（浙江专用）2020版高考英语一轮复习专题九主旨要义阅读课件.pptx

专题九 主旨要义阅读,高考英语 (浙江专用),A组 自主命题浙江卷题组,五年高考,Passage 1(2019浙江6月,C)词数:305 California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素). The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46,000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent. Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead au- thor of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源).,But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one be- tween 2001 and 2010,McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development. The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rain- fall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪). Since the 1930s,McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been ris- ing temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which re- duces the water supply available to trees during the dry season. 1.What is the second paragraph mainly about? A.The seriousness of big-tree loss in California. B.The increasing variety of California big trees. C.The distribution of big trees in California forests. D.The influence of farming on big trees in California.,2.Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees? A.Ecological studies of forests. B.Banning woodcutting. C.Limiting housing development. D.Fire control measures. 3.What is a major cause of the water shortage according to McIntyre? A.Inadequate snowmelt. B.A longer dry season. C.A warmer climate. D.Dampness of the air. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A.Californias Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone? B.Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon C.Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests? D.Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California,答案 语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。主题语境为人与自然,主题语境内容是人与植物。文章的 主要内容是关于加利福尼亚大树死亡的原因分析。文章侧重于培养学生有关自然环境、人 类生存与环境的关系方面的素养。 1.A 推理判断题。本题题干意为:文章第二段的主要内容是什么?文章第二段用比较详实的 数据陈述了加利福尼亚大树死亡的严重情况。因此A项(加利福尼亚大树死亡的严重情况)符 合题意。B:加利福尼亚大树多样性的增加;C:加利福尼亚森林中大树的分布;D:农业对加利福 尼亚大树的影响。 2.D 推理判断题。本题题干意为:下面哪种措施用意良好,但对大树有可能是有害的?根据文 章第三段中的 “Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources.”(激进的野火控制使得加利福尼亚的森林里挤满了 小树,而这些小树会与大树争夺资源)可知,控制野火的用意是好的,但是,似乎对大树并不好,故 D项(火的控制措施)正确。A:森林的生态研究;B:树木砍伐禁令;C:限制住房开发。,3.C 细节理解题。本题题干意为:根据McIntyre的说法, 缺水的主要原因是什么?根据文章最 后一段可知,McIntyre认为自从20世纪30年代以来,缺水的主要原因是温度的上升。所以C项 (更热的气候)符合题意。A:融雪不足;B:更长的旱季;D:空气潮湿。 4.A 主旨要义题。本题题干意为:本文合适的标题是什么?本文的主要内容是加利福尼亚大 树死亡原因的分析。文章的核心信息是California, big trees, loss。因此A项是比较合适的题 目,包括了文章的核心信息。B:加利福尼亚将很快禁止砍伐大树;C:为什么大树对加利福尼亚 森林是重要的?;D:Patrick McIntyre: 在加利福尼亚种更多的大树。 高考热词 decline v.下降 contribute to 促成,造成 ecologist n.生态学家 aggressive adj.激进的,具有侵略性的 water shortage 水资源缺乏 available adj.可以使用的,可获得的,长难句 原句:But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development. 分析:句子的主干是McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees。 in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 200 1 and 2010是介词结构作状语。that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development是定语从句。 译文:但是,在将20世纪20年代和30年代对加利福尼亚森林的研究与2001年至2010年的另一项 研究进行比较时,McIntyre和他的同事们记录了一场大范围的大树死亡,这种现象甚至在禁止 砍伐和开发以对其进行保护的荒地也很明显。,ing that all manner of different clothes probably affect our cognition in many different ways. This opens the way for all sorts of clothes-based experiments. Is the writer who wears a fedora more creative? Is the psychologist wearing little round glasses and smoking a cigar more insight- ful? Does a chefs hat make the resultant food taste better? From now on I will only be editing articles for PsyBlog while wearing a white coat to help keep the typing error count low. Hopefully you will be doing your part by reading PsyBlog in a cap and gown(学位服). 