approach, the Ministry of Finance issued the Enterprise Accounting Standards in 2006 taking the International Financial Reporting Standards (hereinafter referred to as “the International Standards”) for reference. The Enterprise Accounting Standards carries out fair value accounting successfully, and spreads the sense that accounting should reflect market value objectively. The objective of accounting reformation following-up is to establish the accounting theory and methodology which not only use international advanced theory for reference, but also accord with the needs of Chinas socialist market economy construction. On the basis of a thorough evaluation of the achievements and limitations of International Standards, this paper puts forward a stand that to deepen accounting reformation and enhance the stability of accounting regulations.II. OPTIMIZATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS SYSTEM: PARALLELING LISTING OF LEGAL FACTS AND FINANCIAL EXPECTATION As an important management activity, accounting should make use of information systems based on classified statistics, and serve for both micro-economic management and macro-economic regulation at the same time. Optimization of financial statements system should try to take all aspects of the demands of the financial statements in both macro and micro level into account. Why do companies need to prepare financial statements? Whose demands should be considered while preparing financial statements? Those questions are basic issues we should consider on the optimization of financial statements. From the perspective of public interests, reliability and legal evidence are required as qualitative characters, which is the origin of the traditional historical cost accounting. From the perspective of private interest, security investors and financial regulatory authorities hope that financial statements reflect changes of market prices timely recording objective market conditions. This is the origin of fair value accounting. Whether one set of financial statements can be compatible with these two different views and balance the public interest and private interest? To solve this problem, we design a new balance sheet and an income statement. From 1992 to 2006, a lot of new ideas and new perspectives are introduced into Chinas accounting practices from international accounting standards in a gradual manner during the accounting reform in China. These ideas and perspectives enriched the understanding of the financial statements in China. These achievements deserve our full assessment and should be fully affirmed. However, academia and standard-setters are also aware that International Standards are still in the process of developing .The purpose of proposing new formats of financial statements in this paper is to push forward the accounting reform into a deeper level on the basis of international convergence.III. THE PRACTICABILITY OF IMPROVING THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS SYSTEM Whether the financial statements are able to maintain their stability? It is necessary to mobilize the initiatives of both supply-side and demand-side at the same time. We should consider whether financial statements could meet the demands of the macro-economic regulation and business administration, and whether they are popular with millions of accountants.Accountants are responsible for preparing financial statements and auditors are responsible for auditing. They will benefit from the implementation of the new financial statements. Firstly, for the accountants, under the isolated design of historical cost accounting and fair value accounting, their daily accounting practice is greatly simplified. Accounting process will not need assets impairment and fair value any longer. Accounting books will not record impairment and appreciation of assets any longer, for the historical cost accounting is comprehensively implemented. Fair value information will be recorded in accordance with assessment only at the balance sheet date and only in the annual financial statements. Historical cost accounting is more likely to be recognized by the tax authorities, which saves heavy workload of the tax adjustment. Accountants will not need to calculate the deferred income tax expense any longer, and the profit-after-tax in the solid line table is acknowledged by the Company Law, which solves the problem of determining the profit available for distribution.Accountants do not need to record the fair value information needed by security investors in the accounting books; instead, they only need to list the fair value information at the balance sheet date. In addition, because the data in the solid line table has legal credibility, so the legal risks of accountants can be well controlled. Secondly, the arbitrariness of the accounting process will be reduced, and the auditors review process will be greatly simplified. The independent auditors will not have to bear the considerable legal risk for the dotted-line table they audit, because the risk of fair value information has been prompted as not supported by legal evidences. Accountants and auditors can quickly adapt to this financial statements system, without the need of training. In this way, they can save a lot of time to help companies to improve management efficiency. Surveys show that the above design of financial statements is popular with accountants and auditors. Since the workloads of accounting and auditing have been substantially reduced, therefore, the total expenses for auditing and evaluation will not exceed current level as well. In short, from the perspectives of both supply-side and demand-side, the improved financial statements are expected to enhance the usefulness of financial statements, without increase the burden of the supply-side.IV. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS The current rule of mixed presentation of fair value data and historical cost data could be improved. The core concept of fair value is to make financial statements reflect the fair value of assets and liabilities, so that we can subtract the fair value of liabilities from assets to obtain the net fair value. However, the current International Standards do not implement this concept, but try to partly transform the historical cost accounting, which leads to mixed using of impairment accounting and fair value accounting. Chinas accounting academic research has followed up step by step since 1980s, and now has already introduced a mixed-attributes model into corporate financial statements. By distinguishing legal facts from financial expectations, we can balance public interests and private interests and can redesign the financial statements system with enhancing management efficiency and implementing higher-level laws as main objective. By presenting fair value and historical cost in one set of financial statements at the same time, the statements will not only meet the needs of keeping books according to domestic laws, but also meet the demand from financial regulatory authorities and security investors We hope that practitioners and theorists offer advices and suggestions on the problem of improving the financial statements to build a financial statements system which not only meets the domestic needs, but also converges with the International Standards. 基于会计管理理论的财务报表的优化方法摘要 本文提供了一个方法，以提高财务报表的可靠性和实用性。国际财务报告准则（IFRS）的根本缺陷是公平价值核算和资产减值核算。根据法律理论和会计理论，会计数据必须具有作为其源文件的法律证据。传统的“混合属性的“会计制度应改为一个“独立“的历史成本和公允价值被严格分开的财务报表系统。本文建议的优化方法将大大提高财务报表的可靠性和实用性。一引言 根据国际会计衔接办法，财政部发布2006年企业会计标准的情况，以供参考国际财务报告准则（以下简称国际标准）。在企业会计准则公平价值核算成功扩展的意义上，会计核算应当客观地反映市场价值。会计改革的目标是建立会计后续的理论与方法,使用国际先进理论的借鉴不仅是必要的,也符合我国社会主义市场经济建设的需要。在已获得的成果和国际标准的局限性进行全面评估的基础上，提出了一种立场，以深化会计改革和加强会计法规的稳定性。二优化系统的财务报表：法律事实与财务展望并联上市 作为一种重要的管理活动，会计上应根据分类统计信息系统的使用，全心全意为微观经济管理，并在同一时间宏观调控。财务报表的系统优化应尽量使自己考虑宏观和微观层面的财务报表的要求的所有方面。 为什么企业需要编制财务报表？谁的要求应该考虑编制在财务报表内？这些问题是基本问题，我们应该考虑对财务报表的优化。从法律的角度考察“公共利益”、可靠性和法定证据中需要定性的特点，是传统的“历史成本会计“的由来。从“私人利益”来看，证券投资者和金融监管当局希望财务报表反映市场价格，及时记录“客观”的市场条件的变化。这是“公平价值会计“的由来。一套财务报表是否能够匹配这两种不同的观点和平衡公共利益与私人利益?为了解决这个问题，我们设计了一个新的资产负债表和损益表。 从1992年到2006年,大量的新思路、新观点被引进到中国的会计实践,国际会计准则在中国的会计改革中渐变。这些思想和观点丰富了对中国的财务报表的理解。这些成就值得我们充分评估，并应予以充分肯定。然而，学术界和标准制定者也知道，国际标准仍然在发展中。文中提出的财务报表会计改革新格式的目的，是推进到一个关于国际趋同的更深层次的基础上。3 提高系统财务报表的实用性 财务报表是否能够保持其稳定性呢？在同一时间要动员供应方和需求方的积极性。我们应该考虑是否能满足财务报表的宏观经济调控和企业管理的要求，并且是否受数以百万计的会计师的欢迎。会计