[精]powerpoint 演示文稿 - 西安交通大学

Learn to Write,Chapter II: The Paragraph,Lecture two: paragraph development,Ways of developing paragraphs,Development by exemplification Development by comparison and contrast Development by cause and effect Development by time and process,development by exemplification:,Vitamins and minerals can be added to enrich ( replace nutrients lost in processing ) or fortify ( add nutrients not normally present ) foods to improve their nutritional quality. Breads and cereals are usually enriched with some B vitamins and iron. Common examples of fortification include the addition of vitamin D to milk, vitamin A to margarine（人工黄油），vitamin C to fruit drinks, calcium to orange juice, and iodide（碘化物）to table salt.,Development by generalization:,Whether you do or do not open a gift in the presence of the giver; whether you should or should not turn the plate over to look at the makers symbol on the back; whether you put your coat on before or after you leave the hosts house; whether you eat as quietly or as noisily as possible; whether you carry on a conversation during a meal; whether you walk in front of or behind a seated person; whether it is,Development by generalization:,a friendly or an offensive gesture to put your hand on the arm of the person with whom you are talking these and a thousand other questions are matters of cultural definition. None of them is inherently right or wrong, and none is good or bad manners except as a society defines it so.,Transitional words:for example, for instance, for another example;one example is, another example isalso, furthermore, moreover, besides, in addition, etc.,development by exemplification:,Class work:,Develop the following topic sentence into a paragraph, by using exemplification. There are a number of ways for us to keep fit. _,Sample,There are a number of ways for us to keep fit. First, no matter how busy we are, we should have exercise every day to strengthen our muscles. Second, it is important to keep good hours. For example, if we are in the habit of going to bed early and getting up early, we can avoid overworking ourselves and get enough sleep. Finally, entertainment is also necessary so that we may have some moments of relaxation. If we follow those instructions, we will certainly be in good health.,Development by comparison and contrast,1）先描述甲方，再描述乙方，即：A1,A2,A3,. B1,B2,B3.2) 两方同时描述，逐点比较,即：A1,B1;A2,B2;A3,B3,.,Jane and Karen have many things in common. To begin with,both girls have the same background. Jane was born and raised in the west, and so was Karen. Next, both girls are interested in the same kinds of subjects in school. Jane likes French, history, and English. In the same way, Karen likes Spanish, history, and English. Furthermore, both girls want to be teachers. Jane plans to become an elementary school teacher. But Karen wants to be a high school teacher. As you can see, the two girls are almost like twins.,Development by comparison:,Development by comparison:,Although Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee were fierce adversaries during the Civil War, their lives, both military and nonmilitary, had a great deal in common. Grant descended from a family whose members participated in the American Revolution. He received his commission of second lieutenant from West Point and served in the Spanish American War. He was later summoned by President Lincoln to assume command of the Union Forces during the Civil War. After the,Civil War, Grant suffered financial problems and was forced to declare bankruptcy. Lee also descended from a family which engaged in the American Revolution. He, too, received his commission from West Point and later fought in Mexico during the Spanish American War. His fame as a military strategist during the Civil War, when he was the commander of the Confederate armies, is well known. Although it is not always pointed out by historians, he, like Grant, had financial difficulties after the Civil War and was,compelled to declare bankruptcy. By securing a post as president of Washington College, he was able to avoid additional poverty.,Transitional words used,ComparisonLike, similarly, in the same way, in the same mannerCompared withBe the same asBe similar to,ContrastUnlike，In contrast toOn the one hand, on the other handon the contrary，however, nevertheless, whereas, whileBut, yet, although, even though, Be different from, differ from,Class work:,Develop the following topic sentence into a coherent paragraph. Compared with cars, bicycles have many advantages. First, _. Secondly,_. Thirdly, _.,Sample,Compared with cars, bicycles have many advantages. First, they are not so expensive as cars and almost every family can afford them. Secondly, though they run more slowly than cars, bicycles are very handy and convenient. Unlike cars, bicycles can carry you wherever you like it to and does not need a large parking space in the crowded downtown or a garage at home. Thirdly, bicycles do not cause pollution but cars do. They do good to your hearth, too.,My decision to live in an apartment during my first year of college had several negative effects. First, I lived with three girls from my country, so I didnt improve my English because I spoke Malay(马来语) most of the time. Moreover, we took exactly the same classes, so I didnt have a chance to meet or study with my other classmates. Instead, I tended to spend more time studying with my roommates. Furthermore, since I didnt have many American friends, I did not learn very much about American culture;,Development by cause and effect,I did not celebrate Halloween or Thanksgiving or Christmas. Finally, I