1.What is the main idea of the text? A.Body movements change the way people think. B.How people dress has an influence on their feelings. C.What people wear can affect their cognitive performance. D.People doing different jobs should wear different clothes.,2.Adam and Galinskys experiment tested the effect of clothes on their wearers . A.Insights B.movements C.attention D.appearance 3.How does the author sound in the last paragraph? A.Academic. B.Humorous. C.Formal. D.Hopeful.,答案 语篇解读 本文是一篇科普说明文。研究证明,人们穿的衣服会影响其认知能力。 1.C 主旨要义题。本文的主要内容就是介绍实验研究证明,人们的穿着会影响人的认知能 力。因此选C。 A 项主题错误,其主语是body movements而非the clothes they wear。B 项对象 错误,其宾语是feelings而非recognition。D项的意思是“人们做不同的工作应该穿不同的衣 服”,偏离了文章的主旨。 2.C 细节理解题。根据文章第三段可知,这两位科学家研究的是衣服对穿戴者的注意力的影 响。 3.B 推理判断题。最后一段,作者调侃“下次,我审校PsyBlog稿件时就穿白色的衣服,而你在 读PsyBlog时应该穿着学位服”。从这里可以看出,作者是以幽默的口气说的。,Passage 3 (2017浙江6月,A)词数: 320 Benjamin West, the father of American painting, showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age. But he did not know about brushes before a visitor told him he needed one. In those days, a brush was made from camel;s hair. There were no camels nearby. Benjamin decided that cat hair would work instead. He cut some fur from the family cat to make a brush. The brush did not last long. Soon Benjamin needed more fur. Before long, the cat began to look ragged(蓬乱). His father said that the cat must be sick. Benjamin was forced to admit what he had been doing. The cats lot was about to improve. That year, one of Benjamins cousins, Mr. Pennington, came to visit. He was impressed with Benjamins drawings. When he went home, he sent Benjamin a box of paint and some brushes. He also sent six engravings(版画) by an artist. These were the first pictures and first real paint and brushes Benjamin had ever seen. In 1747, when Benjamin was nine years old, Mr. Pennington returned for another visit. He was a- mazed at what Benjamin had done with his gift. He asked Benjamins parents if he might take the,boy back to Philadelphia for a visit. In the city, Mr. Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings. The boy began a landscape(风景)painting. William Williams, a well-known painter, came to see him work. Williams was impressed with Benjamin and gave him two classic books on painting to take home. The books were long and dull. Benjamin could read only a little, having been a poor student. But he later said, “Those two books were my companions by day, and under my pillow at night.” While it is likely that he understood very little of the books, they were his introduction to classical paintings. The nine-year-old boy decided then that he would be an artist. 1.What is the text mainly about? A.Benjamins visit to Philadelphia. B.Williams influence on Benjamin. C.The beginning of Benjamins life as an artist. D.The friendship between Benjamin and Pennington.,2.What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 suggest? A.The cat would be closely watched. B.The cat would get some medical care. C.Benjamin would leave his home shortly. D.Benjamin would have real brushes soon. 3.What did Pennington do to help Benjamin develop his talent? A.He took him to see painting exhibitions. B.He provided him with painting materials. C.He sent him to a school in Philadelphia. D.He taught him how to make engravings. 4.Williams two books helped Benjamin to . A.master the use of paints B.appreciate landscape paintings C.get to know other painters D.make up his mind to be a painter,答案 语篇解读 本文是一篇记叙文。Benjamin 小时候喜欢画画,很有画画的天赋。在他的堂兄 和一位知名画家的影响下,他立志成为一名画家。 1.C 主旨要义题。本文讲述了美国画家Benjamin West小时候的画画经历及他是如何立志成 为一名画家的,故选C。 2.D 推理判断题。本句前面的内容是他被迫承认了他在猫的身上薅毛做画笔的事,后面讲到 他的堂兄送给他真正的颜料和画笔。而此句的意思是“猫的命运将得到改善”。由此推断 此句暗示“他将很快得到真正的画笔”。 3.B 细节理解题。由文章的第三段可知,Benjamin的堂兄Pennington给他提供了颜料和画笔; 由第五段可知Pennington给他提供了创作油画的材料,故选B。 4.D 推理判断题。从文章的最后一段可知Williams给了他两本有关画画的经典著作,但是他 其实不是很懂,不过却爱不释手。