翻译-加工中心和车削中心的发展

毕业设计中英文翻译加工中心和车削中心的发展学生姓名学号学院系名机械工程与自动化系专业机械设计制造及其自动化指导教师年月482DEVELOPMENTOFMACHININGCENTERANDTURNINGCENTER4821MACHININGCENTERAMACHININGCENTERISAHIGHLYAUTOMATEDNCMILLINGMACHINETHATPERFORMSMULTIPLEMACHININGOPERATIONSSUCHASENDMILLING,DRILLING,ANDTAPPINGITWASDEVELOPEDTOREALIZEPROCESSINTEGRATIONASWELLASMACHININGAUTOMATION,IN1958FIGURE488SHOWSANEARLYMACHININGCENTEREQUIPPEDWITHANAUTOMATICTOOLCHANGERALCMOSTMACHININGCENTERSAREEQUIPPEDWITHANATCANDANAUTOMATICPALLETCHANGERAPCTOPERFORMMULTIPLECUTTINGOPERATIONSINASINGLEMACHINESETUPANDTOREDUCENONPRODUCTIVETIMEINTHEWHOLEMACHININGCYCLEMACHININGCENTERSARECLASSIFIEDINTOHORIZONTALANDVERTICALTYPESACCORDINGTOTHEORIENTATIONOFTHESPINDLEAXISFIGURES489AND4810SHOWTYPICALHORIZONTALANDVERTICALMACHININGCENTERS,RESPECTIVELYMOSTHORIZONTALMACHININGCENTERSHAVEAROTARYTABLETOINDEXTHEMACHINEDPARTATSOMESPECIFICANGLERELATIVETOTHECUTTINGTOOLAHORIZONTALMACHININGCENTERWHICHHASAROTARYTABLECANMACHINETHEFOURVERTICALFACESOFBOXEDWORKPIECESINSINGLESETUPWITHMINIMALHUMANASSISTANCETHEREFORE,AHORIZONTALMACHININGCENTERISWIDELYUSEDINANAUTOMATEDSHOPFLOORWITHALOADINGANDUNLOADINGSYSTEMFORWORKPIECESTOREALIZEMACHININGAUTOMATIONONTHEOTHERHANDAVERTICALMACHININGCENTERISWIDELYUSEDINADIEANDMOLDMACHINESHOPINAVERTICALMACHININGCENTER,THECUTTINGTOOLCANMACHINEONLYTHETOPSURFACEOFBOXEDWORKPIECES,BUTITISEASYFORHUMANOPERATORSTOUNDERSTANDTOOLMOTIONRELATIVETOTHEMACHINEDPARTFIG488MACHININGCENTER,EQUIPPEDWITHANATCCOURTESYOFMAKINOMILLINGMACHINECOLTDFIG489HORIZONTALMACHININGCENTERCOURTESYOFYAMAZAKIMAZAKCORPFIG4810VERTICALMACHININGCENTERCOURTESYOFYAMAZAKIMAZAKCORPAUTOMATICTOOLCHANGERATCATCSTANDSFORAUTOMATICTOOLCHANGER,WHICHPERMITSLOADINGANDUNLOADINGOFCUTTINGTOOLSFROMONEMACHININGOPERATIONTOTHENEXTTHEATCISDESIGNEDTOEXCHANGECUTTINGTOOLSBETWEENTHESPINDLEANDATOOLMAGAZINE,WHICHCANSTOREMORETHAN20TOOLSTHELARGECAPACITYOFTHETOOLMAGAZINEALLOWSAVARIETYOFWORKPIECESTOBEMACHINEDADDITIONALLY,HIGHERTOOLCHANGESPEEDANDRELIABILITYAREREQUIREDTOACHIEVEAFASTMACHININGCYCLEFIGURE4811SHOWSANEXAMPLEOFATWINARMTYPEATCDRIVENBYACAMMECHANISMTOENSURERELIABLEHIGHSPEEDTOOLCHANGEFIG4811ATCAUTOMATICTOOLCHANGERCOURTESYOFYAMAZAKIMAZAKCORPAUTOMATICPALLETCHANGERAPCAUTOMATICPALLETCHANGERAPCAPCSTANDSFORAUTOMATICPALLETCHANGER,WHICHPERMITSLOADINGANDUNLOADINGOFWORKPIECESFORMACHININGAUTOMATIONMOSTHORIZONTALMACHININGCENTERSHAVETWOPALLETTABLESTOEXCHANGETHEPARTSBEFOREANDAFTERMACHININGAUTOMATICALLYFIGURE4812SHOWSANEXAMPLEOFANAPCTHEOPERATORCANBEUNLOADINGTHEFINISHEDPARTANDLOADINGTHENEXTPARTONONEPALLETWHILETHEMACHININGCENTERISPROCESSINGTHECURRENTPARTONANOTHERPALLETFIG4812APCAUTOMATICPALLETCHANGERCOURTESYOFYAMAZAKIMAZAKCORP4822TURNINGCENTERATURNINGCENTERISAHIGHLYAUTOMATEDNCLATHETOPERFORMMULTIPLETURNINGOPERATIONSFIGURE4813SHOWSATYPICALTURNINGCENTERCHANGINGOFCUTTINGTOOLSISPERFORMEDBYATURRETTOOLCHANGERWHICHCANHOLDABOUTTENTURNINGANDMILLINGTOOLSTHEREFORE,ATURNINGCENTERENABLESNOTONLYTURNINGOPERATIONSBUTALSOMILLINGOPERATIONSSUCHASENDMILLING,DRILLING,ANDTAPPINGINASINGLEMACHINESETUPSOMETURNINGCENTERSHAVETWOSPINDLESANDTWOORMORETURRETTOOLCHANGERSTOCOMPLETEALLMACHININGOPERATIONSOFCYLINDRICALPARTSINASINGLEMACHINESETUPINTHISCASETHEFIRSTHALFOFTHEMACHININGOPERATIONSOFTHEWORKPIECEARECARRIEDOUTONONESPINDLE,THENTHESECONDHALFOFTHEMACHININGOPERATIONSARECARRIEDOUTONANOTHERSPINDLE,WITHOUTUNLOADINGANDLOADINGOFTHEWORKPIECETHISREDUCESPRODUCTIONTIMEFIG4813TURNINGCENTERORCNCLATHECOURTESYOFYAMAZAKIMAZAKCORPTURRETTOOLCHANGERFIGURE4814SHOWSATOOLTURRETWITH12CUTTINGTOOLSASUITABLECUTTINGTOOLFORTHETARGETMACHININGOPERATIONISINDEXEDAUTOMATICALLYUNDERNUMERICALCONTROLFORCONTINUOUSMACHININGOPERATIONSTHEMOSTSOPHISTICATEDTURNINGCENTERSHAVETOOLMONITORINGSYSTEMSWHICHCHECKTOOLLENGTHANDDIAMETERFORAUTOMATICTOOLALIGNMENTANDSENSETOOLWEARFORAUTOMATICTOOLCHANGINGFIG4814TOOLTURRETINTURNINGCENTERCOURTESYOFYAMAZAKIMAZAKCORP4823FULLYAUTOMATEDMACHININGFMSANDFMCFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMFMSTHECONCEPTOFTHEFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMFMSWASPROPOSEDDURINGTHEMID1960SITAIMSTOPERFORMAUTOMATICMACHININGOPERATIONSUNAIDEDBYHUMANOPERATORSTOMACHINEVARIOUSPARTSMACHININGCENTERSAREKEYCOMPONENTSOFTHEFMSFORFLEXIBLEMACHININGOPERATIONSFIGURE4815SHOWSATYPICALFMS,WHICHCONSISTSOFFIVEMACHININGCENTERS,ONECONVEYOR,ONELOAD/UNLOADSTATIONANDACENTRALCOMPUTERTHATCONTROLSANDMANAGESTHECOMPONENTSOFTHEFMSFIG4815FLