现代英语词汇学(全英文)ppt课件

.,1,现代英语词汇学,ModernEnglishLexicology,.,2,Unit1词的概述,.,3,内容提要一、词的定义二、词的语音与意义三、词的词汇意义与语法意义四、词的意义与概念五、词与词项六、词与词汇,.,4,第一章：词的概述,词的定义Awordisaspeechsoundorcombinationofsoundshavingmeaningandusedasabasicunitoflanguageandhumancommunication.LongmanModernEnglishDictionaryAwordisasoundorcombinationofsoundsformingaunitofthegrammarorvocabularyofalanguageOxfordAdvancedLearnersDictionaryofCurrentEnglish,.,5,第一章：词的概述,词的定义3.Awordisoneormoresoundswhichcanbespoken(together)torepresentanidea,object,action,etc.LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish4.Awordisasoundorcombinationofsounds,oritsrepresentationinwritingorprinting,thatsymbolizesandcommunicatesameaningandmayconsistofasinglemorphemeorofacombinationofmorphemes.TheAmericanHeritageDictionary,.,6,第一章：词的概述,词的定义Awordisasingleunitoflanguagethatcanberepresentedinwritingorspeech.CollinsCOBULLDAwordisanysequenceofletters(andalimitednumberofothercharacteristicssuchashyphenadapostrophe)boundedoneithersidebyaspaceorpunctuationmark.Orthography（正字法）,.,7,第一章：词的概述,词的语音与意义TheNaturalistsanintrinsiccorrespondencebetweensoundandsenseTheConventionalists:whatsinaname?Thatwhichwecallarosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.Shakespeare:RomeoandJuliiet,.,8,第一章：词的概述,词的语音与意义meaning(concept)Wordformreferent,.,9,第一章：词的概述,词的语音与意义Tree(English)树（Chinese）木（Japanese）,.,10,第一章：词的概述,词的语音与意义Wordshavenomeaning;peoplehavemeaningforthem.EricPartridge感觉（sensation)知觉（perception）概念（concept)表象（representation),.,11,第一章：词的概述,词的词汇意义和语法意义Lexicalmeaningdispatch(sentout派遣)Complete(finish),.,19,第一章：词的概述,词的意义与概念（补充）AffectivemeaningSlim,thin,skinnyBachelorgirl,singlewoman,oldmaid,spinsterScholar,student,bookwormGathering,crowd,mobUnique,unusual,bizarre,.,20,第一章：词的概述,词的意义与概念（补充）Collocativemeaning词与词的共现关系,.,21,第一章：词的概述,词的意义与概念（补充）Collocativemeaning1.慢车1)slowtrain；2)localtrain2.沉睡1)deepsleep;2)soundsleep3.淡水1)freshwater;2)lightwater4.候机厅1)waitinglounge2)departurelounge,.,22,第一章：词的概述,词的意义与概念（补充）Collocativemeaning5.安全带1)seatbelt;2)safebelt6.老顾客1）oldcustomer2)regularcustomer7.软禁1)softarrest2)housearrest,.,23,第一章：词的概述,词的意义与概念（补充）汉英词义对比：severe词语的搭配severeSeveretest严峻的考验Severetraining严格的训练Severereasoning严谨的推理Severecompetition激烈的竞争Severestyle简朴的文体Severebrake急刹车Severeradiation强辐射Severeload过载/超载Severecriticism严厉的批评Severepollution严重污染,.,24,ACognitiveApproachtoEnglishVocabulary,汉英词义对比：severe词语的搭配severeSeveretest严峻的考验Severetraining严格的训练Severereasoning严谨的推理Severecompetition激烈的竞争Severestyle简朴的文体Severebrake急刹车Severeradiation强辐射Severeload过载/超载Severecriticism严厉的批评Severepollution严重污染,.,25,第一章：词的概述,词的意义与概念（补充）发现错误！如果像这样看电视，他的眼睛总有一天会瞎掉。IfhewatchesTVlikethis,hiseyeswillbecompletelyblind.2.我感到大学学习相当紧张。Ifeelcollegestudiesarequitebusy3.到处都是广告。Almosteverywherehasadvertisements,.,26,第一章：词的概述,词的意义与概念（补充）发现错误！4.我不习惯喝浓茶。Iamnotusedtothicktea.5.我们知道山区是很艰苦的。Weallknowthatmountainareawasratherhard.6.如今人们的生活离不开电视。NowpeopleslifecantleaveTV.7.