同时从最后一句“The nine-year-old boy decided then that he would be an artist.”也可以看出这两本书帮助他下定决心成为一名画家。 高考热词 show ones talent for.展现出的天赋 before long(=soon)不久 be impressed with对有深刻的印象,长难句 原句:While it is likely that he understood very little of the books, they were his introduction to classical paintings. 分析:本句为复合句,其中While it is likely that he understood very little of the books为让步状语 从句;该从句中含有一个it is likely that.结构。they were his introduction to classical paintings 为主句。 译文:虽然他可能对那两本书的内容理解不了多少,但是那两本书让他初次接触了古典画。,B组 统一命题、省(区、市)卷题组,Passage 1(2019课标全国,D)词数:370 During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which al- lowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smok- ing cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself. Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories:the likable and the status seekers. The likables plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then theres the kind of popular- ity that appears in adolescence:status born of power and even dishonorable behavior. Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinsteins studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage(从事)in dangerous and risky behavior.” In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the,least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究).“We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their class- mates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.” Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date sharing, kindness, opennesscarry over to later years and make you better able to relate and con- nect with others. In analyzing his and other research, Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion:Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. “Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage,”he said. 1.What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school? A.Unkind. B.Lonely. C.Generous. D.Cool.,2.What is the second paragraph mainly about? A.The classification of the popular. B.The characteristics of adolescents. C.The importance of interpersonal skills. D.The causes of dishonorable behavior. 3.What did Dr. Prinsteins study find about the most liked kids? A.They appeared to be aggressive. B.They tended to be more adaptable. C.They enjoyed the highest status. D.They performed well academically. 4.What is the best title for the text? A.Be NiceYou Wont Finish Last B.The Higher the Status, the Better C.Be the BestYou Can Make It D.More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness,答案 语篇解读 本文体裁为说明文,主题语境为人与社会,主题语境内容为社会交往。文章将受 欢迎的人分成了两类讨人喜欢的人和追逐高地位的人。本文侧重培养学生的思维品 质。 1.C 推理判断题。本题题干意为:作者在上小学的低年级时是什么样的女孩?根据题干中的 early years of elementary school可定位到第一段第一句中的During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes(喜欢分享玩偶和笑话),因此可以推断作者是大方 的,故选C项。A:不友善的;B:孤独的;D:酷的。 2.A 主旨要义题。本题题干意为:第二段的主要内容是什么?根据第二段第二句Mitch Prin- stein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers.可知,本段对受欢迎的人进行分类,故选A项。B:青少年的特点;C:人际交往技巧 的重要性;D:不光彩行为的原因。 3.B 细节理解题。本题题干意为:Prinstein博士的研究中针对最受喜欢的小孩的发现是什么? 根据题干中的study和the most liked kids可定位到第四段中的It clearly showed that while lika-,bility can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us。healthy ad- justment(调整,适应)对应B项中的adaptable(能适应的),故答案为B项。A:他们显得有侵略性;C: 他们喜欢最高的地位;D:他们学习成绩很好。 4.A 主旨要义题。本题题干意为:本文最好的标题是什么?文章将受欢迎的人分成两类 讨人喜欢的人和追逐高地位的人。根据对这两种人的介绍可以总结出整篇文章都是在引导 读者做讨人喜欢的人,对人友善、学会分享、敞开心扉,因此答案为A项。B:地位越高越好;C: 做到最好你可以做到;D:自制力越强,侵略性越小。 高考热词 status n.地位,身份 rank n.地位,级别 o.把分成 adjustment n. 调整,适应 opposite adj.相反的 conclusion n.结论,长难句 原句:“Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage,”he said. 分析:直接引语的主干是:Being liked creates opportunities。for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage是opportunities的定语,其中that help somebody gain an advantage是定语从句,先行词是new kinds of life experiences。 