语言文化论文-两封情书的文体学分析.doc

语言文化论文两封情书的文体学分析摘要从文体学的角度对两封情书进行了分析。通过对情书中所用的词汇、句子结构和修辞法三个方面的分析，揭示这两封情书各自表达的感情。关键词文体学；词汇；句子结构；修辞法1INTRODUCTIONTHETWOLOVELETTERSARECHOSENFROMTHEPUBLICATION100WORLD’SGREATLETTERS,ONEOFWHICHWASWRITTENBYNAPOLEONBONAPARTETOHISWIFEJOSPHINEDEBEAUHARNAISINNOVEMBER13TH,1796ANDTHEOTHERISFROMAVERYFAMOUSFRENCHSTAGEACTRESSSARAHBERNHARDT18441923TOHERLOVERVICTORIENSARDUINTHEFOLLOWING,THEDIFFERENTSTYLESUSEDINTHESETWOLETTERSWILLBEANALYZEDINTERMSOFVOCABULARY,SENTENCESTRUCTUREANDFIGURESOFSPEECHINORDERTOEXPLORETHEDIFFERENTMOODSEXPRESSEDINTHEM2STYLISTICANALYSISOFTHETWOLETTERS（1）VOCABULARYINTHEFIRSTLETTER,LEXICALANAPHORAISUSEDITISTHEREPEATINGOFWORDSININITIALORFRONTPOSITIONINTHISDEVICE,WORDSAREREPEATEDATTHEBEGINNINGOFSUCCESSIVECLAUSES,SENTENCES,STANZASORPARAGRAPHSTHEPATTERNISAAWHATDOYOUDOALLDAY,MADAMWHATISTHEAFFAIRASIMPORTANTASTOLEAVEYOUNOTIMETOWRITETOYOURDEVOTEDLOVERBESIDESANAPHORA,ANADIPLOSISISUSEDINTHEFIRSTLETTER,TOOINANADIPLOSISAWORDINENDPOSITIONINALINEORSENTENCEISREPEATEDININITIALPOSITIONINTHELINEFOLLOWINGTHEPATTERNISAA,WRITEMEQUICKLYFOURPAGES,PAGESFULLOFAGREEABLETHINGSWHICHSHALLFILLMYHEARTWITHTHEPLEASANTESTFEELINGS（2）SENTENCESTRUCTURESKILLFULWRITERSEXPLOITVARIATIONINSENTENCELENGTHTOGREATEFFECTTOEXPRESSDIFFERENTMOODSORATTITUDES,TODESCRIBEACTIONOREVENTSORTOEMPHASIZEAPOINTTHETWOLETTERSUSEMORESHORTSENTENCESTHANLONGONESTOEMPHASIZETHEAUTHORS’FEELINGSFOREXAMPLE,THEFIRSTPARAGRAPHOFTHEFIRSTLETTERIDON’TLOVEYOU,NOTATALL；ONTHECONTRARY,IDETESTYOUYOU’REANAUGHTY,GAWKY,FOOLISHCINDERELLAANDTHELASTPARAGRAPHOFTHESECONDLETTERIAMASHUNGRYFORTHEMASFORFOODIAMTHIRSTYFORTHEM,ANDMYTHIRSTISOVERWHELMINGUSESHORTSENTENCESFOREMPHASIS,ANDTHESESENTENCESREFLECTTHEHUSBAND’SDEEPLOVEFORHISWIFEANDTHEGIRL’SSTRONGAFFECTIONFORHERLOVEROFCOURSE,LONGSENTENCESAREALSOUSEDINTHETWOLETTERSTHEEXCELLENTCOMBINATIONOFLONGANDSHORTSENTENCESADDSRHYTHMTOTHETWOLETTERSSOTHATTHEYSOUNDMOREFORCEFULANDCADENCEDKNOWNASEROTESISINGREEK,THERHETORICALQUESTIONISONETHATISASKEDTOIMPLYADEFINITEANSWERTHISDEVICEISOFTENUSEDINARGUMENTAND/ORPERSUASIONFOREXAMPLE,INTHESECONDPARAGRAPHOFTHEFIRSTLETTERWHATDOYOUDOALLDAY,MADAMWHATISTHEAFFAIRASIMPORTANTASTOLEAVEYOUNOTIMETOWRITETOYOURDEVOTEDLOVER,SEVERALRHETORICALQUESTIONSAREUSEDTOQUERYHISWIFEWHYSHEPAYSNOATTENTIONTOHIM,WHICH,ATTHESAMETIME,SHOWTHATHEDEEPLYLOVESHISWIFEANDTHATHEBADLYNEEDSLOVEFROMHERBALANCEINSENTENCECONSTRUCTIONISBASEDONTHEPRINCIPLETHATIDEASOFTHESAMEIMPORTANCESHOULDBEEXPRESSEDINTHESAMEGRAMMATICALFORMTOENHANCECLARITYANDCOHERENCE,BYGIVINGTHEM“EQUALWEIGHT”PARALLELISMISONEOFTHECHIEFSCHEMESOFBALANCEITINVOLVESBALANCINGTHESTRUCTURALELEMENTSOFASENTENCEITPLAYSAVERYIMPORTANTPARTINFORCEFULWRITINGOFANYKIND,ANDANYONEWHOHASLEARNTTOUSEITWITHEASEWILLFINDITANINVALUABLEAIDINMAKINGHIS/HERWRITINGCLEARANDEFFECTIVETAKETHESECONDPARAGRAPHOFTHEFIRSTLETTERFOREXAMPLEAGAINTHEAUTHORUSESPARALLELSENTENCESTOADDFORCETOHISSTATEMENTS,WHICHMORESTRONGLYEXPRESSESHISFEELINGS（3）FIGURESOFSPEECHLIKEADIAMONDISASIMILE,ANDPAPERTIGERISAMETAPHOR,ANDWITHMETONYMY,HYPERBOLE,PERSONIFICATION,PARADOXTHEYMAKEUPASCOREORMOREOFFIGURESOFSPEECHMOSTCOMMONLYUSEDTODAYEACHFIGUREHASITSOWNFORMANDCHARACTERISTICS,ANDITSOWNWAYOFACHIEVINGEFFECTSOMETIMESTWOORMOREFIGURESCANBEUSEDTOGETHERFORGREATERIMPACTINTHESECONDLETTER,THESENTENCES“THEYAREASNECESSARYTOMENOWASSUNLIGHTANDAIR”AND“IAMASHUNGRYFORTHEMASFORFOOD”USESIMILETOEXPRESSTHEAUTHOR’SEAGERNESSTOBETOGETHERWITHHERLOVEREVENTHOUGHHISWORDSAREBITTER,SHEWOULDLIKETOHEARTHEMALLDAYTHEYAREINDISPENSABLETOHERLIKESUNLIGHTANDAIR“ITISLIKETHEFACEOFACLOCK,BEREFTOFITSHANDS”ISALSOASIMILEWHICHDESCRIBESTHEAUTHOR’SFEELINGTHATWITHOUTHERLOVER,HERLIFEISDULL,INCOMPLETEANDIMPERFECTANDTHATWITHOUTHERLOVER,HEREXISTENCEISMEANINGLESSINTHETWOLETTERS,ESPECIALLYINTHESECONDONE,THEAUTHORSUSEALOTOFMETAPHORSTOEXPRESSTHEIRFEELINGSEG（1）IDON’TLOVEYOU,NOTATALL；ONTHECONTRARY,IDETESTYOUYOU’REANAUGHTY,GAWKY,FOOLISHCINDERELLA（2）PARISISAMORGUEWITHOUTYOUBUTNOWITISAVASTDESERTOFDESOLATIONANDLONELINESS（3）YOURWORDSAREMYFOOD,YOURBREATHMYWINEINTHEFIRSTSENTENCE,NAPOLEONBONAPARTECOMPARESHISWIFETOCINDERELLA,WHO,ASISKNOWNTOALL,ISABEAUTIFULANDKINDGIRLINTHEFAIRYTALE,FROMWHICHWECANSEEHETHINKSHISWIFEISBEAUTIFULANDKIND,TOOTHATREFLECTSTHEHUSBAND’SLOVEFORHISWIFETHESECONDSENTENCESHOWSTHATTHEAUTHORFEELSLONELYANDDEPRESSEDWITHOUTHERLOVER,WHICHALSOEXPRESSESTHEAUTHOR’SASPIRATIONTOBEWITHHIMASFORTHETHIRDSENTENCE,ITALSODEMONSTRATESTHATTHEAUTHORCAN’TLIVEWITHOUTHERLOVER,JUSTASPEOPLECAN’TLIVEWITHOUTEATINGFOODANDBREATHINGHYPERBOLEGREEK“OVERSHOOTING”ISBOLDOVERSTATEMENT,OREXTRAVAGANTEXAGGERATIONOFFACT,USEDEITHERFORSERIOUSORCOMICEFFECTITSFORMCANVARYFROMAPHRASE,ASENTENCE,TOAPARAGRAPHORPARAGRAPHSOFDESCRIPTIONFOREXAMPLE,INTHEFIRSTLETTER,THESENTENCE“IHOPEBEFORELONGTOCRUSHYOUINMYARMSANDCOVERYOUWITHAMILLIONKISSESBURNINGASTHOUGHBENEATHTHEEQUATOR”USESHYPERBOLETOEXPRESSTHEHUSBAND’SDEEPLOVEFORHISWIFE,ANDATTHESAMETIMEREFLECTSHISCHARACTERASBEINGEMOTIONALANDKINDOFRUDETHESECONDLETTERALSOUSESPERSONIFICATIONBYDEFINITION,PERSONIFICATIONISAFIGUREOFSPEECHTHATGIVESHUMANFORMORFEELINGSTOANIMALS,ORLIFEANDPERSONALATTRIBUTESTOINANIMATEOBJECTS,ORTOIDEASANDABSTRACTIONSFOREXAMPLE,INTHESENTENCE“YOURWORDS,EVENTHOUGHBITTERDISPELALLTHECARESOFTHEWORLDANDMAKEMEHAPPY；MYARTHASBEENSUCKLEDBYTHEMANDSOFTLYROCKEDINTHEIRTENDERCRADLE”,THEAUTHORPERSONATESWORDS,BECAUSEPEOPLEUSECRADLESTOROCKBABIESANDWORDSDON’THAVECRADLESHEREPERSONIFICATIONISEMPLOYEDTOEXPRESSTHEAUTHOR’SFEELINGTHATHERLOVER’SWORDSCANSOOTHEHER,MAKINGHERHAPPYANDCOMFORTABLEIRONYISAFIGUREOFSPEECHTHATACHIEVESEMPHASISBYSAYINGTHEOPPOSITEOFWHATISMEANT,THEINTENDEDMEANINGOFTHEWORDSBEINGTHEOPPOSITEOFTHEIRUSUALSENSETHESENTENCEINTHEFIRSTLETTER“IDON’TLOVEYOU,NOTATALL；ONTHECONTRARY,IDETESTYOUYOU’REANAUGHTY,GAWKY,FOOLISHCINDERELLA”TYPICALLYREFLECTSTHIS,WHICHACTUALLYMEANS“ILOVEYOUHEARTANDSOULIADMIREYOUYOU’REGENTLE,SLIM,KEENCINDERELLA”THEAUTHORSUSERESPECTIVESTYLESINTHETWOLETTERSTOEXPRESSTHEIRFEELINGSALTHOUGHTHEYBOTHEXPRESSTHEIRLOVEFORTHEIRWIFEORLOVER,THEMOODSREFLECTEDINTHESETWOLETTERSAREDIFFERENTINTHEFIRSTLETTER,THEAUTHORUSESSTRONGEMOTIVEWORDSLIKELOVEANDDETESTANDSUCHSENTENCEAS“TAKECARESOMEFINENIGHT,THEDOORSWILLBEBROKENOPEN,ANDTHEREI’LLBE”,WHICHCLEARLYSHOWSTHATHEISEMOTIONALANDRECKLESSBUTATTHESAMETIMEITSHOWSTHATHEHASDEEPLOVEFORHISWIFETHEWORDSUSEDINTHISLETTERAREFORCEFUL,TYPICALOFAMANOFSUCHCHARACTERTHELETTERREFLECTSTHATHEBADLYYEARNSFORHISWIFE’SLOVEMAYBEHEISABITANGRYFORHISWIFE’SNEGLIGENCEOFHIMWHILEINTHESECONDLETTER,THEAUTHORUSESSENTIMENTALWORDSANDPHRASESTOEXPRESSHERTENDERFEELINGSFORHERLOVERFOREXAMPLE,THESENTENCES“NOWICANNOTLIVEAPARTFROMYOUMYARTHASBEENSUCKLEDBYTHEMANDSOFTLYROCKEDINTHEIRTENDERCRADLE；THEYAREASNECESSARYTOMENOWASSUNLIGHTANDAIR”AND“YOUAREEVERYTHINGTOME”WELLDEMONSTRATETHATFROMTHELETTER,WECANSEEAGENTLEGIRLWHODESPERATELYWANTSTOBEWITHHERLOVERWITHOUTHERLOVER,THECITYISLIFELESSANDHERLIFEMEANINGLESSTHISLETTERREFLECTSATOUCHOFSENTIMENTALITYTHERESEEMSTOBEADISTRESSEDGIRLBEFOREUSWHOISWEEPINGINGRIEFDIFFERENTSTYLESBRINGDIFFERENTEFFECTSAGOODUNDERSTANDINGOFVARIOUSSTYLESCONTRIBUTESTOTHEAPPRECIATIONOFLITERARYWORKSANDHELPSUSTOBEBETTERCULTUREDINLITERATUREREFERENCES1黄继忠名人书信一百封M北京中国对外翻译出版公司商务印书馆（香港）有限公司，20012FENG,CUIHUAENGLISHRHETORICALOPTIONSAHANDBOOKOFENGLISHRHETORICALDEVICESMBEIJINGFOREIGNLANGUAGETEACHINGANDRESEARCHPRESS,19953THORNBORROW,JOANNA,ANDSHANWAREINGPATTERNSINLANGUAGESTYLISTICSFORSTUDENTSOFLANGUAGEANDLITERATUREMBEIJINGFOREIGNLANGUAGETEACHINGANDRESEARCHPRESSROUTLEDGE,2000