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMCOURTESYOFYAMAZAKIMAZAKCORPNOMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMCANBECOMPLETELYFLEXIBLEFMSARETYPICALLYUSEDFORMIDVOLUMEANDMIDVARIETYPRODUCTIONANFMSISDESIGNEDTOMACHINEPARTSWITHINARANGEOFSTYLE,SIZES,ANDPROCESSES,ANDITSDEGREEOFFLEXIBILITYISLIMITEDADDITIONALLY,THEMACHININGSHAPEISCHANGEABLETHROUGHTHEPARTPROGRAMSTHATCONTROLTHENCMACHINETOOLSANDTHEPARTPROGRAMSREQUIREDFOREVERYSHAPETOBEMACHINEDHAVETOBEPREPAREDBEFORETHEMACHININGOPERATIONTHEREFOREANEWSHAPETHATNEEDSAPARTPROGRAMISNOTACCEPTABLEINCONVENTIONALFMS,WHICHISWHYATHIRDINNOVATIONOFMACHINETOOLSISREQUIREDTOACHIEVEAUTONOMOUSMACHININGOPERATIONSINSTEADOFAUTOMATICMACHININGOPERATIONSTOACHIEVETRUEFMSANFMSCONSISTSOFSEVERALNCMACHINETOOLSSUCHASMACHININGCENTERSANDTURNINGCENTERSMATERIALHANDLINGORLOADING/UNLOADINGSYSTEMSSUCHASINDUSTRIALROBOTSANDPALLETSCHANGER,CONVEYERSYSTEMSSUCHASCONVEYORSANDAUTOMATEDGUIDEDVEHICLESAGV,ANDSTORAGESYSTEMSADDITIONALLY,ANFMSHASACENTRALCOMPUTERTOCOORDINATEALLOFTHEACTIVITIESOFTHEFMS,ANDALLHARDWARECOMPONENTSOFTHEFMSGENERALLYHAVETHEIROWNMICROCOMPUTERFORCONTROLTHECENTRALCOMPUTERDOWNLOADSNCPARTPROGRAMS,ANDCONTROLSTHEMATERIALHANDLINGSYSTEM,CONVEYERSYSTEM,STORAGESYSTEM,ANDMANAGEMENTOFMATERIALSANDCUTTINGTOOLS,ETCHUMANOPERATORSPLAYIMPORTANTROLESINFMS,PERFORMINGTHEFOLLOWINGTASKSLLOADING/UNLOADINGPARTSATLOADING/UNLOADINGSTATIONS2CHANGINGANDSETTINGOFCUTTINGTOOLS3NCPARTPROGRAMMING4MAINTENANCEOFHARDWARECOMPONENTS5OPERATIONOFTHECOMPUTERSYSTEMTHESETASKSAREINDISPENSABLETOMANAGETHEFMSSUCCESSFULLYFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGCELLFMC）BASICALLY,FMSARELARGESYSTEMSTOREALIZEMANUFACTURINGAUTOMATIONFORMIDVOLUMEANDMIDVARIETYPRODUCTIONINSOMECASESSMALLSYSTEMSAREAPPLICABLETOREALIZEMANUFACTURINGAUTOMATIONTHETERMFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGCELLFMCISUSEDTOREPRESENTSMALLSYSTEMSORCOMPACTCELLSOFFMSUSUALLY,THENUMBEROFMACHINETOOLSINCLUDEDINAFMCISTHREEORFEWERONECANCONSIDERTHATANFMSISALARGEMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMCOMPOSEDOFSEVERALFMC483NCPARTPROGRAMMINGTHETASKOFPROGRAMMINGTOOPERATEMACHINETOOLSAUTOMATICALLYISCALLEDNCPARTPROGRAMMINGBECAUSETHEPROGRAMISPREPAREDFORAPARTTOBEMACHINEDNCPARTPROGRAMMINGREQUIRESTHEPROGRAMMERTOBEFAMILIARWITHBOTHTHECUTTINGPROCESSESANDPROGRAMMINGPROCEDURESTHENCPARTPROGRAMINCLUDESTHEDETAILEDCOMMANDSTOCONTROLTHEPOSITIONSANDMOTIONOFTHEMACHINETOOLINNUMERICALCONTROLTHETHREELINEARAXESX,Y,ZOFTHECARTESIANCOORDINATESYSTEMAREUSEDTOSPECIFYCUTTINGTOOLPOSITIONSANDTHREEROTATIONALAXESA,B,CAREUSEDTOSPECIFYTHECUTTINGTOOLPOSTURESINTURNINGOPERATIONS,THEPOSITIONOFTHECUTTINGTOOLISDEFINEDINTHEXZPLANEFORCYLINDRICALPARTS,ASSHOWNINFIG4816AINMILLINGOPERATIONS,THEPOSITIONOFTHECUTTINGTOOLISDEFINEDBYTHEX,Y,ANDZAXESFORCUBOIDPARTS,ASSHOWNINFIG4816BFIG4816A,BCOORDINATESYSTEMSINNUMERICALCONTROLACYLINDRICALPARTFORTURNINGBCUBOIDPARTFORMILLINGNUMERICALCONTROLREALIZESPROGRAMMABLEAUTOMATIONOFMACHININGTHEMECHANICALACTIONSORMOTIONSOFTHECUTTINGTOOLRELATIVETOTHEWORKPIECEANDTHECONTROLSEQUENCEOFTHEMACHINETOOLEQUIPMENTSARECODEDBYALPHANUMERICALDATAINAPROGRAMNCPARTPROGRAMMINGREQUIRESAPROGRAMMERWHOISFAMILIARWITHTHEMETALCUTTINGPROCESSTODEFINETHEPOINTSLINESANDSURFACESOFTHEWORKPIECE,ANDTOGENERATETHEALPHANUMERICALDATATHEMOSTIMPORTANTNCPARTPROGRAMMINGTECHNIQUESARESUMMARIZEDASFOLLOWS1MANUALPARTPROGRAMMING2COMPUTERASSISTEDPARTPROGRAMMINGAPTANDEXAPT3CAMASSISTEDPARTPROGRAMMING4831MANUALPARTPROGRAMMINGTHISISTHESIMPLESTWAYTOGENERATEAPARTPROGRAMBASICNUMERICDATAANDALPHANUMERICCODESAREENTEREDMANUALLYINTOTHENCCONTROLLERTHESIMPLESTCOMMANDSEXAMPLEISSHOWNASFOLLOWSN0010M03S1000F100EOBN0020G00X20000Y50000EOBN0030Z20000EOBN0040G01Z20000EOBEACHCODEINTHESTATEMENTHASAMEANINGTODEFINEAMACHININGOPERATIONTHE“N“CODESHOWSTHESEQUENCENUMBEROFTHESTATEMENTTHE“M“CODEANDTHEFOLLOWINGTWODIGITNUMBERDEFINEMISCELLANEOUSFUNCTIONS“M03“MEANSTOSPINDLEONWITHCLOCKWISEROTATIONTHE“S“CODEDEFINESTHESPINDLESPEED“S1000“MEANSTHATTHESPINDLESPEEDIS1000RPMTHE“F“CODEDEFINESTHEFEEDSPEED“F100“MEANSTHATTHEFEEDIS100MM/MIN“EOB“STANDSFOR“ENDOFBLOCK“ANDSHOWSTHEENDOFTHESTATEMENTTHE“G“CODEANDTHEFOLLOWINGTWODIGITNUMBERDEFINEPREPARATORYFUNCTIONS“G00“MEANSRAPIDPOSITIONINGBYPOINTTOPOINTCONTROLTHE“X“AND“Y“CODESINDICATETHEXANDYCOORDINATESTHECUTTINGTOOLMOVESRAPIDLYTOTHEPOSITIONX20MMANDY50MMWITHTHESECONDSTATEMENTTHEN,THECUTTINGTOOLMOVESRAPIDLYAGAINTOTHEPOSITIONZ20MMWITHTHETHIRDSTATEMENT“GOI“MEANSLINEARPOSITIONINGATCONTROLLEDFEEDSPEEDTHENTHECUTTINGTOOLMOVESWITHTHEFEEDSPEED,DEFINEDBY“F100“INTHISEXAMPLE,TOPOSITIONZ20MMTHEPOSITIONINGCONTROLCANBECLASSIFIEDINTOTWOTYPES,LPOINTTOPOINTCONTROLAND2CONTINUOUSPATHCONTROL“G00“ISAPOSITIONINGCOMMANDFORPOINTTOPOINTCONTROLTHISCOMMANDONLYIDENTIFIESTHENEXTPOSITIONREQUIREDATWHICHASUBSEQUENTMACHININGOPERATIONSUCHASDRILLINGISPERFORMEDTHEPATHTOGETTOTHEPOSITIONISNOTCONSIDEREDINPOINTTOPOINTCONTROLONTHEOTHERHAND,THEPATHTOGETTOTHEPOSITIONISCONTROLLEDSIMULTANEOUSLYINMORETHANONEAXISTOFOLLOWALINEORCIRCLEINCONTINUOUSPATHCONTROL“G01“ISAPOSITIONINGCOMMANDFORLINEARINTERPOLATION“G02“AND“G03“AREPOSITIONINGCOMMANDSFORCIRCULARINTERPOLATIONTHESECOMMANDSPERMITTHEGENERATIONOFTWODIMENSIONALCURVESORTHREEDIMENSIONALSURFACESBYTURNINGORMILLINGFIG4817EXAMPLEPROGRAMLISTINAPT4832COMPUTERASSISTEDPARTPROGRAMMINGAPTANDEXAPTAUTOMATICALLYPROGRAMMEDTOOLSISTHEMOSTIMPORTANTCOMPUTERASSISTEDPARTPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGEANDWASFIRSTUSEDTOGENERATEPARTPROGRAMSINPRODUCTIONAROUND1960EXAPTCONTAINSADDITIONALFUNCTIONSSUCHASSETTINGOFCUTTINGCONDITIONSSELECTIONOFCUTTINGTOOL,ANDOPERATIONPLANNINGBESIDESTHEFUNCTIONSOFAPTAPTPROVIDESTWOSTEPSTOGENERATEPARTPROGRAMSLDEFINITIONOFPARTGEOMETRY,AND2SPECIFICATIONOFTOOLMOTIONANDOPERATIONSEQUENCEANEXAMPLEPROGRAMLISTISSHOWNINFIG4817THEFOLLOWINGAPTSTATEMENTSDEFINETHECONTOUROFTHEPARTGEOMETRYBASEDONBASICGEOMETRICELEMENTSSUCHASPOINTS,LINES,ANDCIRCLESLNLLINE/20,20,2070LN2LINE/POINT/20,70,ATANGL,75,LN1LN3LINE/POINT/40,20,ATANGL,45LN4LINE/20,20,4020CIRCIRCLE/YSMALL,LN2,YLARGE,LN3,RADIUS,10WHERELNLISTHELINETHATGOESTHROUGHPOINTS20,20AND20,70LN2ISTHELINETHATGOESFROMPOI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母数字数据。最重要的NC零件编程技术总结如下1手动编程。2电脑辅助部分编程APT和EXAPT的。3CAM辅助部分编程。4831手动零件编程这是最简单的方法来生成零件程序。手动输入到数控控制器的基本数值数据和字母数字代码。简单的命令示例如下所示N0010M03S1000F100EOBN0020G00X20000Y50000EOBN0030Z20000EOBN0040G01Z20000EOB每个语句中的代码定义一个加工操作的意思。“N”的代码显示了该语句的序列号。“M”代码和以下两位数字定义辅助功能，“M03”是指主轴顺时针旋转。“S”的代码定义了主轴转速，“S1000”表示主轴速度是每分钟1000转的。“F”的代码定义的进给速度“F100”表示进料为100毫米/分钟。“EOB”代表“块结束”，显示的语句末尾。“G”代码和以下两位数字定义准备功能“G00”是指由点到控制点的快速定位。的“X”和“Y”的代码表示的X坐标和Y坐标。刀具快速移动