译文:他说:“被别人喜欢创造了学习的机会,也创造了新的生活体验的机会,这些体验帮助人们获得优势。”,Passage 2(2019课标全国,C)词数:348 Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beachs Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e- book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading?None of your business!Lunch is Bechtels “me” time. And like more Americans, shes not alone. A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half(53 percent) have breakfast alone and nearly half(46 percent)have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore, 74 percent, according to statistics from the report. “I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know?”Bechtel said, looking up from her book. Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers sometimes, but like many of us, too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today, I just wanted some time to myself,”she said. Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer, is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom hes on a,first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流). “I reflect on how my days gone and think about the rest of the week,”he said. “Its a chance for self-reflection. You return to work recharged and with a plan.” That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. Now, we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. “It doesnt feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology,”said Laurie Demeritt, whose company provided the statistics for the report. 1.What are the statistics in paragraph 2 about? A.Food variety. B.Eating habits. C.Table manners. D.Restaurant service.,2.Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch? A.To meet with her coworkers. B.To catch up with her work. C.To have some time on her own. D.To collect data for her report. 3.What do we know about Mazoleny? A.He makes videos for the bar. B.Hes fond of the food at the bar. C.He interviews customers at the bar. D.Hes familiar with the barkeeper. 4.What is the text mainly about? A.The trend of having meals alone. B.The importance of self-reflection. C.The stress from working overtime. D.The advantage of wireless technology.,答案 语篇解读 本文体裁为说明文。主题语境为人与社会,主题语境内容为社会交往。现如今, 在美国,越来越多的人选择自己吃饭,他们希望以此争取一些自己独处的时间。本文侧重培养 学生的文化意识。 1.B 细节理解题。本题题干意为:第二段中的数据是关于什么的?根据第二段A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half (53 percent) have breakfast alone and nearly half (46 percent) have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating to- gether anymore, 74 percent, according to statistics from the report. 可知,本段中出现的数据都体 现了人们吃饭的习惯,所以选择B项。A:食物的多样性;C:餐桌礼仪;D:餐厅服务。 2.C 细节理解题。本题题干意为:为什么Bechtel更愿意出去吃午餐?根据第三段的最后一句 的Today, I just wanted some time to myself可知答案为C项。 3.D 细节理解题。本题题干意为:关于Mazoleny我们知道些什么?根据题干中的人名Mazole- ny可知答案应在第四段寻找。根据第四段的第二句He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom hes on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little,interaction.可知,他和服务员很熟,故答案为D项。A:他为餐馆拍视频;B:他喜欢这个餐馆的食 物;C:他在这个餐馆采访顾客。 4.A 主旨要义题。本题题干意为:本文的主要内容是什么?文章最后一段出现了关键词eat alone,第三段和第四段举了两个人独自吃饭的例子。整篇文章都是围绕着eat alone展开的,与 A项中的having meals alone相匹配,故答案为A项。B:自我反省的重要性;C:加班带来的压 力;D:无线科技的优点。 高考热词 chat up 搭讪 reflect on 反思 awkward adj. 难为情的 长难句 原句:He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he s on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction. 分析:句子的主干是:He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper, 其中that引导宾语从句。with whom hes on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interac- tion为定语从句,修饰先行词the barkeeper,其中if引导条件状语从句。 译文:他喜欢能坐着安静地看手机,或者如果他想和别人有点交流的话,就和他能直呼其名的服 务生聊上几句。,Passage 3(2019北京,C)词数:466 The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they dont know. By next year, half of the calls we receive will be scams(欺诈). We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from ge