植物保护外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

附录 - 1 - 附录 Plant Protection Abstract The cards on the upper surface were blue, says John Howell. In many cases, cards on the lower leaves were not covered as well. If growers want to check out coverage in any kind of crop, they can get these cards from machinery dealers, says Howell. It is a great way to determine what kind of spray coverage you are getting. We tested all these sprayers at 4 miles an hour and 2 miles an hour and we did it with the different types of sprayers. Headnote Increase yields by making sure your pumpkin and squash crops are adequately covered with a crop protectant. OVER the years, disease pressure on pumpkins and winter squash, especially in the Northeast, has become more severe. More than 30 years ago, these crops were not typically sprayed with fungicides or insecticides because it simply wasnt necessary. Disease and insect pressure wasnt that significant - back then. Fast forward to about 15 years ago, and things were beginning to change. According to John Howell, retired extension vegetable specialist at the University of Massachusetts, as demand for these crops, especially pumpkins for Halloween, increased, so did production and the spread of plant disease, particularly black rot. The result was that spraying became a necessity. Growers didnt want to drive through their fields with a sprayer because they would squash a few squash, and pumpkins, says Howell. We had to convince them that losing a few plants this way was better than losing much more to disease. Sprayer Vs. Sprayer According to Howell, most growers use high-pressure volume sprayers to apply insecticides and fungicides to row crops. Some use air blast sprayers and low-volume units. From past research spraying insecticides and fungicides on pumpkins and squash, Howell learned that none of the sprayer types worked as well as they would have liked them to. Low-volume and air blast sprayers fell short in being able to successfully penetrate the canopy and achieve good leaf coverage. Low-volume sprayers, says Howell, are typically used to spray herbicides directly on the soil, so applying product to plant leaves to prevent disease isnt the main goal. The air blast units, he learned, had difficulty getting coverage under the plant canopy. Of the three types, the high-pressure volume sprayers provided the best coverage to plant leaves. 植保机械的现状调差与前景分析 - 2 - They all did a good job on the upper surfaces of the upper leaves, he explains. However, you also want to be able to get the lower leaves that are lower in the canopy and the undersides of those leaves, as well. I think slowly more growers are becoming more aware of this issue with spray coverage. During his research, Howell employed the use of water-sensitive cards. These yellow cards were clipped on the top upper leaves of plants and on leaves lower to the ground. Water was substituted for a crop protectant so researchers could walk through the fields after the plants were sprayed. Cards that got wet turned blue. The cards on the upper surface were blue, says Howell. In many cases, cards on the lower leaves were not covered as well. If growers want to check out coverage in any kind of crop, they can get these cards from machinery dealers, says Howell. It is a great way to determine what kind of spray coverage you are getting. We tested all these sprayers at 4 miles an hour and 2 miles an hour and we did it with the different types of sprayers. Using a high-pressure sprayer filled with water, these yellow watersensitive cards turned blue where water droplets hit them. The top card ? in each column is from an upper leaf, top surface. The second card is from an upper leaf, underside； the third card is a lower leaf, top surface； and the fourth (lowest) card is from cloverleaf, underside. It was difficult to achieve good coverage on the undersides of leaves. Howell adds that spraying pumpkins and squash are particularly challenging, thanks to the amount of foliage that needs to be covered. Researchers also are using water-sensitive cards to test the coverage of fungicides and insecticides on other crops, such as sweet corn, he says. Sidebar Use The Right Nozzle JOHN Howell, a retired vegetable extension specialist at the University of Massachusetts, says growers should use a high-pressure sprayer on their pumpkin and squash plants and they should use a solid-cone nozzle. Most sprayers, he says, come with hollow-cone nozzles. A solid cone has a narrower angle and tends to push the spray material further into the foliage, he explains. He also tells growers to not exceed speeds of 2 miles per hour when spraying because it takes time to push the spray material down into the canopy. If you are traveling too fast, you wont get good penetration of the foliage, he says. You have to give the solution time to get down into the foliage as you pass over the crop. Angling the nozzle also helps. On most boom or high-pressure sprayers, growers can loosen the clamps on the boom, and angle it about 15 to 20 degrees forward as opposed to facing it straight down. By setting the nozzle on an angle, it tends to stir up the leaves a little bit and aids in the penetration of the canopy, says Howell. 附录 - 3 - 植物保护 摘要 在上表面的卡是蓝色的，说 约翰豪厄尔 。在许多情况下，在下部叶卡也没有涉及。 “如果种植者想看看在任何一种作物的覆盖面，他们可以从机械经销商那里得到卡片，“豪威尔说。 “确定你正在用什么样方式来喷涂覆盖面这是伟大的。我们在 4 英里的时速和 2 英里的时速测试所有这些喷雾器，我们用 不同类型的喷雾器来测试。 通过确保你增加南瓜和西葫芦作物涵盖量，来增加作物保护剂的产量。 多年来，尤其是在东北，疾病对南瓜、冬瓜的压力变得更加严重。 30 多年前，这些作物通常不喷洒杀菌剂或杀虫剂，因为它根本没有必要。病虫害压力并不显著。当时的情况。 快速回到大约 15 年前，事情开始发生变化。据约翰豪威尔 一位退休的常识渊博的麻省理工大学的蔬菜专家，他认为，随着这些作物，尤其是万圣节南瓜的需求的增加而加速了植物疾病的传播，特别是黑腐病。其结果是，喷洒农药成为必然。 “种植者不希望驾驶一个携带喷雾器的机械 驶过自己的田地，因为他们会损失几个南瓜，”豪威尔说。 “我们必须说服他们，通过这种方式失去几个南瓜，比被一些植物的疾病夺去更多的南瓜要好。” 不同喷雾器的比较 据豪威尔介绍，大部分种植者通过用高压喷雾器喷洒杀虫剂和杀菌剂来保护中耕作物。有的用鼓风喷雾机和低容量喷雾器。 ，豪威尔了解到，从过去的南瓜和西葫芦喷洒杀虫剂和杀菌剂的研究来看，喷雾器类型没有一次达到他们预期的效果。低容量喷雾器和鼓风喷雾机没有能够成功地渗透，实现良好的叶冠层覆盖。 豪威尔说，低容量喷雾器通常用于在土壤上 直接喷洒除草剂，使植物叶片应用产品，以防止疾病，但不是主要目标。他还了解到，鼓风喷雾机很难作用到树冠覆盖下的植物。在这三种类型中，高压容量喷雾器对植物的叶子起到了最好的覆盖效果。 “所有喷雾器都对叶子上表面的效果不错，”他说。 “不过，你也希望能够使较低的叶片，在树冠较低处，同样有很好的效果。我想慢慢地越来越多的种植者会意识到喷雾覆盖这个问题。” 在他的研究中，豪威尔采用了水敏卡。这些黄色卡片被夹在植物的叶子的上表面和下表面。对保护者来说，水是一种作物保护剂，研究人员可以通过步行后，植株喷洒。湿了的 卡变