did not share experience with people. I did not attend parties or go skiing or even spend leisure time in the Student Center. So although my life during my first year of college was secure and pleasant, if I could change one thing about my first year in college, I would choose to live in the dormitory; I think my life would have been more interesting and fun.,Development by cause and effect,What explains the growing trend toward delayed childbearing? , the high divorce rate is making newlyweds think twice about starting a family right away. , many young couples want to be more financially secure before having children. , more married women prefer to devote time to their careers before having a baby.,For one thing,Furthermore,Above all,Development by cause and effect,Development by cause and effect,Compare composition A and composition B to see which one is better developed.,Composition A:,When gas prices rise, most other items will increase in price, too. Some people may think, “How can that be? I dont drive, and I dont buy gasoline. How can a price rise in gasoline affect me?” In fact, gasoline must be taken from the ground and then sent around the world. Large ships carry this gasoline. They sometimes have oil spills, which occur when there is a problem on the ship. Then,Composition A:,the great amount of oil in the ship spills into the ocean, causing very polluted water and death to sea animals sometimes for very long periods of time. The oil prevents fish from breathing and sea birds from flying, so they die. The oceans and beaches must be cleaned up, and that costs a lot of money. We must stop these oil spills, or our oceans will become ever more polluted, and the price of gasoline will continue to increase.,When gas prices rise, most other items will increase in price, too. Some people who do not drive drive think, “What do I care if gas prices rise? I dont drive. Those price hikes wont affect me!” How wrong they are! Nearly everything depends on energy. One main source of energy is gasoline, used to produce electricity. Thus, whenever you turn on a light, machine, or an appliance, you are using gas. Gasoline is also used to make many plastics and chemicals.,Composition B:,Many of our everyday items are made from these materials; accordingly, when the price of gasoline is increased, manufacturers must also raise their prices. Of course, gasoline is also the main source of fuel for transportation, which most people use every day. As a result, we must all pay more for our commuting. Indeed, the single biggest factor in increased prices in our consumer society is gasoline.,Composition B:,Transitional words:,John stayed up late last night; therefore, he could not concentrate while taking his test this morning.,Transitional words:,Because of the rain, the picnic has been cancelled.,Yesterday was one of the worst days of my life. I forgot to set my alarm clock so I was late for school. In the rush to leave my home, I forgot an important paper on my desk, too. My teacher was very upset with me over that. My pen ran out of ink in English class, and when I tried to borrow a pen from one of my classmates, my teacher yelled at me for disturbing others. As if all that was not bad enough, a big, mean dog chased me home after got off the bus. Maybe I should have just stayed in bed!,Development by time and process,Avoid using “they should”, “we must”, “let us”:,1. Therefore, we should waste no electricity. We must remember without electricity, there would be no power, no energy, no human activities, no society, no humans!,2. You see, trees are so important that we cant leave trees in our lifelets plant more trees. Lets grow flowers. Lets make cities greener. Lets make our surrounding more beautiful.,Avoid only using principles:,Taking part in sports can also help improve study efficiency. It can give you a rest after a days hard work. It can make you relax when you feel tired and broken down. It can make you concentrate your study and work more. So if you take part in sports regularly, your study efficiency will surely improved.,Using daily examples in argument:,Taking part in sports can also improve study efficiency. For example, whenever I feel a little tired from studies, I will have a 15 minute walk on campus. After a brief walk I always feel entirely refreshed and relaxed. I can continue to study and memorize things better. My personal experience shows that half an hours exercise after a supper will help you maintain concentration for a whole night.,Using authority and data in argument:,Taking part in sports ca also improve study efficiency. One study shows that people who take regular exercise suffer less from anxiety and are able to work harder. According to medical report, 83 percent of the freshmen who had trouble with studies were in bad physical shape. And when they were put into a physical fitness program, their grades picked up more or less.,PPT（全名：PowerPoint）是美国微软公司出品的办公软件系列重要组件之一（另外还有Excel、Word等）；最常用的就是用来制作幻灯片。MicrosoftOfficePowerPoint是一种演示文稿图形程序，该软件是功能强大的演示文稿制作软件；可协助用户独自或联机创建永恒的视觉效果；它增强了多媒体支持功能，利用该软件制作的文稿，可以通过不同的方式播放，也可将演示文稿打印成一页一页的幻灯片，使用幻灯片机或投影仪播放，可以将演示文稿保存到光盘中以进行分发，并可在幻灯片放映过程中播放音频流或视项目列表; 新增项目; 修改项目; 删除项目; 项目授权; 项目任务统计; 项目资源管理; 项目进度管理; 项目任务包管理; 项目文档管理; 项目费用管理; 项目归档; 项目查询; 当前任务; 项目统计分析。4. 库存管理掌握库存的动态流动状况，减少库存资金的占用，加强资金的合理使用。选择“库存管理”模块后，在主菜单下将出现库存资料维护、入库、出库、库存查询、仓库资料维护、业务类型维护、货物单位资料维护几个子菜单。左方出现“存货管理”模块的树状结构的库存分类信息。右边会出现库存列表，当没有选择库存分类的时候，库存资料列表将显示所有库存项目，按录入时间排序;在选择某个分类的时候，将显示该分类下的库存列表，库存列表会把当前的库存数量显示出来，点击某库存的链接将显示库存项目的详细信息。此模块包含以下主要功能：新增分类; 修改分类; 删除分类; 新增存货项目; 修改存货资料; 删除存货资料; 库存查询; 入库登记; 出库登记; 查询存货收发记录; 仓库资料维护; 业务类型资料维护; 货物单位资料维护。=原文出