外文翻译--制造系统的改革.doc

徐州工程学院毕业设计（论文）1附录附录1英文原文TheEvolutionaryRulesofProductionSystemAbstract:Thecompetitionamongmodernenterpriseshasbeenconvertedfromproductstocapability.Asthebasisofcompetition,productionsystemcantwinthemarketunlessittakesadvantageofitscapabilityincompetition.Hereinthisarticle,theevolutionaryrulesofproductionsystemcontributingtotheestablishment,renovation,reform,inventionandpromotionoftheproductionofmodernenterprisesareobserved.Keywords:productionsystemruleevolution1.IntroductionManufacturingindustryisthecornerstoneofnationaleconomyandthesourceofnationalincome.Especially,since1980s,withtheshiftinbusinessconceptsandcompetitionpatternsfromproductstocapabilities,theproductionsystemhasbeenfocusedonmanufacturing.Theproductionsystemisthebasisofcompetitionamongenterprises.ItsvitalforanyenterprisetopaymoreattentiontostrengthentheirowncapabilitiesandqualitiessoastotaketheleadincompetitionintheAgeofKnowledgeEconomyandNewEconomy.The21stcenturyistypicalofhigh-tech,inwhichtheproduction,possession,divisionandconsumptionofknowledgemeaneverything.Inevitably,manufacturingisfacedwithchallengesandopportunitiesaswell,whichindicatesarevolutiontocome.Ithasbeenprovedbyeconomicandnaturallawsthatthefittestsurvives.Wecantbetomorrow-winnerunlessweprepareforthefuture.Hereinthisarticle,theevolutionaryrulesofproductionsystemareobservedtocontributetotheestablishment,refreshment,renovation,inventionandpromotionoftheproductionsystemofenterprises.Thatsthesoundwaytoleadthenationaleconomicdevelopmenttomovesteadilyandsmoothly.2.TheRulesoftheEvolutionofProductionSystem2.1TheExpansionofFunctionsandDirectionofMarketIngeneral,theproductionmanagementismeanttoplan,organizeandcontrolproductionactivitiesinordertoputoutqualifiedgoodsefficiently,low-costly,flexiblyandpunctuallytoservecustomers.Withtheexpansionofthefunctionofmodernproductionsystem,includingtheproductionoftangiblecommoditiesandintangibleoperations,likeservice,knowledgeandinformation,thedifferencebetweenmanufacturingindustryandserviceindustrybecomesdim.徐州工程学院毕业设计（论文）2Mostmanufacturersareservingassuppliesofservices.Productsinmanyindustrialdepartments,infact,aretheintegrityofhardware,softwareandservices.Thedevelopmentofeconomyandtechnologyinpost-industrialsocietyandInformationAgemadethedemandsinmarketlessandlessstable.Consequently,thestatusofmassproductionincompetitiondeclinedincreasingly.Thechangeabledemandsdeterminedbycustomersdisturbedthepatternofmassproductionanddevelopedintovarietyandsmallscale.2.2TheVarietyandReasonabilityofTargetsinProductionSystemMarketinvestigationsareperformedwhentheproductionsystemisestablished,renovatedandregulatedinordertolearnmoreaboutthedemand,tosetuppracticalgoalsandtoregulatethespecification,theoutputandtheproductionspeedofcommodities.Somereasonsforthevarietyandreasonabilityareshownasfollows:(1)Withthedevelopmentofeconomy,consumershaveconvertedtheirattentiontovariouscommoditiesandtheyrekeenonpeculiaroneswhichareefficientandfashionable；EarlytargetTransmittingtargetModerntargetHigh-efficiencyHigh-efficiencyHigh-efficiencyLow-costHigh-qualityHigh-qualityLow-costLow-costShortdeliveryperiodsafe-productionSingle-productMulti-productBiglot-sizeMiddle-smalllot-size(2)Newcommoditiesoccurredassoonasoldcommoditieslosetheirmarkerandvanishedquickly.Inthiscircle,thelifespansofproductaresoshortthatmanyup-to-dateoneshavetobedevelopedandproducedintime；(3)Becauseoftheseverecompetition,howtoincreasethesharesinthemarketbecomesanimportanttarget.Totakethelead,enterprisesaresupposedtoputoutmoreandmorenewcommodities.2.3TheFlexibilityofProductionSystemTheassemblylineproductionandmassproductionusedtobeoflow-costbuttheywerelimitedbecauseofthevariety,changeabilityandshortlifespan.Sothelawof“scaleeconomy”徐州工程学院毕业设计（论文）3isbeingchallengedinitsapplication.Single-productproductionsystemcouldntadjusttothechangesinmarketandintheoperationofenterprise.Asaresult,alongwiththeshifttovarietyandmassproduction,GT(grouptechnology),AM(Agilemanufacturing),IMI(IndependentManufacturingisland)andFMS(FlexibleManufacturingSystem)areadopted.Especially,consolidatingmanufacturingislandsbasedontheintegratedmanufacturingsystemwithcomputerandIMItechnology,onthewhole,increasedtheflexibilityandcontingency.2.4TheAutomation,IntegrityandIntellectionofProductionSystemTheautomationtechnology,rmationtechnology,computertechnologyandsystematictechnology,broughttheadvancedmanufacturingindustryintoprosperitywhichpreparedwellenoughtomeetdynamicadaptabilityintermsofmaterialandtechnologicalconditions.The5thtechnologyrevolutionthatbeganin1970sactuallywasabreakthroughinmicro-electronicandcomputertechnology.Generatedfrombothofthem,theadvancedmanufacturingtechnologyandinformationtechnologycomeintobeing.Inthisway,thelowcostinbottlematerialsandfuels,thehighefficiencyandtheadaptabilityinmodernenterprisesaremadepossible.Intheory,theprofitablesourceofscaleeconomycouldberealized.(1)Intraditionalpatterns,ittookhighpricetoacquireknowledgeandinformation,somassproductionwasthesolution.WhenCIMS,MRP,ERP,Internet,Intranetamongenterprisersandextranetofenterprisesoccurred,theinformationofdesigningandmanagementwasstoredinsoftware.Thecostofusingandregulatinginformationwassolowthatmassproductionwasntthesolutionanymore；(2)Theintellectualandautomaticmanufacturingequipmenttookuptherepetitivetaskandworkefficientlyonlyiffollowingtheorderfromthecentralcomputer.Theaccumulatedexperiencesdontmeanmuchhere,theso-calledmassproductionexperienceandprocessoflearningnolongerexisted；(3)Intraditionalpatterns,manufacturingequipmentsandtoolswerespecializedandefficient,whicharesuitableformassproductiontoincreasetheproductivityandtolowerthecost.Butmodernequipmentsaremoreoftenthannotmulti-functional.Theyareadaptabletomanymanufacturingprocedures,whichensurethehighproductivitywithoutmassproduction；(4)Inmodernadvancedmanufacturingtechnology,theproductionofonekindofcommoditiesincertainquantitycostsalmostasmuchasthatofotherkindsbutinthesamequantity.Butitllcostmuchlesswhenmanufacturedinthesamefactorythanindifferentfactories；(5)WiththetechnologyofCAE,CAD,CAPP,CAMandFMS,thedesigningandmanufacturingofnewcommoditiescanbecompletedsoonandthedeliveryperiodisalsoshortenedwithimprovedquality.2.5EmphasisonPeopleTheMainFactorintheProductionSystemPeoplewhoareinchargeofmanufacturingactivitiesarefacedwithnewrequirementwithregardtotheirrolestatus,knowledgeandcapability.Itsduetothechangeofproductionmeansand徐州工程学院毕业设计（论文）4theexpansionofproductionactivities.(1)Theultimatefactorinmanufacturingactivitiespeople:Theautomationofmanufacturingsystemwaseverthecenterofinternationalmanufacturingresearch.And“noonefactory”pattern,thatis,auto-operatedfactorywasexpected.TheearlyCIMSwasbasedonthisimagination.Butonlyafewenterprisesachievedwhattheyhadexpected.Mostofthemfailedinfulfillingtheirgoalsinsomedevelopedindustrialcountries.Incomparisonwiththelargeinvestment,theprofitwastoofarfrombeingsatisfactory.Finally,CIMSinmanycountrieshavebeenlaidoff.Peoplesroleinthemodernmanufacturingsystemwasnotundercutbutstrengthened.Ithasdrawnunusualattentionofmanydevelopedcountriestocultivateskilledworkersandexecutiveswhoarecompetentinthissystem.Thustheevenhigherstandardissetforworkersandexecutives；(2)Thestrengtheningofpeoplesknowledgeandcapability:Modernmanufacturingtechnologyevolvedfromintegratedtechnology.Itischaracteristicofmulti-subject,sothetechniciansaresupposedtohaveasolidspecialty,notonlytheexpertisebutalsomuchknowledgeintheadvancedresearchesisconcerned.Atthesametime,itsveryimportanttolearnmuchaboutthesubjectsinvolvedsoastowidenview,torefreshtheknowledgeandtoacceptnewconcepts.Theinitiativeofdefinitionandthecapabilityofintegrityareexpected.2.6TheProductionSystemTendstoBeLabor-intensiveTogetthesimilareffectinproductioninafixedquantit