读书可以获得知识Readingbookscanacquireknowledge.,.,27,第一章：词的概述,词与词项WordWorcester;LancasterHarwich;Norwich地名(Celtic)Kent;Leeds;London;Avon(waterorstream)Thames(darkwater),.,41,第一章：词的概述,Supplementary:,日耳曼征服TheGermanicConquest来自西北欧的三个部落：Angles今天德国的石勒苏益格荷尔斯泰因Schlewig-HolsteinSaxons丹麦以西、北海（NorthSea)沿海一带Jutes今天丹麦的日德兰（Jutland)半岛的北部,.,42,EnglishVocabulary,古英语时期：英语：综合性语言形态特征：Stn(stone)Stonehenge,.,43,EnglishVocabulary,古英语时期：gd(good),.,44,EnglishVocabulary,古英语时期：OldEnglish:nativewords5000060000（vocabulary)OldEnglishmodernEnglishdrmdreamhshousesmocasmokebnbone,.,45,EnglishVocabulary,古英语时期：古英语词汇特点：全民性稳定性getmakefreefillboldreadsayfallmeltpolebreakgatekisssaildry(原意基本保持不变)单音节caphathelpmilknosupwhyfinegg高频率出现频率最高的是英语本族词：goldcooksolesocksoapsmartseesunmoonwineeast.,.,46,EnglishVocabulary,古英语时期：古英语时期词汇特点5.很强的构词力dog,bulldog(斗牛狗）dog-and-pony(以推销为目的的盛大表演）dog-ass(可悲的）dog-bone(夹竹桃）dogberry(花楸）dog-biscuit(无吸引力的姑娘）dog-catcher（捕狗员）dog-cheap(非常便宜）dog-days(淡季）dog-ear(书页的折角）dog-eared(过时的）dog-eat-dog(损人利己的)dog-face(步兵）dog-fall(平局）dog-fight(混战）doggery(卑鄙行为）dog-go(隐蔽的）dog-gone（该死的）,.,47,EnglishVocabulary,古英语时期：古英语词汇特点：6.搭配能力强fish,Aloosefish放荡不羁的人Asmuteasafish默不作声Adifferentkettleoffish截然不同的人Anicekettleoffish尴尬的局面Todrinklikeafish大喝Fishorcutbait下定决心不再动摇Tofishinthetroubledwater浑水摸鱼Tohaveanotherfishtofry另有他图Likeafishoutofwater感到生疏Tofishforcomplaints沽名钓誉Neitherfishnorfowl非驴非马Neveroffertoteachfishtoswim切莫班门弄斧Fishbeginstorotfromhead上梁不正下梁歪Tocrystinkingfish叫卖臭鱼，拆自己的台Abigfishinalittlepond小塘中的大鱼，矮子中的高个,.,48,EnglishVocabulary,古英语时期：古英语时期的外来词：Scandinavians(Vikings)Scandinaviansea-rovers大约有100多个北欧语（词）融入到英语的核心词中。tohappen,toraise,tocall,tohit,todie;knife,anger,race,cake,fellow,root;wrong,awkward,big,ill,sly,happy,low,.,49,EnglishVocabulary,古英语时期：古英语时期的外来词：外来文化对古英语的影响597年罗马教皇（GregorytheGreat540-604)派遣Augustine率领使团来大不列颠岛传教。拉丁语（词）的传入：宗教：alb,cantor,cell,creed,saint,offer日常生活：spend,chest,pail,cook,fiddle,school,term动物：pike,viper,camel,tiger,.,50,EnglishVocabulary,古英语时期：古英语词汇特点：词缀：-ig(-y)las(-less)ful(-ful)BldigbloodyFrondleasfriendlessPancfulthankful前缀：ge-(动作完成或达到目的）;sceran(cut)gesceran(tocutrightthrough)For-(destroy);hergian(harry)forhergian(destroybyharrying),.,51,MiddleEnglish(1100-1500)aftertheNormanconquest,.,52,EnglishVocabulary,诺曼征服NormanConquestKeywords:EdwardtheConfessor(1066年1月驾崩）HarodWilliam,.,53,EnglishVocabulary,古法语是印欧语系拉丁语族演化出来的罗曼斯语言（Romancelanguages)诺曼底征服英国：法国文化与日耳曼文化的融合。,.,54,EnglishVocabulary,MiddleEnglish中古英语为何比古英语变得简单？英语沦为贫民语言古英语方言多，渴望有一个统一的语言。法语有规则的拼写带动英语拼写的发展。用口头语来写作促使词尾曲折变化消亡。William的强硬政策1476年WilliamCaxton引进了印刷术。,.,55,Englishvocabulary,WhenwetalkofmeatonourtablesweuseFrenchwords;whenwespeakofanimalsfromwhichthemeatcomesweuseAngloSaxonwords.Itisapiginthesty,butispork(porc)onthetable.Theyarecattleinthefields,butwesitdowntobeef(boeuf).Chickensbecomepoultry(poulet),andacalfbecomesveal(veau).-HenryFairlePubTalkandtheKingsEnglish,.,56,EnglishvocabularyTheSaxonpeasantswhotilledthelandrearedtheanimalscouldnotaffordthemeat,whichwenttoNormantables.Thepeasantswereallowedtoeattherabbitsthatscamperedovertheirfieldsand,sincethatmeatwascheap,theNormanlordsofcourseturneduptheirnosesatit.Sorabbitisstillrabbitonourtables,andnotchangedintosomerenderingoflapin(Frenchword).,.,57,EnglishVocabulary三语并存,.,58,.,59,第一章：词的概述,Supplementary:,Example:dict=say(Latin)diction措辞dictum格言predict预言contradict相矛盾dictate命令dictator独裁者indicate表明malediction咒骂benediction祝福dictaphone口述录音机indict控告verdict裁决,.,60,EnglishvocabularyOldEnglishmiddleEnglish,.,61,EnglishVocabulary,古法语对中古英语词汇的影响：Examples:来自各个方面，大部分都被英语同化。Story,rime,lay,able,calm,safe,poor,curb,rob,nice,mean,close,pass,push有些法语词仍保留着其法语的特点：Flourish,courageous,obey,nourish,quit,surprise,arrive,revenue,alliance,mayor,.,62,EnglishVocabulary,英语构词中的法语成分：在古英语时期，英语已经有了自己的词素，如：-ly,-ness,-less,-ful,-dom等。但这个时期法语的一些词素也被引进来，如：-age,-ry,-ess,-ance等。1250年法语faith进入英语，1300年出现了faithless和faithful,1362年出现faithfully;1388年出现faithfulness.,.,63,EnglishVocabulary,拉丁词对中古英语的影响：1.继法语之后，数量较大。2.1382年，牛津大学神学教授约翰.威克里夫把圣经由拉丁文译成英语，引用了1000多个拉丁词。3.一些拉丁语经法语进入英语。4.14、15世纪，大量拉丁语通过翻译涌入英语，在科学、文学、法学、神学、医学等领域广泛运用。,.,64,EnglishVocabulary,拉丁词对中古英语的影响：构词：Counter-;dis-;trans-等在现代英语中依然使用。Counterview对质Disloyal不忠Disfigure变丑Recall回忆Transport运输Transform变换,.,65,EnglishVocabularyModernEnglishEarlyModernEnglish15001700LatemodernEnglish1700Renaissance:Latin&Greek,.,66,工业革命以后：扩张与吸收BourgeoisRevolution(mid-seventeenthcentury)IndustryRevolutionBritishtentaclebeganstretchingouttoeverycorneroftheglobeEnglishabsorbedwordsfromallmajorlanguages,.,67,EnglishVocabulary,中古英语与现代英语：MiddleEnglish:Pysmanerewasmochey-usedtoforePefurstemoreyn,andyssePthesomdelychaunged.ModernEnglish:Thiscustomwasmuchinusebeforethefirstplague灾难(thatis,theBlackDeathof1349),andsincethenhassomewhatchanged.,.,68,EnglishVocabulary,早期现代英语：EarlymodernEnglish15001700英语得到快速发展和普及中古英语后期，法语已降到了十分次要的地位。15、16世纪民族国家意识崛起，推动一个与的普及。社会中低阶层懂拉丁文的很少。,.,69,第一章：词的概述,Supplementary:,早期现代英语文艺复兴TheRenaissance但丁/佩特拉克/薄伽丘/达芬奇/米开朗基罗/拉斐尔,.,70,第一章：词的概述,Supplementary:,早期现代英语文艺复兴TheRenaissanceShakespeare/ThomasMore/Spenser/Bacon,.,71,EnglishVocabulary,早期现代英语拉丁语对早期现代英语的影响创造新词：EndsayconclusionForesayspremisesSaywhatdefinition,.,72,EnglishVocabulary,早期现代英语拉丁语对早期现代英语的影响拉丁语被归化：consultareconsult,cuppacupexclusionemexclusion,portusportSystemasystem,Desperatusdesperate,Complexuscomplex,Relaxusrelax,.,73,EnglishVocabulary,早期现代英语被吸收的拉丁语（借词）中，并不一定都是拉丁语，有许多是希腊语词。这些希腊语词在进入英语之前先进入到拉丁语中，在形态方面已被拉丁语同化。,.,74,EnglishVocabulary,词缀（同义现象）EnglishLatinGreekHalfsemi-(semi-colonial)hemi-(hemisphere)Againstcounter-(counteract)anti-(anti-clockwise)Oneuni-(unicycle)mono-(mono-plane)Twobi-(bicycle)di-(dialogue)Mindmental(mentalism)psycho-(psychology)Samesyn-(synonymy)homo-(homosexual)Manymulti-(multinational)poly-(polygamy),.,75,EnglishVocabulary,早期现代英语英语/法语/拉丁语英语同义词,.,76,EnglishVocabulary,后期现代英语18世纪：正字法在中古英语和早期现代英语时期，英语一直没有标准的拼写规则。如：印本手稿heheegriefgreefswordswoordservantservaunt,.,77,EnglishVocabulary,后期现代英语TheGreatVowelShift现在仍然遗留了一些不规范的单词：Knightk/gh(不发音）Bristlet(不发音）Islands（不发音）Wrongw（不发音）,.,78,EnglishVocabulary,后期现代英语1755年SamuelJohnson编纂的DictionaryofEnglishLanguage出版问世对正字法起到了很好的作用。如：publick修正为publicdownhil修正为downhill,.,79,EnglishVocabulary,后期现代英语19-20世纪的正字法：19世纪英语经历了语言的成熟发展。其演进的速度较以前各个时期要延缓日益显示出国际语言地位。NoahWebster(1758-1843)的改进:LabourlaborTravellingtravelingMetremeter被美国人接受。,.,80,1920